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This article examines the changing architectural environments of deaf education in the nineteenth century, taking the national institutes in Paris and Bordeaux as its main focus. Founded in the late eighteenth century and initially housed in government-expropriated properties, both schools underwent comprehensive renovation and reconstruction projects in the nineteenth century to emerge as modern educational spaces. Although these projects remain overlooked in the history of modern architecture, they were closely tied to contemporary discourses on education, hygiene, and citizenship. The renovation of the Paris Institute for Deaf-Mutes during the 1820s–30s engaged pressing questions about hygiene and social progress in the postrevolutionary era of national reconstruction. The architectural transformation of the Bordeaux Institute for Deaf-Mute Girls from the 1860s not only reflected the changing pedagogical focus from sign language to oralism; it was also imbricated in broader debates about laïcité and educational standardisation as France transitioned from empire to republic. Far from being marginal, these institutions functioned as key sites for working through notions of citizenship and national identity. Their histories reveal how architectural and material frameworks could serve to impose ideology on the one hand, and provide important grounds for the formation of a minority community on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the purpose of an exhibit on Atlantic slavery? Does it seek to raise awareness of the trade in enslaved people, with a view to highlighting and overcoming its racist legacy, or to situate the Atlantic trade within the historical – and ongoing – continuum of slavery, or to draw attention to the role of slavery in constituting colonial modernity? Does giving this history its rightful place within the national story of France, Britain or elsewhere ultimately serve to embed racial divisions in contemporary society, or to expunge them? In other words, does a reckoning with Atlantic slavery open a path to tackling racism today? This article addresses these questions in turn. Its principal referent is the Musée d'Aquitaine in Bordeaux, set in the wider context of the city's self-image and French debates around commemorating the Atlantic slave trade. The article concludes that even though Bordeaux's slaving past is integrated into the Musée d'Aquitaine's guiding chronology, the full ramifications of slavery for colonial modernity have not been understood or represented. Beyond simplistic dichotomies of guilt and innocence, accusation and repentance, the enormous significance of coloniality and slavery in constituting European modernity, not least the Enlightenment, have yet to be grasped and assimilated in Bordeaux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succeeding François Guizot and Lord Hamilton Gordon's 'cordial understanding', the Franco-British 1904 Entente cordiale has been widely studied in its diplomatic, trading and touristic aspects through sport. Maybe because of its vital role in the First World War, its social facet has been less explored. Lord-Mayor of London's visit to Bordeaux's last international exhibition in September 1895, enhanced by two days of cycling festivities and races, shows masonic links within the French organisers and with certain British contributors. As such, this could have been considered not as the first sport diplomatic act but as an attempt which have been occurred in this way and led to the creation of a British association called 'Entente cordiale' which had no equivalent in France. Despite some actions both side of the Channel, ahead of the official agreement, and the creation of a new organisation in Normandy in connection with the Touring Club de France, the expression rapidly faded out. Finally, this study shows what conditions must be met for a sporting event to be described as diplomatic. The distinction between sport diplomacy and diplomacy through sport is not enough in the light of history to explore international political relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bordeaux wine was traded to Northern Europe and Britain throughout the early modern period. In the early nineteenth century, the family company J. Calvet & Co was founded in the Rhone Valley and by mid-century relocated to Bordeaux. This company's atypical inter-regionalism became the basis for its successful international expansion from the 1860s. Then, from the 1880s to the First World War, the third generation of the Calvet family further extended supply networks and outlets in Europe and America. The Calvet strategy of sending family agents and other trusted employees overseas and a marked diversification in the sources of wine they sold to wine retailers enabled the firm to strengthen its position despite production crises and rising competition. By focusing on this innovative family firm, the present essay offers a new perspective on the emergence of a modern, global wine market centered in Bordeaux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows that Bordeaux's most expensive young wines were overwhelmingly purchased by Irish merchants during the long eighteenth century. These merchants then blended the Bordeaux wine with wines from the Rhone Valley and Eastern Spain in preparation for sale in Britain and Ireland. Irish merchants were keenly aware of the frequent deficiencies of even the best wines, and in blending them were responding to the demands of elite British and Irish consumers. Later changes in wine-making, from the vineyard to the cellar, as well as customer demand for pure wines, would end the practice of blending. But the ideal and reputation of great Bordeaux wine, if not the exact taste, was established by Irish merchants in the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate of Bordeaux, France, was examined to determine if climatic factors can distinguish between consensus vintage rankings, developed using eight ratings sources, of red and sweet white wines from 1961 to 2009. Climate variables were computed for the growing season and average plant phenological stages and were compared between the 10 highest and lowest ranked vintages. Good vintages exhibited higher heat accumulation during the growing season and a general lack of rainfall, particularly during veraison. Most climate factors were consistent for both red and sweet white wines. Mean maximum temperature during the growing season was an important discriminator between good and poor vintages for both reds and whites, although sweet white wines were also affected by growing season precipitation and temperatures during the vine's dormant period.In general, consensus vintage quality is consistent between reds and whites (Spearman'sρ = 0.66,p < 0.05), but the primary factor that distinguishes large red vs. white ranking differences is precipitation during the bloom period – when late May–June precipitation is lacking, sweet whites in Bordeaux tend to outperform reds. The information on key climatic factors found in this study can foster appropriate within-season management practices in the vineyard, provide purchasing insights for the wine futures markets in Bordeaux, and focus climate change studies to those climate variables that have the most impact on wine quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rating of 184 2004 Bordeaux wines, Jancis Robinson (JR) and Robert Parker (RP) showed: complete agreement on only 71/184 or 39% of the wines; for 110 of the remaining 119 wines, RP assigned a higher rating than JR. RP scored: 51 wines as EXCELLENT that JR rated as ABOVE AVERAGE; 38 as ABOVE AVERAGE that JR scored as AVERAGE; 19 as EXCELLENT that JR scored as merely AVERAGE; and 2 wines as ABOVE AVERAGE that JR rated as BELOW AVERAGE. JR offers a plausible way for the consumer to make sense of the wine ratings of a given specialist, in the same way the consumer learns to ‘calibrate’ her/his subjective judgments to those made by designated experts in other fields of interest. Here Robinson [(1997).Tasting pleasure: Confessions of a wine lover. New York, NY: Penguin] treats expert judgments of wine as ‘… every bit as subjective as the judging of any art form’. Recent enological research indicates that this message needs to be understood in a broader socio-economic framework that focuses upon other important variables that drive wine consumer purchases, such as prior tastings and recommendations from fellow wine drinkers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although homelessness, which first appeared in the United States, did not reach France until the 1990s, it progressively took root as an inescapable structural feature. Its American anteriority justifies considering whether the phenomenon in France is similar. Among the challenges, there is the sheer scale of the problem, the underlying gravity of the housing and job-market situation, the disengagement of the welfare state, and repressive management of the homeless. This study focuses on the main characteristics of homelessness, the extensive transformations in the treatment of the homeless, and the management of their visibility in public spaces. From an in-depth case study in Bordeaux, we can see how management of the homeless in public spaces corresponds to a new logic. It is no longer based on repression, but on an approach that involves the homeless in programs aimed at giving them an urban role in the form of street cleaning and participation in street arts. This new policy corresponds to a certain definition of neoliberalism in which homeless individuals themselves are the consenting instruments of this form of urban governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the evolution of shipping and trade between the United States and France from the end of the American War of Independence to the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1783–1815). It argues that commercial relations followed their own, internal dynamic and had scarce connections to statist commercial policies. These relations were, however, deeply responsive to the international context and to warfare in particular. American shipping to France experienced an extraordinary boom after the outbreak of war between France and Great Britain in 1793. The paper explores the nature of this trade and demonstrates that its full understanding requires a global approach to trade flows in the Atlantic World rather than the bilateral approaches which dominate contemporary as well as most historical analyses. A broader analysis must integrate merchant strategies and networks into the Atlantic history. The last part of the paper analyses the specific case of Bordeaux, the major French port for US shipping during the French Wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the urban renovation, conservation and rehabilitation in Bordeaux, France. It is stated that over the past 30 years the Bordeaux's politicians and planners have played critical role in both changing and conserving the inner environments of one of the country's most attractive provincial cities. A succession of urban policies has been implemented to attempt to halt depopulation, economic decline and environmental degradation in the inner city. In addition, the attempt to revitalize economic activities have achieved modest success but more socially oriented policies prove difficult to implement.