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In this paper, Biocompatible supramolecular hydrogels, composed of β-cyclodextrin-modified hyaluronic acid, pluronic F127, α-cyclodextrin and doxorubicin, were constructed, which can be employed for targeted delivery system. The chemical composition and rheological properties of the obtained hydrogels were fully characterised. Considering the controlled complexation between DOX and the hydrogel skeletons, the controlled release of hydrogel G[5, 10, 5] was investigated to exhibit a better pH- and temperature-controlled release behavior. The data of DOX release kinetic was fitted well with Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. Moreover, the cellular toxicity experiments indicated that the hydrogel DOX@G[5, 10, 5] exhibited a similar anticancer ability in comparison with free DOX. Due to the hyaluronic acid-targeted effects, the cytotoxicity of the hydrogel DOX@G[5,10,5] to HepG2 cells was lower than that to SKOV-3 cells upon increasing the concentration. Therefore, these hydrogels may act as a potential prospect for the targeting release of anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun fibers were developed using different ratios of PVA/CD crosslinked with citric acid to enhance their water resistance properties. The diameter of the fibers increased as the amount of CD increased. PVA/CD fibers loaded with vitamin E (VE) were successfully prepared in 9-1PVA/CD and 7-3PVA/CD ratios, with VE loadings of 24% and 33% respectively. The release of VE from 7-3PVA/CD fibers was faster compared to that from 9-1PVA/CD fibers. Skin permeation studies demonstrated deeper penetration of FITC-incorporated VE in 9-1PVA/CD-CL fibers into the dermis. These promising results have potential for various applications involving enhanced water resistance and topical drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are the most potent hepatocarcinogens of all biologically produced toxins found to date. Contaminated food and commodities are one of the most serious problems due to an irreversible damage to health. Taking advantage of biological methods to improve food safety, an aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) bioremoval study was conducted to investigate the potential of arrested fungal cells on magnetic nanoparticles. The favourable results on the degradation of AFB1 indicate a reasonable influence of the carriers on the fungal cells and the degradation process. The efficacy of degradation of AFB1 by free and immobilised fungal cells on four different magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) was investigated. The degradation rate by HPLC analysis exhibited 54.97% for the free cell study, 85.85% for Fe3O4@MTMS@cell, 95.07% for Fe3O4@TEOS@cell, 84.48% for Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2@cell and 96.52% for Fe3O4@BCD@cell for the 3 μg/ml AFB1. The degradation with Fe3O4@ BCD@cell showed remarkable results even for 5 μg/ml AFB1 resulting 93.42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Coix [Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. mayuen (Roman.) Stapf (Poaceae)], a crop of medicinal and edible significance, contains coixol, which has demonstrated anticancer properties. however, the limited solubility of coixol restricts its potential therapeutic applications. Objective: this study prepared a water-soluble coixol-β-cyclodextrin polymer (CDP) inclusion compound and evaluated its anticancer effect. Materials and methods: the coixol-CDP compound was synthesized through a solvent-stirring and freeze-drying technique. its coixol content was quantified using HPLC, and its stability was tested under various conditions. the anticancer effects of the coixol-CDP compound (4.129, 8.259, 16.518, and 33.035 mg/L for 24, 48, and 72 h) on the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) a549 cells were evaluated using an MTT assay; cell morphology was examined by hoechst nuclear staining; apoptosis and cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry; and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was assessed by Western blots. Results: the water-soluble coixol-CDP inclusion compound was successfully prepared with an inclusion ratio of 86.6% and an inclusion yield rate of 84.1%. the coixol content of the compound was 5.63% and the compound remained stable under various conditions. compared to coixol alone, all 24, 48, and 72 h administrations with the coixol-CDP compound exhibited lower IC50 values (33.93 ± 2.28, 16.80 ± 1.46, and 6.93 ± 0.83 mg/L) in a549 cells; the compound also showed stronger regulatory effects on apoptosis-related proteins. Discussion and conclusions: these findings offer a new perspective for the potential clinical application of Coix in NSCLC therapy and its future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: the therapeutic potential of andrographolide is hindered by its poor oral bioavailability and unpredictable pharmacokinetics, primarily due to its limited water solubility. Objective: this work aimed to enhance the solubility and pharmacokinetics of andrographolide, a bioactive compound in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Acanthaceae), using solubilizing agents and a bioenhancer. Materials and methods: Four groups of beagles were compared: (1) A. paniculata powder alone (control), (2) A. paniculata powder with 50% weight/weight (w/w) β-cyclodextrin solubilizer, (3) A. paniculata powder with 1% w/w sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solubilizer, and (4) A. paniculata powder co-administered with 1% w/w SDS solubilizer and 10% piperine bioenhancer. all groups received a consistent oral dose of 3 mg/kg of andrographolide, administered both as a single dose and multiple doses over seven consecutive days. Results: thirteen chemical compounds were identified in A. paniculata powder, including 7 diterpenoids, 5 flavonoids, and 1 phenolic compound. A. paniculata co-administration with either 50% w/w β-cyclodextrin or 1% w/w sDs, alone or in combination with 10% w/w piperine, significantly increased systemic andrographolide exposure by enhancing bioavailability (131.01% to 196.05%) following single and multiple oral co-administration. Glucuronidation is one possible biotransformation pathway for andrographolide, as evidenced by the excretion of glucuronide conjugates in urine and feces. Conclusion: the combination of solubilizing agents and a bioenhancer improved the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of andrographolide, indicating potential implications for A. paniculata formulations and clinical therapeutic benefits. Further investigation in clinical studies is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a disposable electrochemical sensor was constructed from a gold DVD (GDVD) mini-chip modified with pores, β-cyclodextrin capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@β-CD), and nanodiamond (ND). For this purpose, the LSV method was employed to deposit a silver film on the surface of the mini-chip. Then, the silver was replaced with gold using galvanic replacement, after which etching of silver by nitric acid and ammonia was accomplished to obtain a porous GDVD mini-chip (PGDVD). Next, AuNPs@β-CD and thereafter, an aqueous ND dispersion were successively drop-cast on the PGDVD. Finally, the as-prepared mini-chip was exposed to air to obtain the PGDVD@AuNps@β-CD@ND mini-chip. The electrochemical oxidation behaviour of BPA showed an irreversible oxidative wave with decreased oxidation overpotential and increased current response for BPA. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 5 × 10−5 M to 1 × 10−3 M of BPA. According to the 3sb/m and 10sb/m criteria, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of the method were obtained to be 1 × 10−5 M and 5 × 10−5 M, respectively. Also, the reproducibility of the method (RSD%) was obtained to be 4%. The proposed sensor was employed for the analysis of spiked tap water and apple juice samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived antioxidants (PD-AOs) are important for food preservation, as well as for human health and nutrition. However, the poor chemical stability and water solubility of many PD-AOs currently limit their application as functional ingredients in foods and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, it is often difficult to isolate and detect specific antioxidants in multi-component systems, which again limits their potential in the food and medical industries. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the use of cyclodextrins (CDs) to overcome these limitations by forming simple, modified and competitive host–guest interactions with PD-AO. The host–guest properties of CDs can be used to enhance the separation efficiency of PD-AOs, as well as to improve their dispersion and stability in food systems. Moreover, the competitive complexation properties of CDs with target molecules can be used to selectively isolate PD-AOs from multi-component systems and develop detection technologies for PD-AOs. Overall, CD-antioxidant interactions have great potential for addressing isolation, detection, and food quality issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAcute sun exposure could lead to erythema and inflammation. This Investigation aims to determine the efficacy of the complexation of peppermint oil (PO) with cyclodextrin in enhancing its physicochemical properties. Nano-organogels were prepared by direct hot melting method. Cyclodextrin (CD) PO was prepared by co-lyophilized method and included in F6. The particle size values were all below 150 nm. F6 polymeric showed high antioxidant activity, in vitro SPF, and stability. CD nano-organogel showed the least release and the highest skin deposition values. This high skin deposition is assured by confocal microscopy. Histology revealed its anti-inflammatory effect against acute UV irradiation. PO CD nano-organogel demonstrates a promising modality for anti-inflammatory therapy against UV irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carboxymethyl cellulose and β-cyclodextrin stabilized water-wrapped tea seed oil Pickering emulsion was prepared using the high-speed shearing method. The particle size test and microstructure observation showed that the average particle size of the emulsion droplet decreased while the apparent viscosity, viscoelasticity, and stability increased with the increase in the concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose, β-cyclodextrin, and oil fraction. The droplet size of the emulsion increased slightly after heating from 50 °C to 90 °C, and the thermal stability of the emulsion increased after 50 °C treatment. pH exhibited little effect on emulsion stability. Carboxymethyl cellulose enhanced the adsorption of cyclodextrin colloidal particles on the water-oil interface via non-covalent interaction, steric hindrance, and drainage, which improved the viscosity of the emulsion. Therefore, it can be seen that the combination of carboxymethyl cellulose and β-cyclodextrin can significantly increased the stability of emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion complex of diphenylamine (DPA) in 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was synthesized by a co-precipitation method. The structure and molecular properties of the newly synthesized inclusion complex (DPA: HP-β-CD) were investigated along with a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complex (DPA: β-CD) using various analytical and theoretical methods. Phase solubility, absorption, fluorescence, Fourier transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were used to investigate the structural properties of the DPA before and after being encapsulated by the CDs (β-CD and HP-β-CD). Furthermore, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated for DPA and the inclusion complexes (DPA: β-CD and DPA: HP-β-CD). The structure of the inclusion complexes was proposed based on the experimental results and their structural optimization was done using Becke's three parameter density functional theory using Lee-Yang-Parr's 3-21 G method in the gas phase. Then the various theoretical molecular properties, such as frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), molecular electrostatic potential map (MEP), Mulliken atomic charges, natural bond orbitals (NBO), electron localization function (ELF), localized orbital locator (LOL), quantum theory of atoms in a molecule (QTAIM) and noncovalent interactions—reduced density gradient (NCI-RDG) were studied for DPA and its inclusion complexes using the Gaussian 09 W software and Multiwfn 3.8 tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to extract apigenin and luteolin from celery seeds using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) based ultrasonic-assisted technique. Optimal extraction conditions were determined through the integration of support vector regression combined with various optimization algorithms, including Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, Gray Wolf Optimizer, Bat Algorithm, Firefly Algorithm, and Cuckoo Search Algorithm. The identified optimal conditions included an extraction time of 52 min, an HP-β-CD concentration of 24 mg/mL, and a solvent-to-solid ratio of 24 mL/g. Under these conditions, the predicted apigenin and luteolin content in the extract were 0.156 and 0.814 mg/g, respectively, closely aligning with the actual values of 0.158 ± 0.005 mg/g and 0.807 ± 0.008 mg/g. Notably, the HP-β-CD/water extract exhibited significantly higher concentrations of active ingredients and antioxidant activity compared to the water extract, with the content of apigenin and luteolin in the water extract being only 25 and 45%, respectively, compared to the HP-β-CD/water extract. Regarding the antioxidant effect, the water extract displayed a 50% scavenging capacity (SC50) of 331.29 ± 20.5 g/mL, whereas the SC50 for the HP-β-CD/water extract was 89.04 ± 4.70 g/mL. Molecular modeling and IR spectra analysis also suggested the formation of inclusion complexes between HP-β-CD and apigenin/luteolin. These findings suggested that HP-β-CD could be a preferable alternative to conventional solvents due to its advantages, such as easier control, safety, and cost-effectiveness. In addition, the use of support vector regression and nature-inspired optimization algorithms could be promising alternatives to traditional response surface methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we prepared nanosponges (NS) by crosslinking the hydroxyl group of β-cyclodextrin (CD) molecular. Furthermore, we modified the CD molecular by 1, 2-cyclohexanediamine (TRK) through simple chemical method. CD, NS and CD-TRK were used as nucleating agent in the injection foaming process of polyethylene (PE) with 4, 4'-oxydibenzenesulfonyl hydrazide as blowing agent. With addition of CD-TRK, the crystallinity increased from 39.17% for pure PE to 46.02% for PE/CD-TRK-1.0 composites. Results showed that PE/CD-TRK-1.0 composites presented the best foam morphology. The cell density increased by about 10 times, while the cell diameter reduced by about 56% compared with that of pure PE. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that CD-TRK exhibited more compact and dense network structure with uniform cavity distribution, which may reduce the cell nucleation barrier and provide proper nucleation site for cells. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed that PE/CD-TRK-1.0 composites displayed proper modulus and viscoelasticity, which were favor for cell nucleation, growth and stabilization, resulting in the best cell morphology of PE/CD-TRK composites. Tensile and impact strength of foaming PE composites were systematically analyzed. The maximum impact strength reached 27.4 KJ·m−2, and the maximum tensile strength reached 27.5 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeine, as one of the most consumed bioactive compounds globally, has gained considerable attention during the last years. Considering the bitter taste and adverse effects of high levels of caffeine consumption, it is crucial to apply a strategy for masking the caffeine's bitter taste and facilitating its programmable deliverance within a long time. Other operational parameters such as food processing parameters, exposure to sunlight and oxygen, and gastrointestinal digestion could also degrade the phenolic compounds in general and caffeine in special. To overcome these challenges, various nano/micro-platforms have been fabricated, including lipid-based (e.g., nanoliposomal vehicles; nanoemulsions, double emulsions, Pickering emulsions; microemulsions; niosomal vehicles; solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers), as well as biopolymeric (e.g., nanoparticles; hydrogels, organogels, oleogels; nanofibers and nanotubes; protein-polysaccharide nanocomplexes, conjugates; cyclodextrin inclusion complexes) and inorganic (e.g., gold and silica nanoparticles) nano/micro-structures. In this review, the findings on various caffeine-loaded nano/micro-carriers and their potential applications in functional food products/supplements will be discussed. Also, the controlled release and bioavailability of encapsulated caffeine will be given, and finally, the toxicity and safety of encapsulated caffeine will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver-cobalt nanoparticles were synthesised using a chemical reduction technique. Olanzapine-cyclodextrin inclusion complex containing Ag and Ag/Co nanoparticles was examined using UV-Visible, fluorescence, computational method, FT-IR, differential scanning colorimeter, X-RD, FE-SEM, and TEM methods. A blue-shifted absorption maximum was seen in the presence of the OP/CD inclusion complex with silver and silver/cobalt nanoparticles. Multiple emission was noted in the α-CD and β-CD. TEM images conformed the formation of nanorods in Ag/OP/CD and Ag/Co/OP/CD. The pure isolated OP drug or Ag/OP/CD and Ag/Co/OP/CD do not exhibit any antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor was designed for the sensitive determination of methyl parathion (MP) using the Super P Li carbon black@β-cyclodextrin (SPLCB@β-CD) decorated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). SPLCB with high electroactive area exhibited exceptional conductivity and good dispersive property, which is beneficial for forming the interlinked conductive network structure. β-CD could not only promote the uniform dispersion of SPLCB but also effectively realise the enrichment of MP molecules. Moreover, the existence of SPLCB could make up for the defect of poor conductivity of β-CD. Under the optimal experimental condition (pH = 7.0, enrichment time: 60 s). The collaborative cooperation of SPLCB and β-CD achieved the excellent MP detection property (LOD: 8.6 nM; concentration range: 0.01–10 μM). The SPLCB@β-CD/GCE sensor exhibited acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. In addition, the proposed sensor was successfully employed to detect MP in apple juice (Recoveries: 98.0–98.6%, RSD values: 3.68–4.63%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an efficient and sensitive methyl parathion (MP) electrochemical sensor was fabricated by using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) decorated single-wall carbon nanotubes (SCN), which were used to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The β-CD@SCN/GCE sensor achieved the sensitive MP detection. For the obtained β-CD@SCN nanocomposite, SCN could form three-dimensional reinforced carbon conductive network with good conductivity property and efficient charge transport channels; β-CD could promote the dispersion of carbon materials and boost the accumulation capability of MP on the surface of β-CD@SCN/GCE. The combination of β-CD and SCN significantly optimized the electrochemical property of β-CD@SCN/GCE sensor for the detection of MP. The β-CD@SCN/GCE sensor exhibited good MP electrochemical detection performance with low limit of detection of 7.23 nM. When used for the detection of MP in grape juice, the β-CD@SCN/GCE sensor exhibited good MP electrochemical sensing analysis performance with satisfactory recovery rates (96.54–98.18%) and relative standard deviation values (1.60–2.07%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a theoretical study of the host–guest inclusion process involving the vanillic acid (VA) into α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) was investigated by the semi empirical methods PM6 and its modern variant PM6-D3H4 and density functional theory with the BP86-D3/6-31G+(d,p) functional to elucidate the relationship between host, guest and their molecular structures. According to the results from theoretical calculation, the model in which the VA molecule points it's the carboxylic acid group toward the wider rim of α–CD is energetically preferred. The global reactivity descriptors were calculated and analyzed. The electronic transitions of the two complexes computed with the TD-DFT approach on the optimized geometries at BP86-D3/6-31G+ (d, p) level of theory including the CPCM model were investigated. Finally, quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis, the non-covalent interactions analysis (NCI) and the independent gradient model (IGM) results confirms that the van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds play a major role in the stabilization of the complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of hydrothermal carbons from glucose, cyclodextrin, and starch was reported at 180 °C and 200 °C for 24 hr, both with and without 2-chloro propionic acid. The yields of hydrothermal carbons varied depending on the feedstock and temperature. At the lowest temperature, glucose gave the highest yield of hydrochar, while at 200 °C, the yields did not differ significantly among the three feedstocks, with the highest yield obtained for cyclodextrin-derived hydrochars. The use of a catalyst not only decreased the yield of hydrothermal carbons but also resulted in an increase in the diameter of hydrochars for all saccharides. When compared to raw saccharides, the O/C and H/C ratios of hydrothermal carbons were significantly lower, suggesting that significant deoxygenation and dehydration occurred after the HTC processing. In the non-catalytic runs, hydrochars for each feedstock showed an increase in aromatic content when the temperature was increased from 180 °C to 200 °C. The size of the carbon spheres was significantly influenced by various factors including the operating conditions, the type of saccharide used, and the pH of the aqueous solutions. The diameters of carbon spheres produced in runs with catalysts were larger when compared to their corresponding hydrothermal carbons from the non-catalyst runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic amino acids (AAA), including phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), and tryptophan (Trp), are essential building blocks of proteins, however, they have been implicated in multiple amino acid metabolism diseases, such as phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, and glutaric acidemia type I. Dietary therapy is indispensable for patients with AAA metabolism disorder. This review briefly describes the pathogenesis and nutritional treatment guidelines of several AAA metabolic diseases. The techniques of protein hydrolysis and AAA removal from raw protein materials are very important in the development of special medical foods (SMFs) for above diseases. Therefore, existing protein hydrolysis techniques including enzymatic and microbial hydrolysis are reviewed, and the widely applied AAA removing methods including ultrafiltration and adsorption by active carbon and resin are also discussed. In addition, the application of several promising materials to remove AAA with better selectivity, such as molecular imprinting polymer, cyclodextrin, TiO2 and carbohydrate-based reverse micelle are prospected. This review may promote the development of SMFs for AAA metabolic diseases, and provide potential directions for processing technology improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-cyclodextrin butenate was synthesized by using N, N'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) activating reagent and 4-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as catalyst. The best preparation condition of β-CD butenate was described as below: reaction temperature was 25°C, concentration of 2-butenoic acid was 450 mmol/L, concentration of DMAP was 12.5 mmol/L and reaction time was 20 minutes and at this condition the yield of β-CD butenate was 0.83 mmol/g. According to the results of FT-IR spectrum, NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-QTof-mass spectrum of β-CD butenate, there were four types β-CD butenate synthesized, which were β-CD-2-butenoic acid monoester, β-CD-2-butenoic acid diester, β-CD-2-butenoic acid triester and β-CD-2-butenoic acid tetraester, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrin nanosponges are solid nanoparticles, designed by cross-linking of cyclodextrin polymer; it has been used widely as a good delivery system for water insoluble drugs. The aim of this study is to enhance the solubility of Piroxicam (PXM) using β-Cyclodextrin based nanosponges formulations. PXM nanosponge (PXM-NS) formulations were prepared using β-cyclodextrin and carbonyldiimidazole as a cross linker, three ratios of β-cyclodextrin to crosslinker in addition to three drug to nanosponges ratios were tested. Piroxicam nanosponge formulations were characterized for its particle size, zeta potential, physical compatibility and in vitro release. Stability studies at three temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C) were done for optimal formula. Finally, the in vivo analgesic activity and pharmacokinetic parameters of the optimal formula were conducted. The optimized PXM-NS formula (PXM-NS10) showed particle size (362 ± 14.06 nm), polydispersity index (0.0518), zeta potential (17 ± 1.05 mV), and %EE (79.13 ± 4.33). The dissolution study showed a significant increase in the amount of PXM dissolved compared with the unformulated drug. Stability studies confirmed that nanosponge showed accepted stability for 90 days at 4 °C and 25 °C. In vivo analgesic studies verified that there was a significant enhancement in the analgesic response to PXM in mice, and 1.42 fold enhancement in the relative bioavailability of PXM-NS10 as compared to commercial tablets. Nanosponge prepared under optimal conditions is an encouraging formula for increasing the solubility and therefore the bioavailability of Piroxicam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were applied to investigate the ability of natural cyclodextrins (CDs; Alpha, Beta and Gamma Cyclodextrins) and modified CDs (hydroxypropyl, random methyl and amino Beta Cyclodextrins) to form the stable inclusion complexes (ICs) with Crizotinib, the oral small molecule kinase inhibitor as a chemotropic drug. Results of molecular docking and MD simulation studies demonstrated that Crizotinib forms stable ICs with all natural and modified CDs and in the presence of this drug, all six CDs become more rigid. The presence of Crizotinib and the release of water molecules result in a decrease in the number of hydrogen bonds between cyclodextrins (CDs) and solvent molecules within the encapsulated CDs, compared to the hydrogen bonds observed in free CDs. Additionally, HPBCD exhibited the strongest affinity for binding and established the highest quantity of hydrogen bonds with Crizotinib. Finally, all results of this paper demonstrated the potential of using this formulation to improve the bioavailability of the selected drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of the research was to potentiate solubility of Rosuvastatin by nanogels synthesized by free radical polymerization. Surface morphology and structural compatibility were studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Zeta sizer was used for particle size analysis. Swelling, in-vitro release and solubility studies were accomplished in different media. Similarly, results of in-vitro release of nanogels and commercially available tablets of Rosuvastatin were compared in different dissolution media. Biocompatibility study was performed in healthy rabbits for safety profile. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of corresponding peaks of respective functional groups of individual constituents and that of the drug in unloaded and loaded nanogels. SEM images depicted the fluffy appearance of nanogels with small pores inside the structure. Particle size of the optimized formulation was in the range of 217.70 ± 2.23 for unloaded and 257.33 ± 2.11 for loaded nanogels. Percent drug loading, in-vitro drug release and solubility profiles were also satisfactory. In comparison with commercially available tablet Rovista®, in-vitro release profiles of synthesized nanogels showed better response. Moreover, synthesized nanogels were also biocompatible. It was concluded that the solubility of Rosuvastatin was potentially enhanced by nanogels and such formulation can also be used for other poorly soluble drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation reports the potential of exemestane loaded cyclodextrin based nanosponges for the treatment of breast cancer. Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis confirmed the encapsulation of ring B, C, and D of exemestane in the nanosponge cavity. In vitro studies demonstrated a 6.58-folds increase in the aqueous solubility and a 1.76-folds increase in the dissolution of exemestane in the optimized nanosponge formulation EF2. It also exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cell line. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 1.37-fold increase in Cmax and a 2.10-fold increase in oral bioavailability of EF2, as compared to its marketed product Aromasin®. Concomitantly, this nano-formulation reduced the tumor burden to 45.71% in a DMBA-induced breast cancer rat model. This EF2-treatment also improved the hematological parameters of the animals. Histopathology of breast tissue also presented reduction in characteristic cytoarchitectural features of breast tumor. In vivo toxicity studies demonstrated reduced hepatotoxicity of the nanosponge formulation when compared with Aromasin®. These results were further supported by histological studies of excised liver tissues, where the size of hepatocytes in EF2-treated animals was like the normal hepatocyte size. In conclusion, the encapsulation of exemestane in β-cyclodextrin nanosponge along-with HPMC E5 improved its aqueous solubility, bioavailability, and ultimately therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrins have been utilized as molecular capsules in pharmaceutical application. Cyclodextrin dimers exhibited the property of including larger compounds than cyclodextrin monomers. The fabrication of cyclodextrin dimers is challenging as it involves complicated synthesis and purification techniques. In this study, cyclodextrin dimers were synthesized via a facile procedure using the Diels–Alder reaction to construct a linker between two cyclodextrin units. Furan-substituted γ-CD and maleimide-substituted α-CD and γ-CD were efficiently synthesized in high yields. The furan- and maleimide-substituted cyclodextrins combined to form the desired dimers in water at 25 °C. The dimers disassembled at 75 °C via the retro-Diels–Alder reaction yielding furan and maleimide cyclodextrin monomers, confirmed using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The γ-CD-γ-CD dimer exhibited a high binding constant for tropaeolin OO due to having a wider and more suitable cavity than the monomers. The Diels–Alder reaction can be an efficient strategy for constructing cyclodextrin dimers possessing inclusion abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As bioactive molecules, peptides and proteins are essential in living organisms, including animals and humans. Defects in their function lead to various diseases in humans. Therefore, the use of proteins in treating multiple diseases, such as cancers and hepatitis, is increasing. There are different routes to administer proteins, which have limitations due to their large and hydrophilic structure. Another limitation is the presence of biological and lipophilic membranes that do not allow proteins to pass quickly. There are different strategies to increase the absorption of proteins from these biological membranes. One of these strategies is to use compounds as absorption enhancers. Absorption enhancers are compounds such as surfactants, phospholipids and cyclodextrins that increase protein passage through the biological membrane and their absorption by different mechanisms. This review focuses on using other absorption enhancers and their mechanism in protein administration routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) as the terminal group was grafted on polyoxyethylene (PEO) via click reaction for preparing monovinyl β-Cyclodextrin monomer (β-P). Then β-P was employed to synthesize a polycarboxylate superplasticizer with β-CD grafted on the side chain [PAA-g-(β-P)nHPEG]. The functional groups, molecular weights, and molecular weight distributions of synthesized copolymers PAA-g-(β-P)nHPEG were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The dispersion performance of PAA-g-(β-P)nHPEG in cement paste containing montmorillonite (MMT) clay was tested. Sorption measurement and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the PAA-g-(β-P)nHPEG intercalated less into the interlayer space of MMT than PAA-g-HPEG only with PEO as the side chain. β-CD as the terminal group grafted on the end of the side chain of PCE effectively hindered PCE sorption on MMT and enhanced the clay-tolerance property of PAA-g-(β-P)nHPEG. This study offered a new idea in designing polycarboxylate superplasticizers to lower their clay sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularity of plant bioactive ingredients has become increasingly apparent in the food industry. However, these plant bioactive ingredients have many deficiencies, including low water solubility, poor stability, and unacceptable odor. Cyclodextrins (CDs), as cyclic molecules, have been extensively studied as superb vehicles of plant bioactive ingredients. These CD inclusion compounds could be added into various film matrices to fabricate bioactive food packaging materials. Therefore, in the present review, we summarized the extraction methods of plant bioactive ingredients, the addition of these CD inclusion compounds into thin-film materials, and their applications in food packaging. Furthermore, the release model and mechanism of active film materials based on various plant bioactive ingredients with CDs were highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and new opportunities based on these film materials have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the mechanism of the formation of a radical from 1,2-dihydro-2-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-indole-3-one-1-oxyl has been studied theoretically by the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method as well as the global descriptors of its reactivity have been calculated. The formation of an inclusion complex (stoichiometry 1:1) between the radical form of 1,2-dihydro-2-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-indole-3-one-1-oxyl and the randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin was also studied by B3LYP-D3/6-31G(d) method. The results obtained show that the formation of the radical is ensured by the HAT mechanism according to the BDE energies obtained in vacuum and in water. Formation of the inclusion complex according to the two models C1 and C2 leads to an increase in solubility and improve antioxidant activity of 1,2-dihydro-2-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-indole-3-one-1-oxyl radical which is agreed well with experimental results. Finally, intermolecular interaction such us H-bonds and van Der Waals interactions are the major contribution of inclusion complex stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study involved the functionalization of diatomite's bio-siliceous frustules with polymeric chains of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD/Di) to serve as advanced delivery structures for the anticancer drugs oxaliplatin (OXPL) and 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu). The β-CD/Di carrier demonstrated significant loading capabilities, particularly at saturation (324.8 mg/g (OXPL) and 425 mg/g (5-Fu). Both OXPL and 5-Fu were loaded onto the β-CD/Di according to the kinetic properties of the traditional pseudo-first order model (R2 > 0.90) and the isotherm assumptions of the classic Langmuir model (R2 = 0.99). The density of occupied active sites on the β-CD/Di was found to be 38.76 mg/g and 88.19 mg/g during the loading process of OXPL and 5-Fu, respectively. The loading energies, which were less than 40 KJ/mol, confirmed the primary and significant influences of the physical mechanisms. The observed release profiles of OXPL and 5-Fu exhibited significant sustained and prolonged characteristics for up to 100 h. The release kinetic modeling and diffusion exponent values (>0.45) verified the release of OXP and 5-Fu based on non-Fickian transport features and the erosion/diffusion process. The β-CD/Di carrier significantly augmented the cytotoxic effects of OXPL and 5-Fu on HCT-116 cancer cell lines (OXPL (9.72% cell viability), and 5-Fu (4.17% cell viability)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work involved the determination of the antifungal agent, terbinafine (TR) using a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) that was modified with polypyrrole in the presence of cyclodextrin. The obtained modified layer was overoxidized and was used to develop a novel, sensitive method for terbinafine. Scan rate measurements confirmed the diffusion character of the recorded currents. Terbinafine was irreversibly oxidized, producing a well-defined peak at +1.05 V (versus the saturated calomel electrode) in Britton–Robinson (B–R) buffer at pH 6.09. Square wave voltammetry was employed to study the relationship between current and terbinafine concentration in the optimized conditions. A linear range for terbinafine determination was obtained between 7.04 × 10−8 and 9.09 × 10−7 mol/L with a limit of detection of 2.11 × 10−8 mol/L and good repeatability (2.56%, n = 6 measurements, at 3.7 × 10−7 mol/L). The procedure was employed to determine terbinafine in pharmaceutical preparations. The recovery values between 97.37 and 102.16% demonstrate the accuracy of the developed protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starches are a major constituent of staple foods and are the main source of energy in the human diet (55-70%). In the gastrointestinal tract, starches are hydrolyzed into glucose by α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which leads to a postprandial glucose elevation. High levels of blood glucose levels over sustained periods may promote type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Increasing consumption of starchy foods with a lower glycemic index may therefore contribute to improved health. In this paper, the preparation and properties of several starch-based nanoparticles (SNPs) and cyclodextrins (CDs) derivatives are reviewed. In particular, we focus on the various mechanisms responsible for the ability of these edible nanomaterials to modulate glucose release and the gut microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract. The probiotic functions are achieved through encapsulation and protection of prebiotics or bioactive components in foods or the human gut. This review therefore provides valuable information that could be used to design functional foods for improving human health and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmeto-textiles are textiles that aim to enrich and address aspects of modern-day life, such as slimming by cellulite reduction, skin moisture management, energising the human body, protection from ultraviolet radiation, providing pleasant fragrance or provid- ing anti-ageing-appearance properties. To achieve the intended outcomes, various compounds of animal, mineral, and plant origin are utilised in cosmeto-textiles and incorporated into the textile product. Cosmetic functionality can be incorporated into textiles by modifying the fibre by introducing a functional moiety into the fibre’s polymer chain, or by doping the polymer with additives before fibre extrusion, by functionalising the yarns, or by coating the fabrics or garments for example by grafting or lamination. This is commonly undertaken by the use of microencapsulation or using cyclodextrin as a cage material. The cosmeto-textiles market is expanding globally. Whilst characterisation of cosmeto-textiles has been challenging, the Europeans have taken the lead in classifying and standardising the testing of cosmetic effects of cosmeto-textiles in the same manner that cosmetic items are tested. Cosmeto-textiles may be characterised by the chemical attributes they have or by the function they undertake. Whilst the field of cosmeto-textiles remains at an embryological stage, the joint efforts of cosmetic scientists, textile engineers, biochemists, dermatologists, and life scientists are allowing for standardisation of testing and an expansion in products that can be taken through to market. This issue of Textile Progress aims to summarise the field as it currently stands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current research, lornoxicam-loaded in situ gels were developed, and their potential usage in ocular inflammation was evaluated. Lornoxicam cyclodextrin complex prepared with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and poloxamer P407 because of the low viscosity of in situ gels to provide easy application. However, washing and removing it from the ocular surface becomes difficult due to the gelation formation with heat. A three-level factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effects of poloxamer 407 concentration, polymer type, and polymer concentration on viscosity, pH, gelation capacity, gelation time, and gelation temperature, which were considered the optimal indicators of lornoxicam-containing formulations. As a result of the three-level factorial experimental design, the optimized formulation contained 15 (%w/v) poloxamer 407 and 1 (%w/v) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The optimize formulation viscosity 25 °C = 504 ± 49cP, viscosity 35 °C = 11247 ± 214cP, pH = 6.80 ± 0.01, gelation temprature = 35 ± 0.2 °C, and gelation time= 34 ± 0.2 s was obtained. In the in vitro release studies, 68% of lornoxicam was released with a burst effect in the first three hours; then, the release continued for eight hours with controlled release. Release kinetics of the formulations were modeled mathematically, and it was found to be compatible with the Korsemeyer-Peppas and Weibull models. In cell culture studies, cell viability at 100 µg/mL was 83% and 96% for NL6 and NL6-CD, respectively. In Draize's in vivo test, no negative conditions occurred in rats. Therefore, the NL6-CD formulation has the potential to be a favorable option for treating ocular inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The controlled release of guest molecules from cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexes is very important for specific industrial applications in foods, medicine, cosmetics, textiles, agriculture, environmental protection, and chemical materials. The term "controlled release" encompasses several related methods, including those referred to as immediate release, sustained release and targeted release. Many different CD-based controlled release systems are currently used in practical applications. CD inclusion complexes, CD coupling, supramolecular hydrogels, and supramolecular micelles are among the most common. This review systematically introduces the principles and applications of CD-based controlled release systems, providing a theoretical basis for improving the bioavailability of effective substances and broadening their range of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In green chemistry, the most notable objectives include atom economy, the use of non-hazardous catalysts and solvents, and the reduction of by-products, energy costs, and waste. Initially, the reaction between I i -naphthol (2.0 mmol) and benzaldehyde (1.0 mmol) for the preparation of B 5e b was studied in various solvents and temperatures in the presence of different concentrations of supramolecular I i -cyclodextrin. In this context we now report the use of supramolecular I i -cyclodextrin in the synthesis of 12-aryl-tetrahydrobenzo[ I i ]xanthene-11-ones and 14-aryl-14 I H i -dibenzo[ I ,j i ]xanthenes in an aqueous medium. 14-Aryl-14H-dibenzo[ ,j]xanthenes derivatives (5) A mixture of I i -naphthol ( B 1 b , 2.0 mmol), the appropriate aromatic aldehyde ( B 2 b , 1.0 mmol), I i -CD (15 mol %) and 5 mL H SB 2 sb O was reacted at 80 °C (Scheme 2). [Extracted from the article]

The theoretical investigation of five 3,3'-(phenylmethylene)bis(1H-indole) derivatives (BIM1, BIM2, BIM3, BIM4 and BIM5) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were studied using density functional theory B3LYP 3-21G method as basis set. Substituents (–OCH2COOH and -OCH3) at the ortho-, para- and meta- positions in the phenyl ring of BIMs (BIM 1–5) has changed the stability of inclusion complexes BIMs:β-CD with forming 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. To access the chemistry behind this orientation and composition, we have studied the geometrical parameters, complexation energy, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, chemical reactivity, thermodynamic parameters, Mulliken charges and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map for all inclusion complexes (BIMs:β-CD) with stable orientation. Natural bond orbital (NBO), NCI-RDG and QTAIM analysis revealed the prospects of hydrogen bonds (=N–H–O and –O–H–O) between BIMs and β-CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are conical molecules with a hydrophilic surface and a hydrophobic cavity. Thanks to the cavity, CDs are able to form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of guest molecules. A new oil-in-water (O/W) emulsifying system suitable for use in preparing Pickering emulsions with a large range of oils was developed. This system contains β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and a natural origin selected surfactant, Polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate (PG3D). The purpose of this work is to better understand the role of the PG3D in the realization and stabilization of these O/W emulsions. With this aim, O/W Pickering emulsions stabilized only by β-CD or β-CD/PG3D blends were prepared, and the effects of the presence of PG3D at different levels on the stability of emulsions were investigated. This original work was implemented using a wide range of complementary analytical methods, especially tensiometry, optical microscopy, laser granulometry, classical NMR and low field NMR measurements. The effectiveness of the β-CD/PG3D emulsifying system for preparing O/W Pickering emulsions appears due to synergistic effects between β-CD and PG3D. These molecules are both acting to stabilize the oil/water interface. The created particles have a high affinity for water with about the same contact angle as found for water. This may explain that only O/W emulsions are obtained using this system as in the case of using β-CD alone. PG3D by decreasing interfacial tension and due to its high wettability of the hydrophobic surfaces helps to get finer emulsions. An optimum β-CD/PG3D ratio must be used to obtain the most stable emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combined volatile oil (VO) was extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Citrus aurantium by simultaneous hydro- and steam-distillation, and encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin by co-precipitation. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize microencapsulation conditions. The variable recovered powder, VO retention degree, and inclusion efficiency were investigated based on two factors: solid-to-liquid and liquid-to-liquid (ethanol/water) ratios. The responses were influenced by the concentration of ethanol in the reaction mixture and the amount of VO used. VO release from the inclusion complexes was investigated in 10% ethanol and in 3% acetic acid. The obtained data were fitted to the first-order Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, and Peppas-Sahlin models. The Higuchi model gave the fittest approach for the VO release profile in both cases, showing that the release mechanism was controlled by Fickian diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavoured functional effervescent powders are becoming increasingly popular by consumers due to their health benefits and easy dissolution. In present study, orange flavoured effervescent powders having functional properties were prepared. Orange oil (O) was blended with different essential oils (EOs) that have high antioxidant activity. The orange oil and the O-EOs blends were subjected to odour sensory evaluation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and evaluation of radical scavenging activity. Combinations of two water soluble β-cyclodextrin polymers, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD) and epichlorohydrin-β-cyclodextrin (EPI-β-CD), were prepared at different molar ratios (3:1 and 1:3, F1 and F2, respectively). The O-EOs blends that showed the highest antioxidant activities and best odour qualities were encapsulated with F1 and F2, separately. The orange flavoured inclusion complexes were prepared by freeze drying method. The particle sizes of the inclusion complex powders were in the nanoscale. Characterization of the inclusion complexes nanoparticles was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fourier transform infrared microscopy (FT-IR). The results confirmed the successful formation of the inclusion complexes. However, inclusion complex of O-EOs (300 mg) blend with F1 (OF1cIC) showed the smallest particle size (113.90±15.90 nm), the more negative zeta potential (−27.10±1.27 mV), the highest encapsulation efficiency (95.51%) and best odour quality. Therefore, it was mixed with an effervescent powder having high acceptable characteristics. The orange flavoured effervescent powder showed superior flowability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)Fe(II) has been explored spectrophotometrically in the presence of cyclodextrins (CDs), quaternary amphiphile (CTAB), and their mixed systems. All kinetics run in pseudo-first order conditions with excess concentration of alkali at 298 K (± 0.1 K). The reaction rate accelerates in the presence of CTAB. However, in the presence of CDs, the observed rate constant decreases continuously and also the catalytic properties of amphiphile diminishes, indicating the inclusion of both tris(1,10-phenanthroline)Fe(II) and surfactant into the CD cavity in the hydrolysis reaction. The cavity size of γ-CD among all of the CDs favors the incorporation of both Fe(II) complex and CTAB, which significantly reduces the micellar surface catalysis of CTAB. The decreasing sequence of the rate in CTAB-CDs mixed systems is observed as γ-CD > β-CD > α-CD. All the experimental kinetic results have been well explained based on the pseudo-phase model (PP model) of micelles and CD-inhibited model of CD systems. The calculated theoretical rate constant values are well consistent with the experimental data. In the absence and presence of CTAB, the calculated values of equilibrium binding constant between Fe(phen)32+ and γ-CD ( K Fe (II) CD ) are 109.17 (±1.03) and 414.74 (±3.63) (L mol−1), respectively, which support the diminishing of the catalytic properties of CTAB in the presence of γ-CD in the hydrolysis reaction. The experimental results also corroborate that fact. Finally, the effect of temperature on the reaction rate has been observed and the thermodynamic activation parameters have been evaluated. The linear plot of standard activated enthalpy with standard activated entropy reveals an iso-kinetic relationship that confirms a common mechanism for the reaction in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrin (CD) powders are the most suitable solid matrices to encapsulate gases to produce gas powders in agri-food industries, where gases have been widely used to ensure processability, quality, functionality, safety, and stability of many products. The use of gases in powder form is much easier and safer than conventional means of gas utilization from pressurized cylinders or tanks. Gas powders are typically produced by crystallization from aqueous CD solutions under gas pressure, which is time consuming and results in low product yield. In amorphous structure, CD powders enable a rapid and 100% yield method to produce stable gas powders. However, most commercial CD powders exist in crystalline structure. In this review, we describe the amorphization of CD powders by spray drying, the properties of amorphous CD powders in comparison with its crystalline counterparts, gas encapsulation using amorphous CD powders, and applications of gas-CD powders in food and agriculture production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review analyses and discusses the methods, medium, matrix, and mechanisms of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) based sensors reported in the literature. Small guest molecules are detected directly by the α-CD host molecule by capturing them in the cavity through host-guest complexation. Whereas big size species are detected by the probes tagged on the 1°/2° rim of the α-CD. i.e., on the exterior of the cavity. This is the first review report on the α-CD-based sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is very challenging to fabricate a non-viral gene carrier system containing multifunctional components to overcome multiple extra- and intracellular barriers. Herein, we developed a novel PEGylated, targeted and fluorescence traceable multifunctional supramolecular host-guest gene vector system. This system was based on poly(β-cyclodextrin) (PCD), disulfide-containing azobenzene-terminated branched polymer (Az-ss-BPDM-RhB) with rhodamine-fluorescent functional groups and adamantyl terminated folate-modified PEG (Ad-PEG-FA). Transfection and cellular uptake data of the PEGylated supramolecular PCD/Az-ss-BPDM-RhB/DNA polyplexes demonstrated that prolonged incubation time to 24 h or longer could improve cell uptake and transfection efficiency of the PEGylated polyplexes. Good targeting and fluorescence traceable feature of this host-guest interaction gene delivery system was displayed. Moreover, the PEGylated and targeted supramolecular PCD/Az-ss-BPDM-RhB/Ad-PEG-FA showed lower cytotoxicity and in vivo zebrafish embryo toxicity and better gene transfection efficiency compared with the control 25 kDa PEI. Therefore, this PEGylated and targeted multifunctional supramolecular platform is a promising and effective gene delivery system for fluorescence traceable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, Lidocaine: β-Cyclodextrin (LDC:β-CD) complex is formed and confirmed through analytical methods. The absorption and fluorescence maxima of the complex is shifted toward the blue region with the increasing concentration of β-CD. The FT-IR study predicts the entrapment of the aromatic part into the cavity of the host, as the stretching frequencies of those groups are higher than the frequencies of the pure LDC and its physically mixed (PM and KM) products. A best model is arrived through the molecular docking study with the help of Patch-Dock server for the complex formation. The cytotoxic activity of the complex is improved due to the encapsulation process and it is active toward the cancer cells even though, the pure LDC is inert to the cell line in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neroline-loaded microcapsules based on β-cyclodextrin polyurethane material were fixed on cotton fabric using an impregnation technique. The process parameters were optimized so as to achieve a maximum microcapsules deposition and binding. Simultaneous evaluation and optimization of the effects of interdependent parameters was achieved using an experimental design based on response surface methodology. The selection of the mathematical model and its use for statistical analysis were done by the least squares method using the Minitab 19 software. The optimal impregnation conditions yielding a fabric mass gain of 8.56% are as follow: 21 g·L−1 for the microcapsules concentration, 31 g·L−1 for the polyurethane cross-linker concentration and 0.72 g·L−1 for the cationic surfactant concentration. The morphological and mechanical characterization, and air permeability evaluations of the resulting cosmetotextile fabric show the suitability of the process in terms of applicability and end-use properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Lip+Pichia pastoris expression platform was developed by integrating lipase Lip2 from Yarrowia lipolytica under constitutive Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter. Effective expression of reporter protein amylase from Bacillus licheniformis was achieved utilizing methyloleate in Lip+Amy+host. Lipase hydrolyzed methyloleate into methanol that sustained PAOX1 induction, and oleic acid, which was readily utilized as a carbon source. The protein expression achieved in presence of methyloleate was comparable to methanol-induced cells, along with an increase in productive biomass. In Lip+Amy+ host, total amylase production of 220.9 ± 13 U/mg biomass was achieved at 96 h using methyloleate supplemented every 24 h. While 206.0 ± 17 U/mg biomass was obtained at 108 h in an Amy+ host induced with methanol every 12 h. Further, lipase expression neither affected growth nor added additional burden on the cellular machinery and no oleic acid accumulation was observed at any time point due to its emulsification and efficient utilization by lipase positive host. Similar results obtained with the second reporter protein γ-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from Evansella caseinilytica validated the platform. An alternate lipase Lip11 from Y. lipolytica was also employed in developing a Lip+ host to validate disparity between lipase background and PAOX1 induction in presence of methyloleate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some encapsulation process and formulation parameters influence on several physicochemical properties of the encapsulated products. In this study, the influence of the OEO:β-CD ratio and stirring speed on the total oil, surface oil, oil retention, entrapment efficiency, yield, size distribution (d10, d32, and d43), span value, bounding rectangle aspect ratio (BRAR), Feret's aspect ratio (FAR), circularity, smoothness, and opacity of microparticles were examined. The superior entrapment efficiency (95.18%), highest oil retention (79.13%), and lowest surface oil content (10.02 mg oil/g powder microparticles) were achieved at an OEO:β-CD ratio of 0.15 (w/w) and stirring speed of 700 rpm. Likewise, all microparticles showed irregular and elongated shapes, in which the opacity distribution was more influenced. Finally, the obtained FTIR spectra contained OEO bands hidden inside β-CD peaks, indicating the occurrence of a complexation reaction after encapsulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unripe apples contain more functional compounds than ripe apples and thus demonstrate significant potential for use as functional food materials. In this study, the conditions for the extraction of functional compounds from unripe apples were optimized using the response surface methodology. A Box–Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables (β-cyclodextrin concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature) on the total polyphenol content (TPC), chlorogenic acid content (CAC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA). The corresponding optimal extraction conditions were found to be 40 mg/mL, 53.03 min, and 60°C for TPC; 40 mg/mL, 46.67 min, and 60°C for CAC; and 20 mg/mL, 30 min, and 40°C for DPPH RSA. The experimental values obtained under these conditions were consistent with the predicted values, indicating that the model was suitable for optimizing the extraction of functional compounds from unripe apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In reuse of process water in flotation plants, the inability to measure residual frother concentrations in both flotation and plant water circuits in real time has created challenges for flotation process control. We previously developed a simple and fast method to measure frother concentration based on the guest–host interactions between frother molecules and specially formulated liquid comprising cyclodextrin and pyrene. In the present study, the formulation and analysis procedure were upgraded to further improve the measurement sensitivity. The potential of the present method was demonstrated through methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) concentration measurement at six different locations across an industrial coal flotation circuit. The measured MIBC distribution was in good agreement with that obtained using the colorimetric method developed by Finch and coworkers at McGill University. The implications of the established MIBC distribution in the coal flotation circuit for frother dosing and water reuse were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]