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Globally, considerable effort and resources are being channeled toward controlling the rising threat from pollution and other related impacts from man-made activities, which have detrimental effects on human health and the environment. The presence of some associated gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides in the flue gas interfering with the carbon capture processes are responsible for acid rain and ground-layer ozone formation. The wet flue gas desulfurization and the selective catalytic reduction technologies are associated with high investment, production of secondary pollution, poor catalyst durability, and high temperature requirements. In response to these limitations, the development of a hybrid environmental catalyst, especially using activated carbon, carbon-coated monolith, and metal oxides, is desirable. For a catalyst to be competitive, it must be cost-effective with enhanced sorption capacity, regenerability, and be safe for disposal. Some of the recent methods for dispersing the metal oxides on the supports and the simultaneous removal of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides were enumerated in this review and the possible ways for improvement have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slag, a by-product of steelmaking industries, has invaluable potentials for various environmental applications. Slag is generally produced in different types of furnaces working under various operating conditions and contains alumina, calcium oxide, silica and so on. Physical and chemical properties of a typical slag dictate the distinct methods of slag solidification including air cooling, steam introduction and injection of additives. Owing to this uniquely-widespread range of properties, slags are being increasingly considered attractive materials in a broad range of applications. They are widely used in transportation industry, construction, and cement manufacturing as well as wastewater and water treatment. This makes slag an important substitute for natural resources, leading to significant minimization in natural resource utilization. This paper walks through a comprehensive essay of steelmaking slag retained in a wide range of furnaces, their modifications and their applications alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]