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Objective: A small percentage of universities and colleges conducted mass SARS-CoV-2 testing. However, universal testing is resource-intensive, strains national testing capacity, and false negative tests can encourage unsafe behaviors. Participants: A large urban university campus. Methods: Virus control centered on three pillars: mitigation, containment, and communication, with testing of symptomatic and a random subset of asymptomatic students. Results: Random surveillance testing demonstrated a prevalence among asymptomatic students of 0.4% throughout the term. There were two surges in cases that were contained by enhanced mitigation and communication combined with targeted testing. Cumulative cases totaled 445 for the term, most resulting from unsafe undergraduate student behavior and among students living off-campus. A case rate of 232/10,000 undergraduates equaled or surpassed several peer institutions that conducted mass testing. Conclusions: An emphasis on behavioral mitigation and communication can control virus transmission on a large urban campus combined with a limited and targeted testing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the frequency of preventative COVID-19 behaviors and vaccination willingness among United States (US) college and university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants: Participants (N = 653) were ≥18 years old and students at institutions for higher education in the US in March 2020. Methods: Students self-reported preventative behaviors, willingness to be vaccinated, and social contact patterns during four waves of online surveys from May-August 2020. Results: Student engagement in preventative behaviors was generally high. The majority of students intended to be vaccinated (81.5%). Overall, there were no significant differences in the proportion adopting preventative behaviors or in willingness to be vaccinated by sex or geographic location. The most common reason for willingness to get vaccinated was wanting to contribute to ending COVID-19 outbreaks (44.7%). Conclusions: Early in the pandemic, college students primarily reported willingness to vaccinate and adherence to preventative behaviors. Outreach strategies are needed to continue this momentum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Collage is a modality of expression which involves repurposing and juxtaposing fragments. Our aim was to explore both how and what collage, as an arts-based research method, might contribute to enlivening understandings of the experiences of families affected by rare conditions. Methods: During 10 weeks of collaging workshops participants created artistic representations of their experiences. The methodology produced a convivial atmosphere where participants talked openly about everyday challenges. Results: The collages and conversations produced offer a means through which to consider the complex and multiple positions which families affected by rare disease interpolate. Particularly, the collages prompt cross-cutting thematic reflections on motherhood and care, the challenges of being heard, and balancing family life alongside medicalisation. Conclusions: The opportunity to convey topics and feelings through a medium which was both tentatively open yet conceptually complex allowed the broaching of sensitive and elusive themes in a safe, expressive, and non-threatening manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introduction to the themed section, we begin to explore how queer and precarity might be used to analyse how vulnerabilities are constituted across diverse spaces. We situate the contents of the themed section in relation to the context in which it was worked on, defined by the Covid-19 pandemic and the increased precarisation of Higher Education workers in the United Kingdom, as well as current literature on queerness and precarity. The interdisciplinary articles that follow are the work of early career feminist and queer scholars. We introduce them as grappling with a range of manifestations of precarity and their intersections with various categories of identity that might be recognisable as queer. Foregrounding navigations of embodied and structural aspects of precarity, these articles highlight the practices and relationalities that can emerge from being 'out of place', as well as specific opportunities and limitations of the aesthetic, and share a concern with the masking of difference as a function of precarity, including via broad analytic categories such as 'precarious' and 'queer'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics hold the potential to lend political urgency to otherwise seemingly isolated human rights abuses. Yet, despite the persistence of the problem, statistics on enforced disappearances in contemporary non-civil war Latin American democracies are rare. This article examines the available statistics found in the annual human rights reports of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the US State Department and assesses the narratives that accompany them. The article argues that the reports' narrative frames present three key obstacles to the statistical visibility of enforced disappearances in contemporary Latin America that pertain to the definition of problem, whose information is included (voice), and the narrative's clarity and consistency. These obstacles affect case counts and, consequently, the political urgency attributed to the need for accountability and policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the practices and labours undertaken by queer people to reproduce shared households in London, and the uneven power relations, histories and economic conditions mediating this replenishment. Through bringing feminist geographical engagements with social reproduction into conversation with queer geographies of urban space, the article argues for greater attention to the hard work of social reproduction undertaken by queer shared households, and to the value of this empirical area for broader understandings of reproductive labour amidst deepening economic precarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have evaluated postpartum depression (PPD) in women living with HIV (WLHIV) in Botswana, a high prevalence HIV setting. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to evaluate PPD symptoms in WLHIV (n = 300) and women who are HIV-uninfected (n = 131) in the Tshilo Dikotla study, an observational cohort study with a nested randomized trial. The EPDS was administered at 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum. We assessed the association of (1) HIV infection and (2) antiretroviral therapy (ART) with odds of PPD symptoms (EPDS ≥ 10 or thoughts of self-harm) in the first year postpartum using generalized estimating equations. Of WLHIV, 24 (8.00%) had PPD symptoms at one or more follow-up time points, compared to 9 (6.9%) women who were HIV-seronegative. There was no association between HIV status and PPD symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73–3.93, p = 0.225); however, WLHIV on efavirenz-based ART regimens had higher odds of experiencing PPD symptoms compared to dolutegravir-based ART (aOR:3.05, 95% CI:1.16–8.03, p = 0.024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWhen modeling rare events using logistic regression, independent samples of event occurrence (ones) and nonoccurrence (zeros) are commonly taken from large datasets in order to fit models efficiently. A deterministic offset may then be included in the model to compensate for that sampling method. We propose a more complex sampling approach using stratified sampling within the sets of ones and zeros to ensure that we may sample more zeros from strata of interest. This design may avoid situations in which a random sample of zeros fails to capture the range of a key covariate. We employ sampling weights along with stratum-specific intercepts to obtain unbiased estimates of the logistic regression coefficients (including the intercept) and their standard errors. We use simulation to show that this method provides unbiased parameter estimates comparable with those of maximum likelihood. We also illustrate an application of this method to wildland fire occurrence prediction in a study area in northwestern Ontario, Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have evaluated the final-year Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine (PAM) summative Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) examinations in a four-year graduate medical degree program, for the previous three years as a baseline comparator, and during three years of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022). A de-identified analysis of medical student summative OSCE examination performance, and comparative review for the 3 years before, and for each year of the pandemic. Internal reliability in test scores as measured by R-squared remained the same or increased following the start of the pandemic. There was a significant increase in mean test scores after the start of the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic for combined OSCE scores for all final-year disciplines, as well as for the PAM role-play OSCEs, but not for the PAM mental state examination OSCEs. Changing to online OSCEs during the pandemic was related to an increase in scores for some but not all domains of the tests. This is in line with a nascent body of literature on medical teaching and examination following the start of the pandemic. Further research is needed to optimise teaching and examination in a post-pandemic medical school environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide that has been linked to detrimental health effects that range from neurological impacts to respiratory disease. The objective of this study was to assess respiratory symptoms associated with CPF exposure throughout the application season. Urine samples were collected from Egyptian adolescent applicators (n = 206) and non-applicators (n = 72) to assess 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a biomarker for CPF exposure, along with spirometry measures to determine lung ventilatory function. Samples were collected over 7 months in 2016. Logistic regression was used to model the odds of reporting wheeze symptoms based on urinary TCPy concentrations while controlling for age and smoking in the household. Ordinal multinomial logistic regression was used to model the percent reference for forced expiratory volume in one second (rFEV1) based on urinary TCPy concentration (µg/g creatinine). Wheezing increased with increasing pesticide exposure (OR = 1.74 (1.32 − 2.31)). There was no statistically significant relationship between rFEV1 and TCPy concentration. Efforts to reduce pesticide exposure should be implemented to prevent the potential onset or exacerbation of any linked respiratory complications in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in South Africa experience contextual barriers to HIV risk reduction including incomplete schooling, unintended pregnancy, substance use, and gender-based violence. A cluster randomised trial in Cape Town allocated 24 Black and Coloured communities to a gender-focused HIV risk-reduction intervention or HIV testing, with 500 AGYW total enrolled. We evaluated intervention efficacy by comparing mean differences overall, by community population group (Black and Coloured) and among those with structural barriers based on neighbourhood, education, and employment (n = 406). Both arms reported reductions in alcohol, cannabis, and condomless sex, with no intervention efficacy overall. Among AGYW with barriers, intervention participants reported fewer days of methamphetamine use at 6 months (t(210) = 2·08, p = ·04). In population group analysis, we found intervention effects on alcohol and sexual communication. Intervention participants in Black communities had fewer days of alcohol use at 12 months (t(136) = 2·10, p = ·04). Sexual discussion (t(147) = −2·47, p = ·02) and condom negotiation (t(146) = −2·51, p = ·01) increased for intervention participants at 12 months in Coloured communities. Gender-focused interventions must address population group differences and intersecting barriers to decrease substance use and increase education, skills, and sexual health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-assessments are commonly used to track Army readiness in specialized communities, but they are rarely analyzed for reliability and predictive validity. Before introducing new assessments, existing ones should be reevaluated. We examined the Global Assessment Tool (GAT), an annual Army-required self-assessment with multiple psychosocial and health behavior short scales. Psychometric analyses on nine scales included item response theory (IRT) and measurement invariance models across total Army (n = 743,057) and special operations forces (SOF; n = 3,478) cohorts. Predictive analyses examined demographic-adjusted associations between GAT scales and one-year incident medical non-readiness (MNR). Most scales had adequate reliability, although some exhibited highly skewed distributions, which likely increased measurement error. Most scales exhibited metric and scalar measurement equivalence across total Army and SOF groups. Scores from scales measuring positive characteristics were associated with lower odds of MNR (good coping, flexibility, optimism, positive affect, work engagement, friendship, organization trust; adjusted odds ratios ≤ 0.75); scores from scales measuring negative characteristics were associated with increased odds of MNR (poor sleep, depression, negative affect, loneliness; adjusted odds ratios ≥ 1.4). Associations were similar across Army and SOF cohorts. In conclusion, self-report data can potentially contribute to command surveillance, but iterative quality-checks are necessary after deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that educational attainment is a protective factor for substance use and sexual risk among adolescents and young adults. Evidence also shows that this relationship may differ by race/ethnicity and gender. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between educational attainment, substance use, and sexual risk among African American women in emerging adulthood. This study uses cross-sectional data from 646 African American women (aged 18 to 25) enrolled in a randomized trial of a behavioral HIV risk-reduction intervention. At enrollment, participants completed a risk behavior assessment via audio-computer assisted self-interview and provided a urine sample for drug screening. Bivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine substance use and sexual risk factors associated with educational attainment: completing some college or more as compared with completing high school or less. Participants who completed some college or more (52%) were more likely to report heavy alcohol use (four or more drinks in one day) in the past 30 days (OR = 1.48; p = 0.014) and more likely to report alcohol or other drug use just before or during last sex (OR = 1.43; p = 0.026) compared with participants who completed high school or less. Completing some college or more was protective for having a positive urine screen for cocaine (OR = 0.43; p = 0.018) and reporting condomless sex at last sex (OR = 0.71; p = 0.041). Differences in positive marijuana screens, reporting a previous STI, or reporting their partner used alcohol or other drugs at last sex were not statistically significant. The findings reveal notable differences in the magnitude and direction of associations between educational attainment and substance use and sexual risk. Although educational attainment is subject to change because of the frequent pursuit of education during emerging adulthood, the findings may have important implications for tailoring HIV risk-reduction interventions to key populations, such as African American women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are critical for successful anti-tumor responses. T cell anti-tumor function is dependent on their ability to differentiate from a naïve state, infiltrate into the tumor site, and exert cytotoxic functions. The factors dictating whether a particular T cell can successfully undergo these processes during tumor challenge are not yet completely understood. Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive cation channel with high expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that Piezo1 optimizes T cell activation and restrains the CD4+ regulatory T cell (Treg) pool in vitro and under inflammatory conditions in vivo. However, little is known about the role Piezo1 plays on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in cancer. We hypothesized that disruption of Piezo1 on T cells impairs anti-tumor immunity in vivo by hindering inflammatory T cell responses. We challenged mice with T cell Piezo1 deletion (P1KO) with tumor models dependent on T cells for immune rejection. P1KO mice had the more aggressive tumors, higher tumor growth rates and were unresponsive to immune-mediated therapeutic interventions. We observed a decreased CD4:CD8 ratio in both the secondary lymphoid organs and TME of P1KO mice that correlated inversely with tumor size. Poor CD4+ helper T cell responses underpinned the immunodeficient phenotype of P1KO mice. Wild type CD8+ T cells are sub-optimally activated in vivo with P1KO CD4+ T cells, taking on a CD25loPD-1hi phenotype. Together, our results suggest that Piezo1 optimizes T cell activation in the context of a tumor response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Latino population continues to grow in the United States, it is important for Latino youth, and specifically, Latino males, to obtain a college degree. As other demographic groups graduate from colleges and universities across the country, Latino males continue to lag behind their non-Latino peers in obtaining their college degrees. Specifically, this study discusses the challenges that Latino males face during their first year in college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic events, irregular shifts, and other job-related stressors impact the mental health of law enforcement officers. However, little information exists regarding the availability and perceptions of the effectiveness of mental wellness programming and resources in police departments and sheriff's offices across the United States. Using a paper and pencil survey with a stratified random sample, we explored the types of mental wellness programming available throughout agencies in the United States and the perceived effectiveness of such programs. Most respondents provided information on mental wellness resources, employee assistance programs, and external event response. Resiliency building/training and annual mental wellness checks were the least common program/resource currently provided. Peer counseling/support was slightly more common in police departments, while external event response, chaplain support, and mentoring programs were more common in sheriff's offices. Respondents generally perceived chaplain support, psychological services, external event response, and resiliency building/training to be effective forms of mental wellness programming, while annual mental wellness checks, mental wellness resources, and mentoring programs were deemed less effective. Limitations and directions for future research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on geographies of care identifies care work as a low-paid, menial and ultimately feminized activity. Much of the work in the field, unsurprisingly, has focused upon the plight of women and how the division of labour produces and sustains gender inequalities. We are interested in how new generations understand gender, work and care and the possibilities for generating heterogeneous, caring masculinities. Using creative methods, we engage young people in a series of critical masculinities workshops through which participants are asked to reflect upon what it means to be a man and materialize these ideas through arts and craft. Our school-based discussions with young people and their artworks reveal how participants place an acute emphasis on the felt, affective and emotional register of caring masculinities. We explore their creative endeavours to critically interrogate care as a gendered concept, interpret its 'troubled' relationship to masculinity, and analyse possibilities for future change. Our findings suggest masculine care practices have the potential to challenge and redistribute power across the gender order. However, we further found that hegemonic forms of masculinity could become consolidated and recuperated through caring acts, meaning gender power relations are not easily disrupted simply by men becoming caring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been associated with respiratory diseases in humans, yet the mechanisms through which PFAS cause susceptibility to inhaled agents is unknown. Herein, we investigated the effects of ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate) (GenX), an emerging PFAS, on the pulmonary immune response of mice to carbon black nanoparticles (CBNP). We hypothesized that pulmonary exposure to GenX would increase susceptibility to CBNP through suppression of innate immunity. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to vehicle, 4 mg/kg CBNP, 10 mg/kg GenX, or CBNP and GenX by oropharyngeal aspiration. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected at 1 and 14 days postexposure for cytokines and total protein. Lung tissue was harvested for histopathology, immunohistochemistry (Ki67 and phosphorylated (p)-STAT3), western blotting (p-STAT3 and p-NF-κB), and qRT-PCR for cytokine mRNAs. CBNP increased CXCL-1 and neutrophils in BALF at both time points evaluated. However, GenX/CBNP co-exposure reduced CBNP-induced CXCL-1 and neutrophils in BALF. Moreover, CXCL-1, CXCL-2 and IL-1β mRNAs were increased by CBNP in lung tissue but reduced by GenX. Western blotting showed that CBNP induced p-NF-κB in lung tissue, while the GenX/CBNP co-exposed group displayed decreased p-NF-κB. Furthermore, mice exposed to GenX or GenX/CBNP displayed increased numbers of BALF macrophages undergoing mitosis and increased Ki67 immunostaining. This was correlated with increased p-STAT3 by western blotting and immunohistochemistry in lung tissue from mice co-exposed to GenX/CBNP. Pulmonary exposure to GenX suppressed CBNP-induced innate immune response in the lungs of mice yet promoted the proliferation of macrophages and lung epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Police legitimacy is a constructed concept. Theorists argue that legitimacy is achieved through police practices that conform to the law and societal expectations, and respect human rights. The challenge is that the distinction between acceptable and unacceptable police force requires interpretation. This article uses a qualitative frame analysis of leading Chilean newspapers to reveal how police and their supporters justified police actions in response to the massive social protests in Chile from October to December 2019. We argue that the dominant frames speakers used to explain police actions during the social uprising justified police violence as a legitimate response to a criminal threat and as consistent with police protocols and the law. While reasserting police legitimacy, the frames delegitimise claims of human rights abuses (often explicitly) and shift the dominant public conversation away from discussions of broader public security and public order reforms that could better reduce police violence. Such frames reveal the tensions between police legitimacy and human rights protections, and the power of state and civil society voices elevated in the media to challenge the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from industry to academia can present unique challenges for new faculty members in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. Considering high drop, fail, withdraw (DFW) rates in undergraduate STEM courses and the need to increase the number of well-prepared graduates in these areas, it is important to better understand the needs of early-career faculty transitioning from outside of academia in order to support their development as effective scholars and educators. This study, which utilizes a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) framework, focuses on the experiences, views, and needs of two engineering faculty members who have recently moved from industry to academia. Findings inform practice and indicate a common lack of knowledge about new faculty's teaching requirements, a need for personalized support structures for incoming faculty members, and a shift toward active approaches to teaching students when such supports are provided. In this process, leveraging an embedded experts model and acknowledging and understanding students' needs through active listening emerged as important factors in faculty's growth and personal development during their first semester in academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore how people with diabetes and diverse health literacy levels conceptualise their experience and efforts to engage in self-management behaviours (their self-management 'schemas'). Design: A qualitative design was applied. Methods: Twenty-six people in Sydney, Australia, took part in semi-structured interviews, which were audio-recorded and coded using Framework analysis. Results: Half the participants (54%) had limited health literacy, whereas 38% adequate health literacy (using Newest Vital Sign). Regardless of health literacy, people described how monitoring increased self-management awareness and signalled periods of low self-management ('lulls'). Accounts of monitoring to sustain motivation were more apparent for participants with adequate health literacy. Most participants described simple and flexible rules (e.g. use artificial sweeteners; eat in moderation). Two schemas related to 'lulls': a 'problem-solving orientation' depicted lulls as inevitable and was associated with varied coping strategies; a 'willpower orientation' attributed lulls to lack of 'willpower,' and described willpower as a main coping strategy. Conclusion: There is considerable variation in how people think about their diabetes self-management and the strategies they use. Health literacy may contribute to some of this variation. Self-management interventions could benefit from depicting motivation as fluctuating and challenging ideas about willpower and self-blame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of big data and advances in technology, psychological assessments have become increasingly sophisticated and complex. Nevertheless, traditional psychometric issues concerning the validity, reliability, and measurement bias of such assessments remain fundamental in determining whether score inferences of human attributes are appropriate. We focus on three technological advances—the use of organic data for psychological assessments, the application of machine learning algorithms, and adaptive and gamified assessments—and review how the concepts of validity, reliability, and measurement bias may apply in particular ways within those areas. This provides direction for researchers and practitioners to advance the rigor of technology-based assessments from a psychometric perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the everyday experiences of young white working-class men living in coastal towns badly affected by austerity programmes implemented in the UK since 2010. The lives and aspirations of marginal young men seldom feature in studies of the effects of economic crisis and austerity. These men are positioned at the intersection of several rhetorical constructions with contradictory and ambivalent affects. They are expected, and still expect, to become wage earners and providers, largely through their own efforts and self- improvement. A rhetoric of social mobility disguises structural inequality, producing a false promise of hope or 'cruel optimism' about future prospects. Simultaneously, young working- class men, especially those without employment, typically are constructed as a threat to (middle class) society, difficult or dangerous, and authors of their own disadvantage. We explore how young men, without regular work and often lacking family support, talk about everyday experiences, social relationships, feelings and emotions and hopes for the future in coastal towns with a particular place in the national imaginary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pilot-feasibility randomized control trial examined effects of an adjunctive short-term service dog training program (SDTP) for service members in out-patient treatment for PTSD. Twenty-nine volunteer participants were randomly assigned to either the SDTP (n = 12) or waitlist (n = 17); 20 participants were available for post-treatment evaluation. SDTP protocol consisted of six structured one-hour sessions with a dog-trainer conducted over two weeks, intended to train a service dog to help a fellow Veteran. SMs completed symptom questionnaires (PTSD, insomnia, stress, depression, anxiety), and the SDTP group completed a post-intervention quantitative interview. Most effect sizes demonstrated moderate symptom reductions, both between-groups and within the SDTP group. Between-group effects were strongest for intrusive thoughts (Hedge's g = -0.66; 95%Q: -1.72, 0.23) and overall PTSD symptoms (g = -0.45; 95%CI: -1.47, 0.45); within-SDTP group effects were strongest for stress (d = -1.31, 95%CI: -2.17, -0.42), intrusive thoughts (d = -0.78, 95%CI: -1.55, 0.01) and hypervigilance (d = -0.77, 95%CI: -1.48, -0.04). Qualitative analyses indicated participants found SDTP in some ways challenging yet beneficial in multiple aspects of personal and social lives. Future work should examine optimal treatment parameters (e.g., duration, "dosing") when training dogs as an adjunct to other PTSD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of today's software development projects depend on the usage of existing solutions to save time and development costs. We target in this research work the design of a software capability profile that provides a broader view of an organization's software, along with an exploitation model in line with requirements engineering and enterprise architecture to fill the gap between the goals of the stakeholders and what can be delivered as a practical solution. Our contribution aims to improve the reuse of existing software, by upgrading these technical components to the level of end-user's requirements for accelerating future business application development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial dance forms, specifically musical theater dance, remain highly marginalized within higher education research. This article presents the need to establish more scholarly research in musical theater dance and points out the ethnographic identity of the genre in our global society. Ethnographic study can be useful in validating musical theater dance and the way it reflects American culture back to itself, while also blurring the lines between dance forms that traditionally carry the "high art" designation and those that are more commercial in nature. Establishing a stable platform to research and preserve these commercial forms situates musical theater choreographers, dancers, and their art within academic and artistic history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intervention sustainability is a critical yet understudied aspect of implementation science research. To address this gap, we examined the sustainability of the Women's Health CoOp (WHC), a gender-focused, evidence-based, HIV and alcohol risk-reduction intervention, after an implementation trial. We used a mixed methods design consisting of questionnaires (n = 12), 3 focus groups (n = 11), and a semistructured interview conducted with interventionists implementing the WHC in clinics and substance use treatment programs in Cape Town, South Africa. Five out of 8 facilities implemented the WHC beyond the 6-month implementation period, and 4 were still implementing the WHC as of October 2019. Sustainability ranged from approximately 8 months to more than 3 years. At the most recent assessment, interventionists delivered the intervention to 0–20 participants in the past month. Qualitative findings indicate that long-term sustainability would require support from upper management, staff dedicated to the WHC, and booster trainings. The WHC was sustained postimplementation. Integrating the program into usual care would be feasible; however, human resources, financial, and institutional support would be needed for sustainability. To move implementation science forward, it is essential to determine sustainability beyond the presence and involvement of researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are widely documented risk factors for substance use among Hispanic emerging adults. Studies seldom examine whether distinct ACEs differentially relate to substance use in emerging adulthood, and if said association varies in the context of additional stressors disproportionately experienced by Hispanic people. This examination is necessary for understanding the etiology of substance use disorders and related outcomes among Hispanic individuals. Using a sample of Hispanic emerging adults, the goals of this study were two-fold. First, it examined differences in substance use between subgroups of varying ACEs. Second, it assessed whether substance use in the presence of discrimination differed between ACE subgroups. Latent class analysis identified two emerging ACE subgroups: [1] Parental Separation and [2] Physical & Emotional. On average, individuals in the Physical & Emotional subgroup endorsed a higher likelihood of tobacco, cannabis, and illegal drug use than those in the Parental Separation subgroup. For the latter, the likelihood of binge drinking was higher than that of the Physical & Emotional subgroup if they also perceived discrimination in emerging adulthood. These findings highlight the importance of considering the intersection of multiple social determinants of health for understanding the lifetime risk of substance use among Hispanic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Police violence contributes to uneven experiences of citizenship. Identity often determines who is affected and the ability of loved ones to fight back. While reforms to the criminal justice system are important, I argue that police violence is best understood as situated within public contestations over the meaning and practice of citizenship. These are multilevel and interdependent contestations that occur at the interpersonal, discursive, and judicial levels and are embedded in power structures that aim to reproduce existing social inequalities. Through contestation, targeted communities, at the very least, create a dissensus on the practices that exclude them and, at best, contribute to the reconstruction of the meaning of citizenship in ways that include their voice. This argument is grounded in the literature on police violence in Latin America and in an in-depth qualitative analysis of the case study of the enforced disappearance of Luciano Arruga in Argentina in 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the impact of social support on suicidal ideation in 169 prisoners with major depressive disorder, accounting for known demographic, criminological, and clinical risk factors. Greater social support was associated with a lower likelihood of the presence of current suicide ideation. This effect remained significant even after adjusting for other significant predictors of suicide ideation including sex, length of sentence served, severity of current depression, and having prior suicide attempts. This study is the first to explore social support and other known risk factors for suicide ideation in a prison population with major depressive disorder. Our findings demonstrate that, even in the presence of significant risk factors for suicidal ideation, social support remained a strong predictor, suggesting the importance of fostering social support in correctional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the use of think alouds to examine substantive processes involved in performance on a formative assessment of computational thinking (CT) designed to support self-regulated learning (SRL). Our task design model included three phases of work on a computational thinking problem: forethought, performance, and reflection. The cognitive processes of seven students who reported their thinking during all three phases were analyzed. Ratings of artifacts of code indicated the computational thinking problem was moderately difficult to solve (M = 15, SD = 5) on a scale of 0 to 21 points. Profiles were created to illustrate length and sequence of different types of cognitive processes during the think-aloud. Results provide construct validity evidence for the tasks as formative assessments of CT, elucidate the way learners at different levels of skill use SRL, shed light on the nature of computational thinking, and point out areas for improvement in assessment design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial fraction of patients with stage I-III colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) experience disease relapse after surgery with curative intent. However, biomarkers for predicting the likelihood of CRC relapse have not been fully explored. Therefore, we assessed the association between tumor infiltration by a broad array of innate and adaptive immune cell types and CRC relapse risk. We implemented a discovery-validation design including a discovery dataset from Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC; Tampa, FL) and three independent validation datasets: (1) GSE41258 (2) the Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer (MECC) study, and (3) GSE39582. Infiltration by 22 immune cell types was inferred from tumor gene expression data, and the association between immune infiltration by each cell type and relapse-free survival was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Within each of the four independent cohorts, CD4+ memory activated T cell (HR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90-0.96; FDR = 0.0001) infiltration was associated with longer time to disease relapse, independent of stage, microsatellite instability, and adjuvant therapy. Based on our meta-analysis across the four datasets, 10 innate and adaptive immune cell types associated with disease relapse of which 2 were internally validated using multiplex immunofluorescence. Moreover, immune cell type infiltration was a better predictors of disease relapse than Consensus Molecular Subtype (CMS) and other expression-based biomarkers (Immune-AICMCC :238.1-238.9; CMS-AICMCC: 241.0). These data suggest that transcriptome-derived immune profiles are prognostic indicators of CRC relapse and quantification of both innate and adaptive immune cell types may serve as candidate biomarkers for predicting prognosis and guiding frequency and modality of disease surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four programmes celebrating the life and work of David Attenborough (Life on Air (BBC, 2002); the 3-part series Attenborough: 60 Years in the Wild (BBC, 2012); Attenborough at 90: Behind the Lens (Atlantic, 2016); and Attenborough at 90: Starring David Attenborough (BBC, 2016)) are examined to show what is chosen to be celebrated about Attenborough's career, what they reveal about the television genre of natural history, and about the kind of television work which is most valued. The programmes concentrate on his role as a natural history presenter on location and on the technology used to produce natural history television. The later three are also concerned with his defying of age-related norms in continuing to work and his adventurousness on location. They do not show the range of his programmes, nor, with the exception of the first and last BBC programmes which acknowledge his long past administrative roles, make explicit the many other roles he plays in programme-making. While showing something of the range of the natural history genre, their concentration on landmark programmes reduces their value as a history of the genre, apart from its technological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Democratic policing is a multidimensional, multilevel, and contested concept rooted in political ideology. It is not singular or politically neutral. I argue there are four typologies of democratic policing: right, centre-right, centre-left, and left. In Latin America, in the 1980s and 1990s, countries went through the dual processes of democratisation and the implementation of neoliberal economic policies. The latter increased inequality in wealth and led to deeply divisive debates regarding the place of equality and violence in the definition of democracy. Putting aside these debates on the meaning of democracy, police reform projects in Latin America have embraced community-oriented policing as synonymous with democratic policing. Yet, democratic policing is not a singular concept and political debates matter to its various meanings. The article uses Goertz's (2006. Social science concepts: a user's guide. Princeton University Press) three-level concept analysis to assess the theoretical similarities and differences between the four types of democratic policing. It then tests the theory with empirical data from the cases studies of Argentina (Menem and Kirchners) and Chile (Bachelet and Piñera). The case studies are informed by field research in both countries (2006–2015), and draw on media and human rights reports as well as secondary data. The study finds a gap between theory and practice that calls for more research on policy convergence. More importantly, it reveals the need to situate ideal definitions of democratic policing within political debates on democracy, paying close attention to the role of political ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) are increasingly used in nanotechnology applications, yet information on sex differences in NiNP-induced lung disease is lacking. The goal of this study was to explore mechanisms of susceptibility between male and female mice after acute or subchronic pulmonary exposure to NiNPs. For acute exposure, male and female mice received a single dose of NiNPs with or without LPS by oropharyngeal aspiration and were necropsied 24 h later. For subchronic exposure, mice received NiNPs with or without LPS six times over 3 weeks prior to necropsy. After acute exposure to NiNPs and LPS, male mice had elevated cytokines (CXCL1 and IL-6) and more neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), along with greater STAT3 phosphorylation in lung tissue. After subchronic exposure to NiNPs and LPS, male mice exhibited increased monocytes in BALF. Moreover, subchronic exposure of male mice to NiNP only induced higher CXCL1 and CCL2 in BALF along with increased alveolar infiltrates and CCL2 in lung tissue. STAT1 in lung tissue was induced by subchronic exposure to NiNPs in females but not males. Males had a greater induction of IL-6 mRNA in liver after acute exposure to NiNPs and LPS, and greater CCL2 mRNA in liver after subchronic NiNP exposure. These data indicate that susceptibility of males to acute lung inflammation involves enhanced neutrophilia with increased CXCL1 and IL-6/STAT3 signaling, whereas susceptibility to subchronic lung inflammation involves enhanced monocytic infiltration with increased CXCL1 and CCL2. STAT transcription factors appear to play a role in these sex differences. This study demonstrates sex differences in the lung inflammatory response of mice to NiNPs that has implications for human disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1995, ASET has periodically published updates to recommendations for best practices in infection prevention for Neurodiagnostic technologists. The latest installment was accepted in December 2019 for publication in Volume 60, Issue 1, before we had much knowledge or understanding about the SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This Technical Tips article is presented as an addendum to the 2020 update and includes important information about infection prevention measures specific to procedure protocols when working with patients positive or under investigation for a highly infectious disease, and when working with patients in general during the current pandemic. All Neurodiagnostic technologists who have direct patient care are responsible for ensuring the use of best practices to prevent the spread of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ascertain school counselors' beliefs regarding the causes of and strategies for preventing school shootings, 50 school counselors participated in a qualitative survey. The survey used Content Analysis to organize and analyze the school counselors' responses into themes that represented their beliefs about school shootings. Overwhelmingly, the school counselors supported the provision of counseling services as a means to prevent school shootings and also supported some school security measures, as well as educational interventions targeting relationship building. The relevance of these findings are discussed in relation to current research and position statements on the causes and prevention of school shootings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a conceptual framework that leverages synergies between classroom assessment (CA) practices and self-regulated learning (SRL) theory to support academic growth and instruction. We articulate the processes shared by CA and SRL, drawing on a model of SRL with three phases: forethought, performance, and self-reflection. We blend this SRL model with CA to create the CA:SRL framework in four stages: (1) pre-assessment, (2) the cycle of learning, doing, and assessing, (3) formal assessment, and (4) summarizing assessment evidence. We elucidate how SRL processes are involved at each stage and can be drawn on to support learning development and teacher understanding and co-regulation of learning. This framework is important in that it depicts how assessment and learning processes interact dynamically for both teachers and students in classrooms, and demonstrates that such interactions encompass the full breadth of purposes in CA, from planning through summation of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nurses and midwives of Australia now is the time for change! As powerfully placed, Indigenous and non-Indigenous nursing and midwifery professionals, together we can ensure an effective and robust Indigenous curriculum in our nursing and midwifery schools of education. Today, Australia finds itself in a shifting tide of social change, where the voices for better and safer health care ring out loud. Voices for justice, equity and equality reverberate across our cities, our streets, homes, and institutions of learning. It is a call for new songlines of reform. The need to embed meaningful Indigenous health curricula is stronger now than it ever was for Australian nursing and midwifery. It is essential that nursing and midwifery leadership continue to build an authentic collaborative environment for Indigenous curriculum development. Bipartisan alliance is imperative for all academic staff to be confident in their teaching and learning experiences with Indigenous health syllabus. This paper is a call out. Now is the time for Indigenous and non-Indigenous nurses and midwives to make a stand together, for justice and equity in our teaching, learning, and practice. Together we will dismantle systems, policy, and practices in health that oppress. The Black Lives Matter movement provides us with a 'now window' of accepted dialogue to build a better, culturally safe Australian nursing and midwifery workforce, ensuring that Black Lives Matter in all aspects of health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disparate research has shown that exposure to chaotic homes and adverse childhood experiences are associated with antisocial behavior, but these lines of research have not converged. The current study explored the additive effects of exposure to chaotic homes and three forms of childhood abuse and their association with serious delinquency among 2,520 adjudicated delinquents from a large Southern state. Chaotic homes and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse had differential effects on homicide offending, sexual offending, and serious person/property offending and in some models; these effects were specific to whites, Hispanics, or African Americans. In contrast, chaotic homes and sexual abuse history was positively associated with sexual offending but negatively associated with other serious delinquency across models. Chaotic homes are a construct deserving of further criminological study to better articulate how and why various adverse childhood experiences translate into serious delinquency and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1995, ASET has published recommendations for infection prevention. With the aim of keeping our readers current with updates in infection prevention initiatives, this article reviews ASET's past publications by Altman 1995, Altman 2000, Scott 2013, and Sullivan & Altman 2008, and incorporates new information from published scientific literature, online resources, print publications, national and international guidelines, OSHA and other regulatory agencies. Knowledge of current infection control practices and recommendations is essential for every Neurodiagnostic technologist, whether working in a hospital, an ambulatory setting, intensive care unit or in the operating room. All technologists who have direct patient contact are responsible for ensuring use of best practices to prevent the spread of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent focus on graduate employability has exposed the inadequacies of work preparation for science students, who need an employability toolkit to navigate the modern work landscape. An established mechanism to develop students' employment awareness is Work Integrated Learning (WIL), but Australian mathematics and science students participate in fewer WIL activities than students in other disciplines. In this article, we present a conceptual discussion around the design of a non-traditional Bachelor of Science WIL program that transcends commonly held perceptions of WIL as primarily discipline-orientated and placement-based. This design dramatically expands the possibilities for WIL in science programs, enabling WIL participation for students unable to engage in a traditional science work placement. The program draws on and legitimises students' experiences in diverse non-science, part-time workplaces and extra-curricular activities; we term this 'transgressional learning'. Students engage in reflective and active learning opportunities designed to help them explore and articulate their skill sets in a manner that speaks to multiple future work settings. By drawing on students' extant work experiences, the program explicitly supports students to foreground and expand on broad skill sets acquired in extra-curricular settings. This article suggests a new conceptual approach and a path forward for large-scale WIL delivery in generalist science degrees. It draws on the reflections of the project team and student participants to outline the goals and design ethos of the program and reflect on the legitimacy of this transgressional program as a science WIL offering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the findings of a nationwide survey in the United States of marketing faculty employed by business schools on their views regarding the three major controversies in collegiate business education. The responses of 156 marketing professors are presented as inputs for reforming business program learning environments, re-prioritizing the credentials of professors, and redesigning the collegiate curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This posthumously published article was completed by Philip Bonner (d.2017) in 2010 as a longer paper commissioned by the Nelson Mandela Foundation. To our knowledge, it has not been published, and we have edited it, with permission, into a suitable form for a journal article. This has involved shortening, reducing some of the extended historiographical discussion and cutting some of the informal writing. Bonner was initially asked to investigate possible discrepancies between passages in the early sections of Nelson Mandela's autobiography, A Long Walk to Freedom, and the archival records that have survived. He found valuable information about Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mandela, and Mandela's guardian, Jongintaba or David Dalindyebo. These flesh out considerably the material in existing published sources, including Long Walk, about the political context of Mandela's childhood and youth. Bonner tries to resolve some chronological problems in family memory, as reported in Long Walk, and to explain certain stories in this text. He explores in detail the context of Gadla Henry Mandela's dismissal as headman and the decline of family fortunes, and Jongintaba's appointment as regent of the Thembu. In the process, Bonner makes important general arguments about the significance of land and succession disputes in Transkeian politics at this time (c.1920–1940), as well as the frequency and character of regencies in southern African kingdoms. He also touches on the language of witchcraft in local politics. The article adds to knowledge about Thembu politics during Mandela's youth, analyses the oral memory reported in Long Walk and contributes to the historiography both of Mandela and of Transkeian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predominantly White Educational Institutions often fail to meet the needs of gifted African American students. Racial discrimination, lack of teacher cultural competence, and deficit ideologies create barriers impacting student academic success, emotional well-being, and sense of belonging. School counselors are in optimal positions to assist African American youth using targeted cultural strategies. This article offers a background on the issues many gifted African American children face and details a group approach utilizing solution focused brief therapy, family involvement, conflict resolution, and anger management, in an attempt to influence positive racial identity, resilience, and student achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the in vitro and in vivo evidence, studies are limited in evaluating whether chemokines are potential inflammatory mediators in response to air pollution exposure in humans. Methods: We conducted a panel study coinciding with the Beijing Olympics, when temporary air pollution controls were implemented. We measured a suite of serum chemokines among healthy adults before, during and after the Olympics, respectively. Linear mixed-effect models were used to evaluate changes in chemokine levels over the three time periods. Results: In response to the 50% drop in air pollution levels during the games, levels of RANTES, MCP-2, and TARC decreased by 25.8%, 20.9% and 35.3%, respectively (p < 0.001) from pre-Olympics, and then increased by 45.8%, 34.9% and 61.5%, respectively (p < 0.001) after the games when air pollution levels went up again. Similar patterns were observed in subgroup analyses by sex, age, smoking and body mass index. GRO-α and IL-8 decreased significantly during the games (22.5% and 30.4%), and increased non-significantly after the games. Eotaxin-1 only increased significantly from during- to post-games. Conclusions: The strongest associations with air pollution levels were observed among RANTES, TARC and MCP-2. Those chemokines may play important roles in the air pollution-induced inflammatory pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: South Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV among women, the highest prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV), and the highest rates of per capita alcohol consumption in the world. The nuanced associations between GBV, alcohol misuse, and HIV must be explored and protective factors identified. This study examines the associations between physical and sexual GBV and HIV infection and explores how alcohol misuse and sexual agency may mediate the GBV-HIV association. Method: Participants were 361 Black African women (Mean age=28.39, SD = 7.92) who reported using alcohol and/or drugs weekly in the past 3 months, engaging in condomless sex, and having a boyfriend. Women were recruited from disadvantaged communities in Pretoria, South Africa. Individuals who met the eligibility criteria and enrolled in the study consented and completed a computer-assisted personal interview assessing GBV, alcohol misuse, and sexual agency and underwent HIV testing (i.e., blood test). Results: The indirect effect of physical assault on HIV status at enrollment through alcohol misuse was significant (log odds = 0.23, SE = 0.12, 95% CI [0.0151, 0.4998]). Conclusions: HIV prevention efforts focusing on reducing alcohol misuse may be more effective, which might reduce the HIV burden among this group of vulnerable South African women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]