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The demand for soft, flexible, and conformable devices that may offer electrical functionality along with the benefit of comfort is increasing with the emergence of wearable electronic devices in our daily lives. Electronic textiles (e-textile) fabrics have electronic components embedded in them and can be worn. This textile must be conformal to the body, and also smart. This article proposes the synthesis of a conductive yarn that can be knit together to textiles to fabricate a smart textile with integrated electronic capabilities, which can be used as a sensor that detects critical parameters from human body. The proposed conductive yarn has been synthesised from cotton yarn, utilising the simple dip-immersion, and drying technique. Different forms of carbon materials, such as activated carbon (AC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphite are used as conductive elements with polyvinyl acetate and deionised water as solvent. The conductive elements and the solvent are combined to prepare the conductive solution. The experiment has been carried out by varying yarn thickness and composition of conductive material with fixed yarn length. The coated yarns were analysed by developing their mathematical model using the linear fit technique. The change in resistance per unit length of the yarn was computed as the slope (kΩ/cm). The mathematical model of optimised conductive yarn is derived as y = 4.535 x + 1.93 with a conductivity of 4.17 S/m. The experimental work proves that a commercially available cotton yarn can be infused with electrical properties by coating it with a conductive material. Additionally, it has also been observed that textile-based wearable devices are possible to fabricate with simple and cost-effective techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the oxidation and reduction method was combined with chemical and hydrothermal method to prepare graphene ink for high electrical conductivity. The prepared ink samples were subsequently analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray dispersion spectrometer (EDS). The resulting samples displayed a deposition of extremely thin slices and consistent geometric shapes with a thickness from 3 to 1 nm. Moreover, the weighty and atomic ratios of carbon and oxygen in the samples were 48.75 and 36.59%, respectively; the carbon ratio was higher than the oxygen ratio. Open-end, carded, and combed cotton yarn samples were coated using the surface coating technique. The tensile strength of the treated cotton yarns was tested and analyzed. On the open-end yarn sample's surface, thin slices of graphene were densely present. Additionally, the open-end yarn's atomic ratios of carbon and oxygen were 5.4 and 7.3%, respectively. Sample's electrical resistance was constant even after 12 washes; the open-end yarn had the lowest electrical resistance. The suitability of the treated yarns for use in heat generation applications was studied. As a result, by increasing the applied voltage and the number of graphene ink layers, the open-end yarn temperature rises to 55 °C. The open-end yarn temperature was increased by increasing the number of applied graphene layers. This finding suggests that these yarns could be used in wearable smart textiles that generate heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a detailed exploration of the effects of glycine treatment on the morphology and tensile properties of cotton yarn is presented. From the cross-sectional morphological studies, it can be noticed that glycine treatment at pH 11 swelled the cotton fibres. Linear density measurements showed that the yarn weight increased after glycine treatment irrespective of the pH. The increased linear density may be due to the weight gained by the yarn because of glycine treatment as well as shrinkage. The results of the tensile properties of cotton yarn treated with glycine showed that glycine treatment protected the samples from the significant drop in yarn tensile strength at acidic pH. The breaking strain was increased significantly in pH 11 glycine treated yarn by 70%. The glycine treatment at acidic condition has also changed the strain value, at pH 4, where the strain value increased by 38%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of moisture through textile surfaces is a complex phenomenon as many factors influenceits transmission. The objective of this research work is to determine the effect of yarn and binding on their ability to prevent or promote moisture transmission within knitted structures. For this, we have developed a series of structures from cotton yarn and five types of polyester with different counts. The study of moisture transmission for the samples we have developed requires various tests to make a comprehensive study including air permeability, porosity, absorption rate, drying time, Fabric-vertical wicking, and moisture absorption. The results found by the absorption rate test showed that the pique jacquard absorbs better than the double face-one facejacquard. Based on the results of moisture management, air permeability and porosity, an optimum knitted structure is developed that corresponds to the good moisture transmission and the air permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of weave structures and thread densities on the cover factor and mechanical properties of cotton spandex woven fabrics. 98% cotton and 2% spandex poplin, twill, and sateen woven fabrics of different thread densities were used in this research for investigation. In this investigation, total samples of 15 types with miscellaneous textures such as plain (1/1), twill (1/4), and 7 ends sateen (1/6) were used. Yarns were assessed using microscope with its morphological views and outer shape views to confirm the existence of cotton fibers. In the microscopic observations, the outer shape of cotton yarn was seen with full of hairy fibers at the slope which guaranteed the existence of cotton content in these cellulosic fabrics. The stretching behaviors such as stretch, growth and recovery were measured in agreement with the test method provided by ASTM D3107 Standard along with apposite equations as mentioned underneath the paper. Using weave coefficient, the values of cover factors were measured with suitable equations. The fabrics of plain weave exposed the highest values of cover factors due to having higher interlacement points than any other weave structures conducted in this research. The fabrics of sateen weave exposed excellent mechanical properties with its stretch, growth and recovery values due to having fewer binding points in its repeat size, than any other weave structures carried out in this research. This research is practice based and it opens possible ways for the scholars to further study in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is an increasing focus on sustainable textile manufacturing in terms of reducing the waste generated during the production and pre-consumer stages. Knitting companies are exploring the promising direction of unraveling and upcycling yarn to achieve this goal. To assess the knittability of unraveled yarn vis-a-vis conventional yarn, a comprehensive indicator of yarn-breaking force changes was proposed. The purpose of this study is to present a method to evaluate the strength property of unraveled yarn and to investigate the potential of 74-tex cotton and 72-tex wool yarn for future upcycling in knitting. The results of the investigation revealed that cotton yarn has a higher potential for upcycling both at pre- and post-consumer stages, compared to wool yarn. The knittability of unraveled cotton yarn is almost 99% after knitting and dry relaxation and over 95% after repeated washing and drying cycles. However, it is pertinent to note that repeated ironing impacts the cotton yarn's knittability, and hence, it is recommended to label future upcycling products with a special marking prohibiting ironing. The possibility of unraveling and reusing wool yarn is limited to the post-production and pre-consumer stages when its knittability is near 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air-jet weaving is an innovative weaving technique that uses friction between the yarn surface and air stream to propel the weft yarn. The interaction between the yarn surface and air is complex and affects weft yarn motion. Understanding the factors influencing this interaction is crucial for optimizing the weft yarn speed and twist loss in air jet weaving. This critical evaluation examined the impact of weft yarn structures such as yarn count, twist, hairiness, volume, and fiber types such as cotton and polyester on weft yarn speed and twist loss. The findings revealed that both the yarn structure and fiber type significantly impact the twist loss and insertion time during air jet weft insertion. Factors such as hairiness, volume, linear density, fiber type, and twist level were found to significantly affect the twist loss and weft yarn velocity. High hairiness and thin yarns exhibited higher velocity but greater twist losses, whereas highly twisted yarns demonestrated lower velocity and higher twist loss. Additionally, polyester yarns showed a lower velocity and experienced more twist loss than cotton yarns. These insights can assist textile manufacturers in optimizing the air-jet weaving parameters to improve weft yarn insertion and overall fabric quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines screening of the factors affecting cotton-sized yarn gain strength, elongation, stretch, size pick-up, and yarn abrasion resistance. The factors considered in this research are sizing machine parameters like sizing machine speed, squeezing roller pressure, warp yarn tension of various sizing machine zones, warp yarn twist, and viscosity of the size paste. Taguchi design with Minitab software has been used to design and analyze the results of the experiments. The study revealed that viscosity, yarn twist, sizing machine speed, and wet tension affected sized yarn gain strength significantly. Viscosity has maximum contribution to gain strength (34.57%) compared to other factors and has a positive effect on the gain strength of the sized yarn. For stretch percentage and the loss elongation of sized yarn, the wet tension is the most significant factor with 50.30% and 52.13% contribution respectively. Moreover, for the size pick-up and yarn abrasion resistance of sized yarn, the speed of the sizing machine is the most effective parameter with 44.45% and 56.29% contribution, respectively. The screening experimental result revealed the most significant factor that must be further optimized using response surface methods of experimental design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed a submicron PAN fiber/cotton fiber composite yarn, dyed it using the same dye process as pure cotton yarns of the same size specifications, and compared it to pure cotton yarns dyed using the same dye process to determine how the yarns responded to dyeing. A comparison of dyed yarns has been made in terms of their shapes, shades, colorfastness, strength, evenness, hairiness, neps, and other characteristics, which are the main characteristics of dyed yarns. Results showed that the evenness and lack of neps of submicron PAN fiber/cotton fiber composite yarn were superior to those of pure cotton yarn; the composite yarn also showed improved stability, uniformity, and durability properties over pure cotton yarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A five-layer weft-knit with a spacer structure is proposed as a capacitive sensor. The two cotton yarn outer layers provide insulation. The two inner layers that form the parallel electrode plates are separated by using a compressible spacer layer. Four samples with different monofilament yarns in the spacer layer are produced and evaluated. The results show that the pressure sensing range and sensitivity of the fabric sensor vary based on content and thickness of the spacer yarns. The fabric sensor is constructed by using a double-bed knitting machine as a novel means of textile sensor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we fabricated a textile-based touch sensor for use in smart clothing. Conductive yarns were fabricated in a sheath-core structure using PET and Cu filaments. E-textile touch sensors were woven using cotton yarns and Cu/PET filament composite conductive yarns, which were woven by varying the composition ratios (8:4, 12:7, and 16:9) of the conductive yarn used as warp and weft. The sensitivity of the e-textile touch sensors was evaluated by measuring their impedance under a load. We observed the highest sensitivity at an 8:4 ratio, owing to the largest change in impedance. Additionally, the sensitivity to touch speed, touch hold time, and touch intensity was measured considering the user's touch motion. It was confirmed that the user's touch motion affects the sensitivity of the e-textile touch sensor. This new e-textile touch sensor is expected to be useful in the field of wearable devices because it can be applied to various fabrics. Fiber only touch sensors were successfully manufactured. Touch performance was analyzed using a self-programmed program. Correlation of sensitivity with electrode composition and touch motion was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of consumer purchases of textiles are driven by visual appeal and sensory perception. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of knitted material on the perception of fabrics' attributes among evaluators having a different profiles. Five important bipolar attributes, namely stiffness-softness, roughness-smoothness, non-stretchable-stretchable, thin-thick, non-fullness-fullness are evaluated. Elastane blended fabrics are perceived to be stretchable but low in fullness. Fabrics made from synthetic fibres are rated to be softer and smoother than cotton fabrics. The influence of age and sex of the assessors on the sensory perception are analyzed through two-way ANOVA. The sensory perception of roughness-smoothness, followed by thinness-thickness, seems to be most influenced by the sex and age of assessors. Among the fabrics, the sensory perception of non-finished cotton fabric varies greatly with the sex and age of the assessors. However, 100% cotton fabrics made from finer cotton yarns receive consistent ratings from the assessors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strip woven fabrics such as kente, kete and smock have continued to be precious cloths that promote the cultural heritage of the people in Ghana. These fabrics were originally woven for the royals, chiefs and special individuals in the society for specific events, but are currently being used by people from all walks of life for different purposes. Recent studies majored their investigation on the history and symbolism of indigenous fabrics, with little or no information on the distinguishing elements in the materials, tools, equipment and techniques employed across the communities engaged in the craft. This study seeks to unearth these differences and the similarities, all in a bid to deepen appreciation of the cultural value of these cloths. A descriptive multiple case study was conducted in Agotime-Kpetoe, Agbozume, Daboya and Bonwire which aided in gathering and analyzing field data. Field reports revealed that synthetic yarns are commonly used by Asante and Ewe weavers to produce the traditional cloth while weavers in Daboya use both synthetic yarns and indigo-dyed cotton yarns. The type of loom and the number of heald shafts determine the simplicity or complexity of weaves produced in Agotime-Kpetoe, Agbozume and Bonwire. There is no doubt that weaving activity and the resultant fabric continue to not only serve as a major source of income and employment for many but significantly maintain their unique relevance for many weavers and patrons. It is therefore worthy of whatever support and promotion it can enjoy from stakeholders. Further research studies and organized festivals are encouraged to document and exhibit the traditional cloth, materials and processes, a situation that is significant in preserving the philosophy and culture of the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed study aims to discuss the methodology for measuring and evaluating controlled moisture distribution in woven fabric surfaces in the first part and the construction of woven fabric using hydrophobic and hydrophilic cotton yarns in the second part. Moisture distribution can be controlled in terms of the anisotropic (horizontal and vertical) and isotropic characteristics of the wetting of the cotton woven fabrics based on the combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic threads. A set of experimental samples using hydrophobic and hydrophilic threads in warp and weft was produced to monitor the moisture (water) distribution in woven fabric surfaces. For evaluating the controlled distribution of moisture (water) in these atypical woven fabric constructions, an algorithm (methodology) was proposed, where the object (liquid) was separated from the background (fabrics) and various objects and geometric characteristics depending on time were evaluated on the object. The algorithm itself consisted of several steps and was executed in a loop for the current frame at a given time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hairiness is a key index for yarn quality as it has a critically negative influence on weaving process. Yarns with less hairiness are highly demanded in textile industry. This work introduced an innovative way to mainly reduce the hairiness of ring spun yarns. Rotary compact groove cylinders (CGC) have been installed in the front of spinning nip to minimize the spinning triangle. Theoretical analysis has been carried out to reveal the mechanics of reducing hairiness. Two yarn types spun using conventional ring spinning and Siro spinning both with CGC device have also been compared to investigate this spinning method on the general application of different yarn types. Experimental results indicate that the CGC device can capture and control float fibers in the spinning triangle, pure cotton, and flax/cotton blend yarn were both improved with less hairiness (with reduction ratio of 3 mm hairs at 40% and 38%, respectively). The strength of CGC pure cotton yarn was improved, while the unevenness of CGC flax/cotton blend yarn were slightly deteriorated compared with original yarn. This method is easy to realize and requires no extra energy, which has great potential to be applied in the industrial production of ring spun yarns with better properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the first kenaf spinning attempt in Tunisia. Indeed, kenaf fibers are rigid and lack of cohesion that makes their spinning difficult and a challenge. So, this paper describes the possibility of spinning different blends of kenaf/cotton fibers using open end spinning machine. Five different blends of kenaf/cotton (M1:10/90, M2:20/80, M3:30/70, M4:40/60, and M5:50/50) were considered. The higher kenaf content in the blend make spinning process difficult and even impossible. The produced yarns were characterized to evaluate their mechanical properties and compare it to similar yarn performances. These blends gave different yarn counts varying from 41.86 to 69.16 tex, tenacity of 8.80 cN/tex to 10.07 cN/tex, while elongation at break of 7% to 8.93%. The results proves that kenaf/cotton 40/60 blend ratio presents the better mechanical properties and regularity with 8.80 cN/tex for tenacity and 7.68% for elongation with good regularity index Ireg = 1.25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nettle plants are grown naturally as forest weeds in Himalayan region with)out much explored economic value. The plant remains under-explored as far as extraction of fiber for textile and other industrial applications are con)cerned. Present study highlights a complete information, starting from fiber extraction, retting, production of blended yarns & fabrics, coloration and products development along with cost analysis. Himalayan nettle plant was considered for fiber extraction through microbial retting, yielded 1.25% dry fiber. Extracted fiber was characterized in details for physical, mechanical, chemical, thermal and morphological properties. Fiber having fineness of 2.2–2.4 tex, tenacity of 10–16 cN/tex, and elongation of 3% was blended with viscose fiber in 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 ratios to produce blended yarns. Those yarns and bleached & dyed yarns were utilized as weft to produce fabric in handloom, keeping cotton yarn as warp. Yarns and fabrics properties were also evaluated in detail. Apparel textile products, like female fashion wear (cost $ 13) and “shawl” (cost $ 39), were produced. The devel)oped products are not only be fashionable apparel but also be fully biode)gradable. Research findings advocate that nettle plant may be considered as an untapped potential source for fiber extraction and application in apparel textile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-combed yarn represents a type of ring-spun yarn produced by modifying the typical carded and combed yarn manufacturing process. Carded yarn is inferior in quality, while combed yarns are not cost efficient. The semi-combed yarn has therefore emerged as an alternative to fully combed yarn to facilitate a reasonable quality-cost compromise. This paper reports two manufacturing techniques and associated features of the cotton ring-spun semi-combed yarn of the same count. One process involves sliver mixing in draw frame, and the other by reducing the noil extraction percentage in comber. The aim of this study is to run a comparative analysis of both the end products against themselves and their carded and combed counterparts to establish their acceptance in the industrial scale. Important quality parameters such as unevenness (U%), coefficient of variation (CVm%), thick place(+50%)/km, thin place(−50%)/km, neps(+200%)/km, hairiness (H), strength, elongation, CSP, and cost have been evaluated, analyzed, and compared among these products. In several cases, the quality of semi-combed yarn was comparable to fully combed yarns and better than carded yarns. This offers a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to combed yarn. Comparison shows that the noil extraction process offers less hairiness, and more sustainability and involves no extra operation to develop the yarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being an agro-based natural product, cotton always poses vagueness in the parameters. Hence, formulation of decision rules for prediction of cotton yarn quality from the imprecise cotton fiber properties is an intricate problem. Yarn tenacity is considered an imperative quality parameter in the cotton textile industry. Modelling of yarn tenacity has remained as the cynosure of research for textile engineers. In recent years, rough set theory has evolved as one of the most important techniques used for handling imprecise data. One of the cardinal uses of rough set theory is its application to rule generation. Our approach focuses on the elimination of the redundant data set in order to generate effective decision rules which retain the accuracy of the original data set. In this work rough set theory is employed to generate decision rules to predict yarn tenacity from six input parameters. The validation results prove that the generated 45 decision rules accurately predicted 14 out of 16 unknown test data. Thus, in the present competitive market, this model is potent for getting recognition from the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weft knit fabrics are popular for traditional wear because of their elastic and light structures, gentle smoothness, low production costs, and high productivity. However, due to asymmetrical loop formation, spirality causes serious dimensional problems in single jersey fabrics (SJF). This study investigates the effects of various parameters on spirality, including yarn count, yarn tension, tightness factor, stitch length, fabric weight per unit area, machine speed, needle gauge, and number of feeders. All the sample fabrics were knitted with Z-twisted, combed, 100% cotton yarns and went through a scouring, bleaching, and whitening process before being dried in the same conditions. Fabric spirality was found to increase as stitch length, number of feeders, yarn count, and twists per unit length in constituent yarn increased whereas the tightness factor and needle gauge, on the other hand, had opposite effects on spirality. The test results were analyzed statistically, and a significant impact was discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study Banarasi silk saree is examined in its totality, including its beginnings in ancient times. A variety of zari, including pure, tested, powder, and plastic, are required to make it. There is a short introduction of the looms used to make this saree, and several designs used to improve its appearance are also included in the research. Banarasi sarees come in a variety of styles including brocade, chiffon, and jangla. Intricate Banarasi sarees made out of different varieties of silk yarns or cotton/silk blended yarns are on the verge of extinction. In addition, the Indian government's numerous schemes and plans to help weavers and revive this golden silk art have also been addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coefficient of variation (CV value) and hairiness value are important parameters used to assess cotton yarn quality. In order to accurately monitor yarn quality during production, we use online yarn quality detection as the input data of artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple regression (MLR) model, based on data collected by the electronic yarn clearer in the winding process as a novel concept. A prediction model of offline CV value and hairiness value was established, and the prediction performance of the two models was compared. The results show that the correlation coefficients of the offline CV values predicted by the ANN model reached 0.9832 and 0.9658 (bobbin and cheese yarn), which were much higher than the MLR model's correlation coefficients of 0.8352 and 0.7877. Furthermore, the importance of online detection data for the prediction of CV value was analyzed. For hairiness value prediction, the correlation coefficients for bobbin and cheese yarn were above 0.923. In fact, the prediction accuracy of the ANN model was substantially higher. Therefore, the ANN model more effectively predicts the quality of offline yarn and achieves real-time monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yarn engineering is a long-standing problem for the cotton spinning industry as the functional relationship between fiber and yarn properties is quite complex. The objective of this research is to develop a hybrid machine learning-based prescriptive yarn engineering system that can foretell the properties of cotton fiber for achieving desired yarn properties. Artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) were used to develop the predictive model for cotton yarn properties and optimization of cotton fiber properties, respectively. Two separate ANN models were developed for predicting yarn tenacity and yarn unevenness. The functional relationships approximated by the ANN models were used to formulate the fitness function for GA. The validation of the ANN-GA system demonstrated good accuracy as cotton fiber strength, length and length uniformity were predicted with very good accuracy (mean error < 5%). The developed machine learning system can supplant the intuition-based decision making in textile spinning industry and pave the way for yarn engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile auxetic materials with negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) have potential applications in protective textile, filtration, and energy absorbance. However, cotton core-spun based auxetic textile is rarely investigated. In this study, cotton core-spun (Lycra)-based helical auxetic yarn (HAY) was developed, and the effects of core filament linear density on the auxetic behavior were studied. Core-spun cotton yarns of 8/1 Nec containing core filament (180, 260, and 420 D) were developed. Then, these core-spun yarns were wrapped with 50 D Dyneema filament at 393 twist/m to make the HAY. The diameter, NPR, and tensile strength of HAY were increased with increasing linear density of Lycra filament. Image analysis of HAY containing 420 D Lycra showed 57% diameter increase with the change in axial strain from 0 to 15 mm. The maximum auxetic behavior with NPR of -3.97 and tensile strength of 26.71 cN/tex was observed in 420 D Lycra-based HAY. This study proved that the cotton core spun-based HAY can be produced with significant auxetic properties for practically potential use in wearable protective textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a sinusoidal pressure bar was used as a method of increasing the rear draft ratio to produce high-quality and high-efficiency yarn. Traditionalring-spun yarn, traditional-pressure-bar-spun yarn, and sinusoidal-pressure-bar -spun yarn (denoted as TRSY, TPBSY, and SPBSY, respectively) were compared. A geometrical analysis indicated that the control stress of the sinusoidal friction field prevented the moving roving from twisting. Subsequently, the fiber strand was combed by the sinusoidal structure of the pressure bar, improving the straight parallelism of the staple fibers. Therefore, the accelerated points of the fibers were concentrated and moved forward. The mechanical analysis indicated that three-dimensional stress is conducive to the control of the floating fiber movement. A motion simulation analysis revealed the threedimensional stress was higher than that of other scenarios of fiber movement control. In particular, the three-dimensional control stress contributed to an excellent yarn regularity of the SPBSY. Furthermore, a multigroup of cotton yarns were spun under different rear draft ratios with and without the traditional pressure bar or sinusoidal pressure bar to conduct confirmatory experiments. The experimental results indicated that the SPBSY had the minimum coefficient of variance and fewer imperfections under high rear draft ratios after compared with the TRSY and TPBSY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to obtain bioactive textiles suitable for skin applications using a polymeric bioactive system based on xanthan-propoliscinnamon essential oil. Oil-in-water emulsion was immobilized by padding method on two weave fabrics made from 100% cotton yarns (V1) and 100% cotton yarns in warp direction blended with 80% cotton/20% SmartcelTM Sensitive in weft direction (V2). The functionalized textiles were characterized regarding their physical-mechanical characteristics, hydrophilicity, and antibacterial activity. Cell viability, membrane integrity, and inflammation status of the functionalized fabrics were evaluated on HaCaT human keratinocytes. Mass of both textile fabrics increased depending on the amount of immobilized emulsion that remained after the functionalization process. Slightly lower values of hydrophilicity were obtained for both fabrics that showed a wettability of 1.30 seconds. Water vapor permeability and air permeability had lower values compared to control. An antibacterial activitiy was observed for both samples against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The organization of filamentous actin in cells cultured in the presence of bioactive textiles was kept within the normal limits. V2 sample displayed good biocompatibility without skin irritation, recommending for further dressings and clothes with medical applications or daily usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems such as the depletion of natural resources and the increase in environmental pollution brought about by industrialization, the concept of recycling gained great importance. Natural dyes have gained importance again with the increase in environmental awareness. For this purpose, the dyeability of recycled cotton yarns with natural dyes was examined in order to both protect natural resources and reduce the waste water load in dyeing. The paper also discussed a comparison between different ways to mordant cotton with different molecular weight chitosan. Although it was seen by FTIR analysis that cotton fibers were dyed, the presence of chitosan could not be clearly seen. It was explained by the use of low amounts of chitosan. It was observed that the mordanting processes performed with chitosan contributed to the increase in the color strengths, and higher color depths were obtained with the increasing chitosan concentration. Simultaneous mordanting in Curcuma longa dyeing, mordanting before Sandalwood dyeing provided higher color depths than others. The washing fastness of the samples dyed with Curcuma longa revealed the necessity of fastness improvement processes. It was concluded that chitosan mordanting process was effective in terms of sustainable natural dyeing, but it was necessary to improve fastness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, folding of yarns was applied as a method for designing thermal transport characteristics of hemp-based knits. The rib-knitted fabrics were made by combining one of two cotton two-folded yarns (differing in folding twist) with one of the two complex hemp yarns. The parameters describing the thermal properties in the steady-state and transient regimes of heat transfer were determined. The results indicated that the packing density of the fibers in the yarn plays a crucial role in the heat conduction through the fabric. The two-assembled hemp component appeared to be the main heat conductor in the knitted fabrics containing it. Between the knits composed of the two-folded hemp and two-folded cotton yarns, that having two-folded more twisted cotton yarn as a component was characterized by higher thermal conductivity. The higher thermal conductivity resulted in higher thermal absorptivity, but not necessarily in higher thermal diffusivity, as the increased volumetric heat capacity may limit the speed of heat spreading through the fabric. Therefore, the knits containing two-assembled hemp yarn differed in thermal diffusivity despite their similar thermal conductivity. Both knits with the two-folded more twisted cotton yarn as a component had similar thermal diffusivity despite their different thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reusing industrial wastes in textile production is essential to reduce the total environmental burden of textile products. This study proved that the wastes generated in the ring-spinning process of a lightweight cotton shirting-producing company could be turned into fabrics used in shirts, jackets, and trousers. A total of 21 different yarns in four different counts containing 5–100% waste were produced in OE-rotor and ring spinning lines. These yarns were used to produce 12 different fabrics. Some of the produced yarns and fabrics met the criteria required for the lightweight fabrics. Others, specifically yarns and fabrics produced from short fiber wastes, exhibited suitable properties for the medium and coarse yarn count segment. According to the gate-to-gate LCA analysis, virgin cotton yarn and 100% cotton waste-contained yarn had similar environmental impacts in terms of OE-rotor spinning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to develop knitted denim fabrics by using cotton and eri silk yarns. Three combinations of 3/1 twill knitted denim fabrics were developed. Two materials cotton yarn 30s and eri silk yarn 2/80s Nm with three types (100% cotton, 50% cotton/50% eri silk, 100% eri silk) of knitted denim fabrics were produced. Moisture management properties were tested for the developed samples.100% eri silk knitted denim fabric was found with the excellent accumulative one way transport index % and a very good overall moisture management capability better than that of 100% cotton and 50% cotton/50%eri silk knitted denim fabrics. The results indicated that the eri silk knitted denim fabric is more suitable for active wear and functional wear applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denim fabrics are one of the important research fields in the textile industry. Super stretch denim fabrics that have more than 30% elasticity are among the hottest trends in denim fabrics recently. The entire process chain, from raw material to finished product, must be considered when developing fabrics with high stretch values. Previously, only 100% cotton yarn was used in the denim industry; however, some new generation yarn types are currently being used. Different multi-component core-spun yarns were produced and used as a weft yarn in five different denim fabrics. The study aimed to investigate the influence of fiber types used as core (EL: elastane, PBT: polybutylene terephthalate, T400®: PET/PTT) or as wrap fibers (cotton, modal, EME: Elastomeric multi ester) into the new developed core-spun yarns, on the stretch properties of denim fabrics. Experimental and statistical results show that fiber types used as core/wrappers in the multi-component weft yarns significantly affect all stretch properties of denim fabrics. Fabrics composed of weft yarn with the EL+T400® in the core and EME/CO in the wrapper gave the best results in stretch properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural resources are getting scarcer by the day as the world's population grows. As a result, it is high time to repurpose textiles in order to save the environment and reduce waste. The textile industry is one of the most waste-generating industries, resulting in increased pollution. The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of recycled cotton (R-CO) with conventional cotton (C-CO), organic cotton (O-CO), and better cotton (B-CO) in the denim fabric performance. Denim fabrics were produced using 7.2 Ne slub cotton warp yarn and 8.9 Ne C-CO, O-CO, B-CO, R-CO carded weft yarns. The results revealed that cotton fiber types only had a major impact on tearing and breaking strengths. Among those, recycled cotton had higher skewing movement and lower breaking and tearing strength according to a significance level of α = 0.05. The measured colors were compared to the C-CO fabric as a reference, and the overall color characteristics were found to be closer to the reference fabric, with the exception of the O-CO fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of using waste cotton and cotton/polyester yarns to remove lead and chromium ions from polluted water was investigated in this work. Structural, morphological, and adsorption properties of yarns were determined by iodine sorption, water retention scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and streaming potential method for determination of an isoelectric point. It was found that the presence of polyester component negatively affects adsorption capacity, through the reduced porosity of cotton/polyester yarn surface, increased surface, and structural crystallinity. Relatively fast adsorption of lead and chromium ions from binary mixture onto cotton and cotton/polyester yarns follows the pseudo-second order kinetic, while equilibrium data fitted better with the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximal adsorption capacity from 259.0 to 824.7 μg/g. Although, cotton yarn shows slightly higher maximal adsorption capacities, both cotton and cotton/polyester yarns can be utilized as cheap and highly efficient adsorbents for removal of lead and chromium ions from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In case of the tensile strength in warp direction of fabrics, 100% CO weft yarns showed less strength compared to fabrics produced from CO/EL and CO/EL/PBT weft yarns because of the increased warp yarn density (Table 4 and Figure 1). Air permeability of different yarn structures of denim fabrics Table 6 demonstrates the statistical analysis of denim fabrics' air permeability for three different weft yarn structures. Fabric growth (%) and stretch (%) of denim fabrics after different washing Conclusions The impact of various weft structure yarns on the mechanical and dimensional properties of denim fabrics was highlighted in this paper. Produced fabric widths for different weft yarn structures HT

Thermo-physiological comfort of apparel clothing must be suitable for the wearer both in winter and summer seasons. Poor thermo-physiological properties can lead to discomfort, fluctuation in body temperature, poor sweat management during wear and can affect human health as well as work efficiency. For this reason, optimum thermo-physiological comfort of clothing is a prerequisite by users for any given weather. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cotton yarn parameters on the thermo-physiological comfort of woven fabrics. Four types of woven fabrics were developed from cotton yarn with different counts, twist, coefficient of variation of mass (CVm), neps, hairiness, thin places, thick places, strength, and elongation. Yarn samples were produced separately by carding and rotor span before they were woven on an air jet machine with the same settings. Finally, the woven fabrics were finished in a combined finishing treatment process. Thermo-physiological properties of fabrics were measured and analyzed. Statistically analyzed results showed that thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, thermal absorptivity, and air permeability of fabrics had statistically significant change with P values of 0.029, 0.035, 0.005, and 0.000, respectively. Model equations were developed based on the results to predict the comfort of the fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tearing strength of the woven fabric is an important mechanical property which directly decides the fabric serviceability. Yarn-yarn friction, one of the most important factors of fabric tearing strength, is a characteristic inherited from the surface and bulk properties of the interlacing yarns that decides the yarn interaction behavior. In this work, an experimental set-up was fabricated to measure the yarn-yarn friction on an UTM. By using this set-up, a study was carried out with the unraveled yarns obtained from commercial cotton woven fabrics consist of two sets of plain shirting fabrics, with different combinations of warp and weft type, i.e., ring-combed yarn, ring-compact yarn, and one set of plain suiting fabrics made of OE yarn. All these fabrics were processed through standard commercial chemical processing stages and samples were collected after each wet processing stages. It is found that, yarn-yarn co-efficient of friction (μ) of the compact yarn after finishing has the lowest μ, i.e., 0.32 as compared to ring and OE yarn μ of 0.36 and 0.45, respectively. However, after dyeing the μ is highest for all the yarns, i.e., μ of compact, ring and OE yarns are 0.35, 0.40, and 0.52, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, shirting satin fabrics were produced using 100% cotton yarn and using yarns containing different proportions of silver fiber. The effect of silver fiber, which is used to gain antibacterial properties to shirting fabrics, on the pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics were investigated. It is determined that even fabrics containing a small amount of silver fiber have very good antibacterial properties. It is concluded that the pilling behavior of the fabrics containing silver fiber compared to the reference fabric varies but is not affected by the increase in the silver fiber ratio in the fabric. The change of silver fiber ratio in the fabrics did not have a significant effect on the abrasion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we propose a cost-effective procedure to obtain magnetic single cotton yarns by employing commercially available magnetic powders and adhesives. Two different indirect magnetization methods are used on the yarns coated with several mixtures containing barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) as hard magnetic powder. The BH mass percentage is varied between 10% and 50%. Specific textile coating binders such as polyurethane and polyvinyl acetate are used as adhesives. A constant amount of 5% glycerol is employed as plasticizer agent. An in-house developed laboratory equipment is used to produce the magnetic cotton yarns. The equipment allows primary orientation of the magnetic particles along external field lines and subsequent magnetization until saturation. Our studies show that the diameter of the coated yarns is directly dependent on the amount of magnetic powder in the coating solution. Thus, the magnetic yarn diameter increases by 30% when compared to the 356 µm diameter of the reference (uncoated) yarn for a barium hexaferrite mass percentage of 50%. Also, our studies reveal that increasing the magnetic properties (residual magnetism and coercive field intensity) of the composite yarns is possible only by increasing the mass percentage of the magnetic powder content. The highest values of the magnetic properties have been measured when neodymium permanent magnets (NdFeB) were used for the magnetization instead of a toroidal coil. The residual magnetization and saturation increase with the amount of barium hexaferrite embedded in the textile yarn. However, the increase in mass percentage is limited by the degradation of the yarn properties which allow them to be used for textile applications. SEM images of the coated yarns reveal a relatively uniform deposition of magnetic layer on the reference cotton yarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bedsheet is one of the most common direct contact textile products in our daily life and it may cause discomfort during sleeping due to several factors. In this study, the effect of yarn parameters on abrasion, pilling, and snagging resistance of half-bleached bedsheet fabric has been investigated. Nine woven bedsheet fabrics were manufactured from the same warp yarn count (20Tex) and three types of weft yarn counts (21.5, 25, and 30Tex) with three incremental yarn twists for each type of yarn count. The bedsheet fabrics underwent half-bleach treatment before property evaluation. The results show that the bedsheet fabric made from coarser yarn count (30Tex) and the least twist (826 TPM) have very good abrasion resistance of 96%–97.86% (least mass loss 2.15%–3.95%) than others. The statistical analysis proves that the pilling and snagging properties of bedsheet fabrics are affected by yarn count and twist. However, abrasion resistance in the appearance change method is insignificant at an F-value of 12.761 and P-value of 0.058. Linear regression results show that yarn count (Tex) and abrasion resistance (mass loss method) has a positive correlation at Adj.R2 value of 86.5%. Yarn twist also has a positive correlation with abrasion mass loss ratio and snagging resistance at Adj.R2 values of 97.4% and 87%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton fibers are the most important raw material of the textile industry. Clean collection of cotton fibers improves the quality of textile products. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of normal and late harvest period of different cotton varieties on cotton fiber and yarn properties. The HVI and AFIS values of the fibers obtained as a result of the late harvest period and the normal harvest period of different cotton varieties grown in the same field and obtained in different years, and the quality properties of the yarns obtained from these fibers were determined. As a result of the test, the quality characteristics were low due to the late harvest due to the exposure of the fibers to rain during the 2018 harvest period. According to the test results, the quality values of the fiber in the normal harvest period of 2019 and the yarns obtained from these fibers were better. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of late harvest period on fiber and yarn quality properties and thus on quality of textile products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing literature investigating to use natural materials for dyeing textiles on account of their low toxicity, eco-friendliness, sustainability, and better biodegradability. In this way, this article presents the results of a study into the applications of tamarind hull and marzangoosh in a fully eco-friendly manner to dye cotton yarns. The effect of the main dyeing conditions (dye concentration, bath pH, time, and temperature) on the color efficiency (K/S) was investigated with a reflectance spectrophotometer. Results indicate that at optimized conditions, pre-mordanting yarns with tamarind hull as an eco-friendly mordant lead to the formation of an insoluble complex on cotton yarns followed by increased dye adsorption, which enhances the light and wash fastness properties. The SEM photographs showed that pre-mordanting cotton yarns with tamarind hull increase the surface porosity. Finally, based on our observations, it may be claimed that cotton yarns subjected to both pre-mordanting and dyeing exhibited a good antibacterial activity and the procedure proposed in this study seems to be of potential use for the production of medical textiles without adverse environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton fiber is the most important raw material of the textile industry. Agricultural activities, harvesting methods, storage, ginning, and spinning process are important in determining the quality and efficiency of cotton fiber. Cotton fiber, which is mostly used in yarn factories, should be subjected to conditioning process before spinning, and the moisture (%) content should be at the desired level to optimize fiber length, flexibility, strength, and other similar quality values. In this study, in which the effects of moisture-induced improvement in cotton fiber quality on yarn quality were targeted; the aim is to use cotton fibers used in spinning mills at maximum performance and to improve the quality performance of the yarns produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the compact-spinning cotton yarns with a liner density of 9.72 tex were knitted by the tricot warp-knitting machine. The mechanical properties and hairiness index of cotton yarns through different parts were tested and the reasons for their variation were analyzed. In addition, they were compared with the same fineness of ring-spinning combed cotton yarns. The results demonstrated that the cotton yarns' breaking strength decreased continuously after passing through the warp-knitting machine, decreased by 25.4% relative to the original yarns. The hairiness index of cotton yarns rose through the guide rail and tension lever, increased by 42.0% and 74.3% respectively compared with the original yarn. However, the hairiness index decreased by 16.4% when cotton yarns passed through the guide needles relative to the previous process. It is concluded that compact-spinning cotton yarns were more suitable than ring-spinning combed cotton yarns for warp knitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton yarn diameter is an important characteristic that reflects the quality of the yarn to a large extent. In this paper, a new method was proposed to determine the diameter of cotton yarn using digital image processing and artificial neural networks. After processing scanned yarn image, the inputs of ANN were represented by yarn count and the white pixels number of edge detection of processed image. The output of ANN was the diameter of cotton yarn. This ANN has been tested on new samples. The results were compared with actual results as well as both empirical formulas (Peirce's method and Mogahzy's method) of yarn diameter which is allocated to calculate the diameter of cotton yarn. ANN has given more acceptable results than both Peirce's relationship and Mogahzy's relationship. To deal easily with the algorithm of this research, a simple graphical user interface has been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-core yarn structures, one of the hybrid yarn types preferred in denim fabric structures recently, make it possible to improve the stretch properties of fabrics and to profit from the features of two or more materials simultaneously. In this study, innovative dual-core yarn structures containing elastane and wool yarn cores and cotton fiber as sheath fibers were developed by changing production parameters (twist, cores draft ratio). It is thought that innovative, relatively more natural denim fabrics with increased thermal insulation can produce with dual-core yarns containing wool fiber. The yarn type that meets the expectations of denim manufacturers among the 27 yarn types was selected with Multi-Objective Optimization on the Basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) from multi-criteria decision-making methods, and production parameters were determined. According to the MULTIMOORA method and expert opinion, 16 coded dual-core yarn sample (670 T/m, 1.05 wool draft ratio, and 3.3 elastane draft ratio) was the best alternative, and eight coded dual-core yarn sample (585 T/m, 3.5 elastane draft ratio, and 1.05 wool draft ratio) was the worst alternative found for denim fabric production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide yarn diversity in terms of structure and properties has increased in recent years. Especially composite yarns produced by multiple components have become very preferable in both weaving and knitting sectors. Among these yarns, core and dual core-spun yarn are more prominent in some areas due to their particular performance. In this study, the structure and properties of plain, elastane cored, and elastane + filament cored composite yarns, which were spun by using cotton as sheath fibers, are comparatively investigated. With a constant Ne 16/1 linear density, a carded yarn production line with modified ring-spinning system was used to produce the composite samples using 5.56% elastane ratio for both and 13.79% polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) ratio for dual core. It was observed that the strength of the composite yarns decreased, while the elongation values at the time of breaking tended to increase. There was some deterioration in transition from plain yarn to dual core composite yarn in terms of unevenness and yarn defects, while some improvement was observed in terms of yarn hairiness. In order to dwell on the causes of this situation, the surface and cross-sectional images of the yarns were also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the breaking elongation properties of woven fabrics with incorporated PBT yarns are presented. Different polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) yarns (multifilament PBT yarn, cotton core yarn and twisted viscose yarn, both with PBT in the core) were used. Textured PBT yarns have latent elastic properties, which become visible after the thermal treatment by the finishing process. The aim was to determine which of the constructional parameters is most important in analysing the shrinkage of fabrics after treatment, breaking elongation properties of all tested fabrics, and breaking elongation properties of woven fabrics before and after treatment. A multivariate statistical method ANOVA was used for the analysis. The results show that treatment was by far the most influential factor in the study of breaking elongation of all tested fabrics. When analysing the fabrics separately before and after treatment, the construction of the PBT yarn and the weave were found to be statistically significant parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dimensional, physical, visual and thermal comfort properties of fabrics knitted with elastic core cotton slub yarns were analyzed. The yarn production methods (core slub yarn and conventional slub yarn) were also compared according to the fabric properties. Additionally, the influence of slub yarn production parameters (slub thickness ratio and slub length) on the previously mentioned properties were investigated. The results indicated that elastic core fabrics produced with slub length 10 mm exhibited lower spirality property than the other fabrics. Due to their higher thermal conductivity, thermal absorptivity and relative water vapor permeability properties, fabrics produced with slub length 10 mm or slub thickness ratio 2.0 can be preferable for hot climate clothes without regard to yarn production techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers purchasing textiles usually feel fabrics for its tactile properties indicating that they are interested in comfort properties rather than other properties. During daily activities, low-stress mechanical action like bending, shear, compression, tensile, and hysteresis occurs on clothing. These high sensitive low-stress mechanical properties have influence on movement comfort of the body. This study reports effect of cotton yarn parameters on tactile comfort and low-stress mechanical properties of four knitted fabrics. These fabrics were developed with cotton yarn having different yarn counts; twist, coefficient of mass variation, neps, hairiness, thin and thick places, and strength and elongation. Half-bleach treatment was carried out on the knitted fabrics and the effect of yarn parameters plus their correlation on tactile comfort and low-stress mechanical properties were evaluated. Results statistically analyzed showed that coefficient of friction, surface roughness, tensile, bending, shear, and compression of knitted fabrics were affected by yarn count. However, in wales direction, tensile resilience (RT%) of knitted fabrics had insignificant change with an F-value of 1.110 and p-value of.248. A correlation was also found between fabric smoothness and yarn count at adj. R2 = 83.1%. A relationship between yarn parameters and tactile comfort properties was also modeled using equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three modifications were made to native corn starch; crosslinking with POCl3, cationization with C6H15ClNOCl and carboxymethylation with C2H2ClNaO2. Sizing agents including different combinations of POCl3%, DS of cationic starch and DS of carboxymethyl starches were prepared and used in sizing process of 25 tex cotton yarn. It was observed that as the cationic starch and carboxymethyl starch DS values of the modified starches of the sizing solution increased the yarn quality increased and the yarns approached the quality of the yarns sized with PVA. The tensile strength, the elongation at break and the wear resistance results of the yarn sized with the solution comprising 0.048% POCl3, 0.023 (DS) cationic starch and 0.34 (DS) CCCMS, and with the solution including 0.032% POCl3, 0.03(DS) cationic starch and 0.35 (DS) measure CCCMS, were almost the same as those of PVA sized yarns, making these recipes potential substitutes for PVA in yarn sizing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]