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AbstractGreen coffee beans, rejected for commercial use because of glyphosate contamination, were examined to monitor their glyphosate levels from harvest, through roasting, until various coffee extractions. The green beans, Arabica and Robusta, exhibited glyphosate levels above the EU-MRL (0.14–0.21 mg/kg), representing a worst-case scenario. The beans were roasted to different degrees and subsequently used for different coffee preparations. As a result of roasting (>200 °C), glyphosate contents were reduced, frequently by more than 73%. Remarkably, up to 9% of initial glyphosate was removed together with the silverskin, already at lower temperatures. Filtered and instant coffee beverages prepared from respective coffee samples resulted in virtually quantitative glyphosate transfer. Glyphosate transfer was significantly less for espresso, and ristretto, apparently due to the reduced amounts of water used for extraction. Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was not detectable on any process level, confirming that AMPA is not a thermal glyphosate degradation product. In conclusion, compelling evidence is provided that glyphosate contamination becomes considerably reduced during roasting, whereas beverage preparation contributes at best to a minor further reduction. In consequence, even unusually high initial glyphosate loads in green beans are strongly reduced by the roasting process, resulting in a final cup content of <0.4 µg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the relationship between the chemical structure of food components with their mechanisms of action is crucial for the understanding of diet health benefits. This review relates the chemical variability present in coffee beverages with the mechanisms involved in key physiological events, supporting coffee as a polyvalent functional food. Coffee intake has been related with several health-promoting properties such as neuroprotective (caffeine, chlorogenic acids and melanoidins), anti-inflammatory (caffeine, chlorogenic acids, melanoidins, diterpenes), microbiota modulation (polysaccharides, melanoidins, chlorogenic acids), immunostimulatory (polysaccharides), antidiabetic (trigonelline, chlorogenic acids), antihypertensive (chlorogenic acids) and hypocholesterolemic (polysaccharides, chlorogenic acids, lipids). Nevertheless, caffeine and diterpenes are coffee components with ambivalent effects on health. Additionally, a large range of potentially harmful compounds, including acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural, furan, and advanced glycation end products, are formed during the roasting of coffee and are present in the beverages. However, coffee beverages are part of the daily human dietary healthy habits, configuring a coffee paradox. HIGHLIGHTS: The multi-targeted bioactive features of coffee compounds reinforce coffee as a functional food beverage. Polysaccharides and melanoidins positively modulate gut microbiota. Caffeine and phenolics are neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antihypertensive. The balance between potential health and harmful compounds configures a coffee paradox. Harmful compounds are present in trace levels in coffee, not conferring toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levels of mineral oil hydrocarbons were measured in a large range of green and roasted coffee beans or ground powder. To better understand the consumer exposure to mineral oil hydrocarbons, the transfer to the brewed coffee was assessed under three different preparations. As a result, less than 5% of mineral oil hydrocarbons were transferred to the cup. With this low transfer rate, the coffee contribution to the mineral oils daily intake can be assessed to be very low, below 0.8% of the total exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeic acid is a common phenolic acid found in coffee and numerous fruits and vegetables. Known for its antioxidant properties, it is widely used as a dietary supplement as part of a polyphenol mixture or as an extract in the form of a capsule or powder. It is also available in liquid form as a homeopathic supplement. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis produced by honey bees. Propolis extract is used as a supplement and is available in various forms. The present paper is a comprehensive review of the biomedical literature, showing that caffeic acid effects are hormetic and occur in numerous biological models and cell types for a broad range of endpoints including many aging-related processes. Hormesis is a biphasic dose/concentration response displaying a low concentration/dose stimulation and a high concentration/dose inhibition. Complex alternative search strategies for caffeic acid were used since publications rarely used the terms hormesis or hormetic. Evaluation of the data provides the first assessment of caffeic acid-induced hormetic concentration/dose responses and their quantitative features. Their mechanistic foundations, extrapolative strengths/limitations, and their biomedical, clinical, and public health implications are discussed. Suggestions for future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed primarily to evaluate acrylamide (AA) concentration using rapid, simplified, cost-effective liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the most common instant coffee products, and secondly, to calculate the health risk assessment of AA for adults and children. The acrylamide level was quantified using gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and margin of exposure(MOE) was also calculated. According to the results, acrylamide levels in instant coffee were obtained between 0.5 to 440.9 μg/kg. The concentrations of acrylamide detected in all samples were below the recommended benchmark levels by the European Commission (<850 µg/kg). The overall mean was calculated 137.3 ± 25.7 for coffee mix powder samples and 154.8 ± 39.7 for pure powder samples. There was no significant difference in AA concentration between pure powder and coffee mix groups (P > 0.05). However, a significant difference in AA content was observed in different brands of pure powder as well as some groups of the coffee mix (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the health risk due to consumption of various type of coffee is negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study assesses special and mineral fertilizers and the splitting of fertilizer application in coffee - a crop with high nutritional requirements for full yield potential. A 4 × 3 factorial scheme was implemented with four fertilizers [mineral, mineral with polymer, organomineral with cellulosic residue (OM-CR), or sugarcane filter cake (OM-FC)] and three application times, or splits (100% at once, 50%+50%, 33.3%+33.3%+33.3%). Coffee plant height, canopy diameter, plagiotropic branch growth, leaf chlorophyll, nutrient contents in the soil and leaves, and harvest yield after fruit maturation were evaluated in two consecutive crop cycles. The results indicated that organomineral fertilizers performed similarly to other fertilizers regarding coffee leaf chlorophyll and plant height. Only one fertilizer application effectively increased canopy diameter in both crop cycles. In the first crop cycle, OM-FC and conventional mineral fertilizers were significantly better for coffee foliar N content. In contrast, in the second crop cycle, mineral-P, OM-CR, and OM-FC achieved satisfactory results with one fertilizer application, whereas conventional mineral fertilizer required three applications for superior results. There are no differences in leaf P content among different sources and frequencies of application. Still, mineral-P and OM-CR had better soil P content than the conventional mineral fertilizer. OM-CR required two applications to reach high levels of leaf K content, while other fertilizers achieved it with one application. Organomineral and protected mineral fertilizers performed similarly in both crop cycles, with two applications resulting in greater coffee yield in the second cycle, regardless of the fertilizer used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si) application may affect the plant response to nitrogen (N), possibly by changing the uptake, concentration, and partitioning of nutrients in plant tissues; however, this has not yet been proven in Arabica coffee plants. The effects of Si application methods [no Si, soil-applied soluble Si (168 mg Si L−1), and foliar-applied soluble Si (two application of 2 mg Si plant−1)] and N levels (0 and 80 mg N L−1) on biomass production and partitioning and uptake, partitioning, and stoichiometry of nutrients and Si in young Arabica coffee plants grown under greenhouse conditions were evaluated. Nitrogen fertilization increased the biomass production and uptake of all nutrients; however, reduced the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Si in the leaves, Si in the stems, and K, Mg, and S in the roots of coffee plants as a dilution effect. In the presence of N, soil-applied Si increased the concentrations of Zn in the leaves and Ca and Si in the stems, the uptake of K, S, and Si, and the Si:N ratio. Foliar-applied Si increased the concentrations of N, P, K, and Zn in the leaves and Ca and Si in the stems, as well as the total uptake of K and Si and the Si:N ratio in coffee plants, being more evident in the N fertilization presence. This study unraveled that, especially when it was soil-applied, Si altered the nutrient uptake, allocation, and stoichiometric ratios with N, with a consequent increase in biomass production of young coffee plants fertilized with N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to investigate substance use and its association with eating attitudes and behaviors among male Palestinian refugees. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, male Palestinian refugees(N = 566) were recruited to fill out self-administrated questionnaire on eating attitudes and behaviors (EAT-26) and to give urine samples to test current illicit drug use. Results: The response rate was 47.7%. Substance use was highly prevalent among participants (28.9%). The percentage of participants with eating disorders (ED) among substance users was as follows: Any illicit drug (30.8%), benzodiazepine (32.6%), methamphetamines(40.7%), amphetamine (39.3%), tetrahydrocannabinol (25.8%), barbiturates (20%),and alcohol (12.50%). Obese participants were at higher risk of having ED(OR = 2.344, p <.05) than underweight participants. Binge eaters were more likely to be tetrahydrocannabinol users (OR = 2.745, p <.05). Increased riskof self-induced vomiting behavior was associated with binge behavior (OR = 5.97, p <.05, laxative use (OR = 26.38, p <.01), barbiturates use (OR = 59.36, p <.05), waterpipe smoking (OR = 8.62, p <.05), vape smoking (OR = 10.37, p <.05), and inversely associated with age (OR = 0.832, p <.001). Conclusion: Findings from this study demonstrated a substantially increased frequency of substance use among Palestinian refugees with ED and unhealthy weight control behaviors. This study highlighted new challenge for the health system to deal with new emerging health conditions among male refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common in young adults, particularly women, who tend to develop multiple FGIDs over time. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of multiple concurrent FGIDs among female university students and identify differences in dietary habits, academic stress, and quality of life (QOL) based on the number of concurrent FGIDs. This secondary analysis included data from 406 female participants, originally collected through an online survey from two universities in one city in Korea. The online survey was accessible only after participants were verified as students through their online community. Concurrent FGID was present in 25.8 percent (n = 16) of the participants with FGIDs (n = 62), with the most common being irritable bowel syndrome + functional dyspepsia overlap (43.8 percent, 7/16). Participants with multiple concurrent FGIDs consumed fewer grains and vegetables, while significantly more of them consumed instant food, fast food, milk, and tea/coffee. They experienced significantly higher academic stress and lower QOL than those without the disease. Female university students with concurrent FGIDs tend to have unhealthy dietary habits, and concurrent FGIDs negatively affect academic stress and QOL. Therefore, female university students should undergo early-stage screening for FGIDs, and a comprehensive program should address their dietary habits and stress-coping skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee quality and varieties matter for its ultimate flavor. As multiple factors influence taste during coffee production, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) stands out with great potential for quality assessment, defect supervision, and character identification. With a relatively comprehensive summary of current HSI-based research in coffee, this literature review critically reveals HSI's competence and present shortcomings in practical applications within the coffee industry. Sequentially, potential applications of HSI technology in coffee component analysis and flavor estimation, blemish diagnosis, and origins or attributes identification are illustrated. Finally, several key challenges and future perspectives of HSI are indicated from a practical and sustainable perspective, with digitalization as a major goal in the coffee industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the food sources used by bees in agricultural landscapes is crucial to promote pollinator conservation measures in and around cultivated areas. This investigation aims to identify and quantify the pollen resources exploited by Schwarziana quadripunctata (Lepeletier 1836), assessing the trophic niche of this bee in agricultural areas with coffee plantations. Pollen analysis was conducted based on the pollen load of the corbiculae of 70 bees, sampled during the flowering period of two species of coffee trees in commercial plantations located in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo states, Brazil, in 2019 and 2021. A total of 78 pollen types from 23 botanical families were identified, with Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora comprising 92% of the samples. Cestrum sp. (2.3% – Solanaceae), Fabaceae sp. 1 (0.9%), Solanum sp. (0.75% – Solanaceae) and Chamaecrista sp. (0.71% – Fabaceae) were the next most prevalent. The dominance of the coffee tree pollen confirms the floral constancy of S. quadripunctata during periods of intense flowering. Excluding coffee pollen, the most represented families were Solanaceae (46.6% of the samples), Fabaceae (27.5%), Rubiaceae (8.51%), and Meliaceae (2.53%). The findings reveal that S. quadripunctata actively forages from sources other than coffee, even during the intense flowering of these plants, highlighting the importance of floral resources in the proximity of plantations. The use of pollen sources beyond the coffee tree highlights the importance of conserving nearby forest fragments and maintaining a diverse array of plants surrounding coffee trees even during coffee flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers' demand for foods with high nutritional value and health benefits has fueled the development of prebiotic foods. In coffee industry, cherries transformation into roasted beans generates a large amount of waste/by-products (pulp/husks, mucilage, parchment, defective beans, silverskin and spent coffee grounds) that usually end up in landfills. The possibility to use coffee by-products as relevant sources of prebiotic ingredients is herein ascertained. As a prelude to this discussion, an overview of pertinent literature on prebiotic action was conducted, including on biotransformation of prebiotics, gut microbiota, and metabolites. Existing research indicates that coffee by-products contain significant levels of dietary fiber and other components that can improve gut health by stimulating beneficial bacteria in the colon, making them excellent candidates for prebiotic ingredients. Oligosaccharides from coffee by-products have lower digestibility than inulin and can be fermented by gut microbiota into functional metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Depending on the concentration, melanoidins and chlorogenic acids may also have prebiotic action. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of in vivo studies to validate such findings in vitro. This review shows how coffee by-products can be interesting for the development of functional foods, contributing to sustainability, circular economy, food security, and health. Coffee by-product oligosaccharides increase short-chain fatty acid levels. Melanoidins and chlorogenic acids promote the growth of lactobacillus and bifidobacteria. Coffee by-products show prebiotic potential, but further in vivo studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between coffee consumption and lung cancer risk remains inconsistent. To quantitatively assess this association, we conducted a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. We searched PubMed and Web of Science databases along with hand searches for eligible studies published up to July 2023. A total of 26 prospective studies, including 30,305 lung cancer cases and 1,795,158 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RR for high vs. low coffee consumption was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.11–1.53) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 72.0%, p <.001). For never smokers, however, the pooled RR was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.999–1.38) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, p =.53). By adjustment for body mass index (BMI), there was no significant association between coffee consumption and lung cancer risk in studies that adjusted for BMI (RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.87–1.30) (Pdifference =.01). Further analysis of studies that adjusted for BMI in never smokers found that coffee consumption was not associated with lung cancer risk. In conclusion, the association of high coffee consumption with lung cancer risk was attenuated when the confounding effects caused by smoking and BMI were controlled. Our results, therefore, imply that coffee consumption does not seem to be a risk factor for lung cancer incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine on heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) at rest and during submaximal exercise. Using a balanced, double-blind, randomized, crossover design, 16 male cyclists (age: 37 ± 9 years; $\dot {\rm V}$V˙O2max: 4.44 ± 0.67 L·min−1) completed three trials in an air-conditioned laboratory. In Trial 1, cyclists completed two incremental cycling tests to establish the ${\dot {\rm V}}$V˙O2-power output relationship and $\dot {\rm V}$V˙O2max. In trials 2 and 3, cyclists were evaluated for heart rate and HRV at rest, after which they ingested a capsule containing 5 mg·kg−1 of caffeine or placebo. Thirty-five minutes post-supplementation, additional resting heart rate and HRV readings were taken after which cyclists completed a submaximal incremental cycling test (6 min stages) at 40–80% of ${\dot {\rm V}}$V˙O2max; with HR and HRV measurements taken in the last 5 min of each increment. HRV was determined from the root mean square of successive differences between R–R intervals. There were significant supplement × exercise intensity interactions on heart rate (p = .019) and HRV (p = .023), with post hoc tests on the latter showing that caffeine increased HRV at 40%, 50%, and 60% of ${\dot {\rm V}}$V˙O2max by 3.6 ± 4.9, 2.6 ± 2.8, and 0.6 ± 1.7 ms, respectively. There was a supplement × time interaction effect on resting HRV (p < .001), but not on heart rate (p = .351). The results of this study support the suggestion that caffeine increases the parasympathetic modulation of heart rate.Clinical trial registration number: NCT05521386. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCoffee, a source of useful nutrients, is predominantly consumed as an infusion. Because of this, the availability of these nutrients is influenced by their solubility, which could be affected by cultivation methods. This study investigates the impact of Brazilian-regulated organic cultivation practices on manganese. It evaluates total concentration, fractionation, and infusion extractability using semi-selective extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for analysis. The average total manganese concentrations were 45.5 ± 11.2 mg kg−1 in conventional coffee and 64.7 ± 9.2 mg kg−1 in organic coffee. The higher manganese levels in organic coffee may be attributed to soil conditions that are beneficial to organic farming. Principal component analysis revealed distinct differences in manganese fractionation, underscoring the impact of cultivation methods on manganese metabolism and storage. Despite these disparities, the manganese levels in coffee infusions and the fraction available for absorption exhibited no significant variation between conventional and organic cultivation group samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-cost and effective method is reported to identify water and synthetic milk adulteration of cow's milk using coffee ring patterns. The cow's milk samples were diluted with tap water (TW), distilled water (DW) and mineral water (MW) and drop cast onto glass slides to observe coffee ring patterns. The area of the ring, total particle area and average particle diameter were extracted from these patterns. For each ring, the ratio of total particle area versus total ring area was calculated. The area ratio, regardless of water adulterants, follows an exponential model with respect to average particle diameter. Unlike TW, the ratio for DW and MW adulterated milk are clustered and classified together with respect to the particle diameter. These results were independent of dilution level and are used for adulterant classification. The ring of milk adulterated using synthetic milk gave multiple concentric rings, flower-like structures, and oil globules throughout the dilution level. An Alexnet model was used to classify water and synthetic milk adulterants in authentic milk. The trained model could achieve 96.7% and 95.8% accuracy for binary and tertiary classification respectively. These results enable us to distinguish synthetic milk from pure milk and segregate DW and MW with respect to TW adulterated milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of jasmine rice flour, glutinous rice flour, and potato flour on the physical, sensory properties and consumer acceptance of biscuits. The biscuits were made using varying ratios of jasmine rice flour: glutinous rice flour: potato flour. The mixture design was used for 10 treatments. Increasing the ratio of glutinous rice flour while keeping the ratio of jasmine rice flour constant increased the biscuit hardness, crispness, lightness (L*), appearance, aroma, flavor, and overall acceptance by >70%. However, it tended to decrease the biscuits' redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). The higher acceptance score of appearance and color was found in the ratios of 66.7:16.7:16.7 and 50:50:0. The higher acceptance score of hardness and crispiness was found in the ratios of 16.7:66.7:16.7 and 50:50:0. The ratios of 16.7:6.7:16.7, 16.7:16.7:66.7, 50:50:0 and 33.3:33.3:33.3 received high overall acceptance scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civet coffee is produced with coffee beans that have passed through the digestive tract of civets which are then processed for drinking. Outlets, known as civet coffee tourism plantations are popular tourist attractions in Bali, Indonesia. These outlets keep caged civets for public viewing and sell civet coffee. We assessed civet welfare in 29 civet coffee tourism plantations to assess husbandry factors, the five freedoms and body condition scores. We also assessed civet welfare in eight wildlife markets where civets are sourced for civet coffee tourism and calculated turnover of civets. We found 99 civets in civet coffee tourism plantations and 136 in markets, where. Annually between 400 and 800 civets are sold. Welfare standards do not meet the Indonesian laws and regulations. Diet, hygiene, presence of water and mobility affected body condition scores and no civet met all of the five freedoms. Enforcement of welfare and trade laws is needed to improve civet welfare, and to curb the illegal civet trade. Tourists frequenting civet coffee tourism plantations should be made aware of the low welfare standards to inform their choice about supporting this industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the process by which an organisation creates a historical narrative about itself as a strategy to legitimise the role it plays in a particular society. By using the concept of 'public good' as our analytical lens, we show that when the organisation creates a narrative that coincides with that of the nation-state, this poses enormous challenges to the organisation's efforts to control how and by whom this narrative is used. This is because anyone belonging to the nation-state can legitimately make use of that narrative. Therefore, the boundary conditions that permit other actors to use these historical narratives are delimited by those able to define who belongs to the nation-state and who does not. We illustrate our argument with the rhetorical strategies developed by Colombia's Coffee Growers Federation (FNCC) between 1927 and 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the composition of families in the parish of São José de Encoge, northern Angola, in the early colonial era, using a series of 'family bulletins' collected by the Portuguese colonial government in 1910. Encoge was one of the earliest centres of coffee cultivation in west-central Africa. While not all local families participated in this economy, the census sheds light on family-based cash-crop production after the abolition of slavery in Angola. The literature on post-slavery labour arrangements in Africa almost unanimously suggests that family-extension strategies predominantly aimed to integrate young women and girls into households, using pawnship and guardianship as important methods. The family bulletins from Encoge provide a means to evaluate this assumption on a quantitative basis in an Angolan context. They indicate that, besides natural reproduction and the adoption of second wives, the incorporation of wards, nephews, and nieces was the most common form of household extension, in which elders showed a remarkable preference for male dependants. The bulletins do not provide clear evidence of the presence of enslaved dependants, although some individuals listed as servants were possibly enslaved. Overall, the data suggest that, contrary to common assumptions about agricultural labour in Africa, family-based cultivation and trade of coffee did not discriminate against men or boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the early twentieth century, the widespread growth of coffee drinking in Sweden led for calls by health reformers, doctors and scientists to implement measures to curtail what they deemed "coffee abuse." Debates about the dangers of coffee took place in Swedish Parliament and trickled out into the popular press. It was not long before canny manufacturers saw an opportunity to capitalize upon this, introducing coffee substitutes onto the Swedish market. One of the most popular brands was the roasted wheat bran drink Postum. This article seeks to investigate the early marketing practices of Postum in Sweden and how the brand used advertisements to exploit the public's growing fears around coffee and put itself forward as a viable substitute that was essential for good health. Using a dataset of 200 advertisements published in Svenska Dagbladet between 1926 and 1940, it demonstrates how Postum skewed scientific/medical knowledge on caffeine to their advantage, urging consumers to buy Postum to protect themselves against neurasthenia, insomnia and digestive disorders. In doing so, Postum went far beyond its role as a drink, instead tapping into discourses of wellbeing, morality and productivity, which remain a central part of food marketing today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to estimate risk factors for type 2 diabetes in women. A case–control study included 99 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes and 198 controls. Descriptive statistics were used, and conditional univariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine differences between cases and controls. According to multivariate analysis-independent risk factors for T2DM were as follows: oral contraceptives (OR = 2.57; 95% CI = 0.99–6.62), and their longer duration of use (OR = 3.55; 95% CI = 1.79–6.99); greater quantity of coffee consumed (OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.06–3.39), occupation (odds ratio – OR = 3.17; 95% confidence interval – CI = 1.57–6.41); never been pregnant (OR = 5.88; 95% CI = 2.23–15.49); family history of diabetes (OR = 18.52; 95% CI = 7.25–47.62); overweight and obesity (OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.39–4.53); stress (OR = 4.42; 95% CI = 2.19–8.26), and the greater number of stressful life event (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.22–2.23). The present study emphasizes the role of oral contraceptive use, a greater quantity of coffee consumed, occupation, never been pregnant, overweight and obesity, major stressful life events, and family history of diabetes in the development of type 2 diabetes. What is already known about this topic (1) It is well known that lifestyle factors and genetics are involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. (2) Gender differences in T2DM are explained by differences in sex chromosomes, sex hormones, possible hormonal disbalance, lifestyle habits in nutrition, and physical activity. (3) The global prevalence of diabetes will increase to 366 million by 2030, even if the prevalence of obesity remains constant. (4) The vast majority of patients with diabetes have T2DM. (5) Knowledge of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for T2DM is important for the prevention of this disease. (6) Many factors have been investigated for their relation to T2DM, but data on the association between some of them and the risk for diabetes are not consistent. What this paper adds (1) Independent predictive factors for T2DM in women are oral contraceptive use and quantity of coffee consumption. (2) Other independent predictive factors for T2DM include occupation, never been pregnant, overweight and obesity, major stressful life events, and family history of T2DM. (3) A greater number of children was significantly negatively related to T2DM. (4) In this study, oral contraceptive use and especially their use for 5 years and more were significantly positively associated with T2DM after adjustment for potential confounding factors. (5) This study highlights, in particular, the need to target overweight and obese women who use oral contraceptives, have never been pregnant, and consume a greater quantity of coffee, with major stressful life events and a family history of diabetes. These groups are more vulnerable to T2DM; thus, prevention should focus on these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIncreasingly, women are the producers of many agricultural commodities around the world and feminist scholars astutely argue that women subsidize global agricultural production because the exchange value attributed to their products in commodity chains does not fairly compensate them. Although this is the case with women’s smallholder coffee in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, in this paper we seek to move beyond an analysis of value and exploitation based on the commodity (in this case, coffee) to explore more fully women’s production practices. Drawing on debates over the question of value production in socionatures, we suggest that as women cultivate coffee, they also create socionatural spaces in which they produce and valorise a host of things and relations. Literature on diverse economies, Latin American theorizations of lo común (the common), and feminist political ecology help us examine how women also generate a multiplicity of values that exceeds their fraught relationship with global commodity chains. This perspective enables us to expand the way we understand women producers, seeing them simultaneously as subjects exploited by value extraction through the commodity chain to political actors engaging with other forms of valuing and promoting life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is the most popular beverage after water in the world, which has an important role in health as a result of various minerals and vitamins but it may be pollution source of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) that can threate the health. Thus, the current study intended to detect the level of PTEs such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Znc (Zn) and Iron (Fe), in various coffee and coffee-based products (powder, ground, processed, infusion and bean). Considering the databases of Scopus, Google scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, the concentration of PTEs in coffee and coffee-based products was retrieved and meta-analyzed. Additionally, the non-carcinogenic risks in terms of total hazard quotient (TTHQ) were assessed using Monte Carlo simulated (MCS) model. According to the findings of 23 articles, the ranking of metal concentration in different coffees was Fe > Zn > Cu> Ni > Pb > Cd in powder, Fe > Cu > Zn> Ni in ground, Fe > Zn > Ni> Cu> Pb > Cd in processed and infusion and Fe > Zn > Ni> Cs > Pb in bean. Moreover, based on WHO regions, the highest concentrations of Cd and Pb (0.742 mg/kg) were related to the South-East Asia Region (SEARO) and European region (EURO) respectively. However, the highest concentrations of Fe (81.161 mg/kg), Zn (33.392 mg/kg), Cu (9.408 mg/kg), and Ni (18.064 mg/kg) were related to Pan American health organization (PAHO), PAHO, PAHO and Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO), respectively. On the other hand, the risk pattern was different in different countries. Moreover, consumers in some countries were not at significant non-carcinogenic risks because of ingestion of PTEs via coffee and consumption of coffee-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of advancing post-processing techniques for Arabica coffee, our research introduces a rotary dryer, known as a roto-aerated dryer, marking its first application in coffee drying and surpassing conventional methods. This study delves into the evaluation of heat and mass transfer dynamics between coffee and drying air within the innovative dryer. Characterization of raw materials precedes a series of drying experiments under varied conditions, forming the basis for a mathematical two-phase model elucidating the underlying dynamics of the drying process. Noteworthy is the significantly reduced material residence time (14.60–27.47 min) compared to conventional dryers. Drying rates (0.09–0.24 g water/100 g solid/min) surpass those achieved by other methods. Simulated results from the numerical solution of the two-phase model closely align with experiments (average error of 2.39% for moisture content and 0.89% for temperature). The effective preservation of material quality, particularly acidity, underscores the valuable insights offered for optimizing drying processes, holding substantial potential for advancing the specialty coffee industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we assessed health risk posed by oral exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mycotoxins (MTs), and pesticides residues in coffee samples collected from Iran market, using a probabilistic model. Levels of contaminants in 150 imported coffee samples were determined using Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole and ion trap. The maximum and minimum mean levels of PAHs were found in samples from country A (20.78 ± 3.11 µg/kg dry mass (dm)) and F (13.00 ± 2.21 µg/kg dm), respectively. For pesticides, the lowest and highest levels were found in samples from country A (322.90 ± 11.05 µg/kg dm) and F (501.20 ± 14.73 µg/kg dm), respectively. Concerning MTs, samples from countries F showed the highest (56.43 ± 5.80 µg/kg dm) while those from country C showed the lowest (41.10 ± 4.31 µg/kg dm) mean concentrations. Carcinogenic risk assessment in terms of incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) and margins of exposure (MoEs) indicated that at the 50th, 75th and 95th centiles, PAHs posed no risks to Iranian consumers' health. Our % Tolerable daily intake (TDI) calculation showed that at the 50th, 75th, and 95th centiles, oral exposure to MTs residue through coffee consumption may lead to a small (<1%) daily intake of ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, patulin, fumonisin B1, and fumonisin B2; however, for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 a % TDI >1 was observed at these centiles. The hazard index (HIs) values for pesticides residue indicated de minimis risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coffee-certified reference material (CRM) for ochratoxin A, B, and C (OTA, OTB, and OTC) was created to improve the precision and reliability of these toxins. A collection of 100 bottles (each containing 10 g) of the CRM candidate for OTA, OTB, and OTC was produced by applying a mixed standard solution of OTA, OTB, and OTC to moderately roasted beans that subsequently ground and homogenized. Moreover, considering the intricate matrix interference in coffee, a rapid and sensitive method for OTA, OTB, and OTC in coffee was developed with minimal matrix effects. This approach employed liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and mixed purification materials (C18 and hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), OH-MWCNTs) for the analysis. Based on the standards GB/T 15000.3-2008/ISO Guide 35: 2017, the CRM demonstrated robust uniformity and stability when stored for 14 d at 4, 20, and 40 °C, and 12 months at −20 °C. Eight laboratories were employed to characterize the CRM. The certified values for OTA, OTB, and OTC in coffee were established to be 15.2 ± 0.4, 12.8 ± 0.4, and 3.4 ± 0.1 μg/kg (with a coverage factor k = 2, representing an approximate 95% confidence interval). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee plants are likely to be highly susceptible to changes in climate, and several statistical studies based on projections of altered precipitation patterns have predicted negative effects on coffee growth including the loss of suitable cultivation areas in most coffee-producing countries. Increased drought occurrences owing to climate change are expected to be a new challenge for stable coffee production, because coffee production relies heavily on stable rainfall conditions. In recent years, ultra-fine bubble (UFB) water has been reported to be effective in alleviating environmental stresses for plant growth, especially drought stress. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of UFB water irrigation on the growth of coffee seedlings to mitigate the stress of repeated droughts. To simulate an environment with frequent droughts, six pot experiments were conducted over 3 years by applying repeated drought stress to coffee plants in a greenhouse. The results showed that UFB water had a remarkable growth-promoting effect on coffee seedlings under drought conditions. In contrast, no significant effect on coffee growth was observed in the environment with sufficient nutrients, in which additional fertilizer was used. UFB water significantly increases the root length and surface area of coffee plants, which may promote water absorption and prevent leaf senescence (leaf cell collapse) under drought conditions. This leads to coffee plants adapting to drought conditions. Therefore, UFB water irrigation may be an effective measure to promote coffee growth in drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recipe for making Turkish coffee in some parts of former Yugoslavia calls for the dilution of the turbid liquid with lukewarm water just before the boiling point is reached. The enigmatic gastronomic purpose of this step notwithstanding, here it is being used as an inspiration for deriving a simple stabilization step for protocols for the synthesis of fine particle colloids. The dilution step inspired by coffee-making was performed in a protocol for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by their precipitation from supersaturated alkaline aqueous solutions. The implementation of this step in the post-precipitation stage, concurrently with boiling, evidently improved the stability of the nanoparticle colloids. The stabilization effect was limited to the suspensions where the parent solution was equilibrated with the fresh precipitate and was not reproduced in colloids comprising HAp nanoparticles redispersed in deionized water. The dilution step produced a mild and counterintuitive increase in crystallinity, suggesting complex recrystallization mechanisms driven by mutually antagonistic dissolution caused by the dilution and reprecipitation caused by the heating to be responsible for the observed increase in stability. Incongruent dissolution favoring a less entropic surface order and reduced charge screening entailing the expansion of the Debye lengths were suggested as complementary mechanisms explaining the improvements in stability caused by adding this simple and economical, yet very efficacious touch to the synthesis. It is concluded that unconventional protocols in spheres other than the scientific and heritages routinely discarded as disreputable could be sources of insight relevant to a plethora of distant domains and disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin contaminating agricultural products produced by fungi, associated with important toxic effects. Thus, the development of fast, sensitive, and economical approaches for OTA detection is crucial. In this study, a barcode-style lateral flow assay for the semi-quantitative detection of OTA in coffee samples was developed. To achieve this goal, a BSA-OTA complex was immobilized in three test zones to compete with OTA molecules in the sample for binding with anti-OTA antibodies labeled with gold nanoparticles. Different concentrations of OTA in the sample produced distinct colour patterns, allowing semi-quantification of the analyte. The assay exhibited high sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 2.5 µg.L−1, and high reproducibility, with variation coefficient values between 2% and 13%. Moreover, the colour patterns obtained in the analysis with coffee samples were similar to the results obtained with standard OTA solutions, demonstrating a reliable applicability in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bidirectional relationship between chronic pain (CP) and mental disorders has been reported, and coffee was believed to be associated with both. However, the association of coffee in this bidirectional relationship remains unclear. We aim to analyze the association of coffee consumption on the relationship of CP with depression and anxiety. A total of 376,813 participants from UK Biobank were included. We collected data on anxiety, depression and CP from objects of our study population. The association of coffee consumption on the relationship of CP with depression and anxiety was assessed through logistic/linear regression models. Moreover, seemingly unrelated estimation test (SUEST) was used to compare whether the coefficients differed in two different groups. We observed significant associations of coffee consumption in the interaction of CP with depression and anxiety, such as the association of multisite chronic pain (MCP) on self-reported depression (βcoffee = 0.421, βnon-coffee = 0.488, PSUEST = 0.001), and the association of MCP on generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scores (βcoffee = 0.561, βnon-coffee = 0.678, PSUEST = 0.004) were significantly different between coffee drinking and non-coffee drinking groups. Furthermore, in analysis stratified by gender, we found headache (βmale = 0.392, βfemale = 0.214, PSUEST = 0.022) and hip pain (βmale = 0.480, βfemale = 0.191, PSUEST = 0.021) had significant associations with self-reported depression between males and females groups in coffee drinkers. Our results suggested that coffee consumption has a significant association on the relationship of CP with depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new cyclohexenone derivative, asperfumtone A (1) along with six known compounds were obtained from the coculture of Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria alternata associated with Coffea arabica. The configuration of 2 was first reported in the research. The structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and ECD calculation. Compounds 3, 4 and 7 showed significant antifungal activities against coffee phytopathogens A. alternata and Fusarium incarnatum with MICs of 1 μg/mL. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak antifungal activities against A. alternata and F. incarnatum with MICs of 32–64 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After waiting in a long line for your favourite cup of coffee, you finally sit down with your mug and find that the coffee is still scalding hot! How long do you need to wait before you can enjoy it? Once it cools enough, how much time do you have to enjoy it? Are there ways to speed up the process? These questions motivate the presented modelling scenario about tracking the temperature of a cup of coffee as it cools. Students are put in the role of an inquisitive coffee enthusiast who does their due diligence in preventing burns and carefully experimenting on their coffee so that they, and others to come, can enjoy that perfect cup. They identify their assumptions and interventions before developing model differential equations for each case, which force discontinuities on the derivative and even on the solution itself. Being familiar with basic Laplace transforms and learning key properties of the unit step and unit impulse functions, they solve these differential equations and compare the interval of time when the coffee will be at its peak level of enjoyment. This paper includes an implementation guide, grading rubric, example solutions, and example assessment questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, the local and global dynamic advertising and competitive pricing are considered in the form of an integrated differential game model in the dual-channel supply chain of a coffee processing company. Furthermore, integrated mathematical analyses are presented to examine the equilibrium paths of the game. One of the main novelties of this study is to consider the state variable as the amount of credibility that is given to the customer by the global advertising of the manufacturer. According to the results, the equilibrium price of online sales is higher than the retail price. Furthermore, the advertisement volume of the manufacturer in the online channel is more than the local advertisement volume of the retailer, and the advertisement volume of the retailer is more than the global advertisement volume of the manufacturer. In this case, the profit of the manufacturer in the online channel is always more than the profit of the retailer in the traditional retail channel. Therefore, activities of the direct online channel can lead to an increase in profits, however, the conflict of channels could reduce the demands through the traditional retail channel. The sensitivity of equilibrium levels of optimal variables are also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new cafestol-type diterpenoid, 5β-hydroxy-2-oxocafestol named coffecanepholide C (1) along with three known diterpenoids including cafestol (2), tricalysiolide A (3) and atractyligenin (4) were identified from the Coffea canephora trunks collected at Lam Dong province, Vietnam. Their structures were elucidated by HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic analysis (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY NMR) as well as compared with data in the literature. Upon evaluation of the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, compound 1 (IC50 = 142.0 ± 0.2 µM) and compound 3 (IC50 = 286.2 ± 1.2 µM) exhibited activity against α-glucosidase, while structures 2 and 4 showed no activity. Furthermore, the docking simulations revealed that the carbonyl groups of compounds 1 and 3 formed hydrogen bonds with Lys506 residue at the enzyme pocket, which may induce the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is a beverage consumed globally. Although few studies have indicated adverse effects, it is typically a beneficial health-promoting agent in a range of diseases, including depression, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Coffee is rich in caffeine, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds, which can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and mitigate both inflammation and oxidative stress, common features of the burden of lifestyle diseases. This review will discuss the possible benefits of coffee on complications present in patients with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, outwith the social and emotional benefits attributed to caffeine consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation of coffee kombucha (CK) utilizes carbohydrate substrates to produce bacterial cellulose (BC), a naturally occurring material synthesized by some bacteria including Gluconacetobacter spp. BC can be used to develop materials for biomedical and food industry applications including biomaterial and biodegradable packaging materials, medical devices, biosensors, or drug delivery systems. BC contains approximately 97% water, which is not convenient and portable for many applications. Drying increases the stability of BC and may influence the properties of BC. The effect of drying methods on the BC properties can determine the suitability of the material for various applications. The objectives of this study were to use four drying methods to synthesize BCs from the fermentation of CK and evaluate their physicochemical, mechanical, and morphological properties. The drying methods included: oven-drying (OD), freeze-drying, vacuum-oven-drying, and Büchner funnel vacuum-drying (BFVD). FTIR analyses confirmed the structure of cellulose for all methods. OD-BCs had the highest tensile stress at break with 24.67 ± 4.40 (MPa). SEM images showed randomly structured fibers with diameters ranging from 61.58 to 72.18 nm. XRD analysis revealed that OD had the highest degree of crystallinity with 78.67%. All BCs decomposed between 230 and 400 °C. This study demonstrated that using different drying methods could alter the structural properties of BCs potentially providing distinctive applications in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages, consumed as a raw material in different food sectors. The popularity of coffee is induced by its pleasant flavor, taste, and highly nutritious nature. However, the absorption of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) through preharvest, harvesting, and post-harvest stages makes it a potentially rich source. Essential elements are potentially toxic at a higher concentration than required for the human body to work. PTEs intake through food systems may lead to health risks, including mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, and embryotoxic effects. Different analytical techniques such as spectroscopy, electromigration, and electrochemical. are used for PTEs content determination of coffee. Considering the importance of PTEs in human health and the worldwide popularity of coffee, their monitoring of coffee is crucial. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the classification, prevalence, and determination techniques of PTEs in different coffee types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylamide, a food-borne chemical toxicant, has raised global concern in recent decades. It mainly originated from reducing sugar and free amino acid interactions in the carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs heated at high temperatures. Due to the neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AA, the mechanism of formation, toxic effects on health, and mitigation strategies, including conventional approaches and innovative technologies, have been of great interest since its discovery in food. Potato products (especially French fries and crisps), coffee, and cereals(bread and biscuit) are renowned contributors to AA's daily intake. The best preventive methods discussed in the literature include time/temperature optimization, blanching, enzymatic treatment, yeast treatment, additives, pulsed electric fields, ultrasound, vacuum roasting, air frying, and irradiation, exhibiting a high efficacy in AA elimination in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is the second most consumed beverage in the world. Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are promising raw material for pyrolysis. The Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose model (KAS) and Ozawa-Flynn Wall (OFW), determined the pyrolysis activation energy to be 142.40 and 66.08 kJ/mol, respectively. The pyrolysis products were bio-oil with a 22.5% yield and a calorific power of 28.91 MJ/kg. The bio-oil composition was 50.86% fatty acids, 31.65% linear hydrocarbons, and 11.31% aromatics, as determined by GC-MS. The total phenolic content (TPC) was 362 ± 44 mg GA g−1, with DPPH activity of 24.8 ± 2% inhibition and antioxidant activity of 108.5 ± 13.6 mg L−1 of Trolox equivalents. The results showed that bio-oil could be used as a biofuel and a source of chemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate the association between caffeine intake and sleep time in Brazilian adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 6,356 participants from the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Study). Data was collected through an online self-report questionnaire. Of the total, 31.9% of the participants had insufficient sleep. Women were found to sleep less than men (64.1 vs. 35.9%; p < 0.001), as well as being more likely to consume higher doses of caffeine (55.2%, p < 0.001). Coffee (35.7%), dark chocolate (25.2%), milk chocolate (15.2%), and diet soda (11.0%) were the foods that more contributed to caffeine intake. Individuals in the highest quartile of caffeine intake (87.0 − 572.0 mg/day) had a 19% higher prevalence of insufficient sleep compared with the lowest quartile (PR: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.08 − 1.31). Future studies are needed to investigate the genetic and hormonal factors involved in the interindividual response in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the history of government-sponsored rural settlements in the province/state of São Paulo, Brazil, as a pendular movement, whose points of reversion depended on the interests of a landowning elite to obtain labour for newly expanding plantations from the 1820s to the 1920s. Faltering infrastructure and ill-defined property rights over public lands were persistent constraints to the development of such rural settlements. Part of this failure can be attributed to a lack of State capacity and part to the opposition of plantation owners to the settling of independent smallholdings. The paper complements this historical-institutional analysis with a quantitative description of such settlements in 1898–1920. These late government-sponsored rural settlements showed the potential to grow in demographic and economic terms and had an overall demographic and occupational composition well aligned with the goal of creating a family-based peasantry. However, there were enormous heterogeneities in ethno-linguistic composition, educational attainment, and economic prosperity between and within such rural settlements, which point to idiosyncratic features that should be taken into account in future research assessing the short- and long-run effects of immigration and settlement policies in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of aflatoxins in the foodstuffs most consumed by the population in Algeria. To determine theaflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels of coffee samples marketed in Constantine province(Algeria), 43 samples of green and roasted coffee were purchased from localmarkets and coffee shops. The occurrence and concentration range of AFB1 were investigated by a highly sensitive microtitre plate Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The detection and quantification limits were 0.2ng g−1and 0.5ng g−1, respectively. The results showed that all the coffeesamples were contaminated with AFB1 in the range of 1.004 ng g−1 to 1.167 ng g−1. The highest range was observed in Beans-roastedcoffee samples. The authors recommend that surveys of mycotoxins in coffee, aswell as other agricultural products, should be continued. Restrictive regulationsmust be applied to ensure the protection of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the anatomical tracts of the stem are used to assess the vegetative vigor of different crops, little is known about which characteristics of the vascular system contribute to the growth of coffee plants or how these characteristics are influenced by variations in macronutrients. The study objective was to understand how the growth, anatomical characteristics of the stem, and yield of coffee plants were modified by nutritional variation and which anatomical variables most contribute to growth and/or yield of the coffee plants. Growth, yield, and characteristics of the vascular system of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches of coffee plants, subjected to different percentages of NPK delivered by standard fertilization for coffee plants, had been evaluated. All the evaluated characteristics best fit the quadratic regression model. Growth, morphology, anatomy, and yield were promoted to some extent by NPK fertilization. Orthotropic branches had larger vessel diameters and ray frequencies, whereas in plagiotropic branches, vessels were more numerous. The pith area and the frequency of the rays were correlated with the height of the plant, which in turn was correlated with yield. Plant height, anatomy, and yield were modified by the fertilization. The best NPK range for plant height and yield was 100–130% of the standard. The anatomical variables most correlated with plant height were the pith area of the plagiotropic branch and the ray frequency of the orthotropic branch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business history investigation of coffee traders in Le Havre from 1920 to 1955 enables us to qualify deliberate and emergent agglomerate collective strategy. Using philosopher's contributions to the understanding of collective action (Bratman 1993), we propose a framework to differentiate deliberate and emergent strategies. The framework is used to elaborate on the resistive strategy set-up by coffee traders to the growing government pressure to supply coffee imported from the colonies. Beyond providing insight on coffee trade and business history in the early 20th century, we find our framework is consistent with the objective of differentiating emergent and deliberate strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ALSUntangled reviews alternative and off-label treatments for people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS). Here, we review caffeine which has plausible mechanisms for slowing ALS progression. However, pre-clinical studies are contradictory, and a large case series showed no relationship between caffeine intake and ALS progression rate. While low doses of caffeine are safe and inexpensive, higher doses can cause serious side effects. At this time, we cannot endorse caffeine as a treatment to slow ALS progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonylphenols (NPs) are a degradation product of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants, which occur in many samples from the environment, food, and human organism. NPs are persistent and toxic and exhibit estrogenic activity. One of the challenges in understanding the estrogenic effects of NPs is the large number of isomers that may exist in different samples. After analyzing selected foods from different countries by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, NPs were detected in 8 of the 12 food samples. The concentration of NPs, based on fresh weight, ranged from 0.5 to 18.9 μg kg−1. The highest NP contents were found in coffee samples, and therefore an isomer-specific analysis was carried out by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS). Fourteen pure isomers of NP were used as standards for cross-referencing the NP isomers. We identified the two main NP isomers in the coffee samples as 4-[3-ethyl-1,1-dimethylpentyl]-phenol and 4-[1-ethyl-1,3-dimethylpentyl]-phenol or NP128 and NP111 (Juelich nomenclature), respectively. The GCxGC-TOF-MS system with a liquid nitrogen cryogenic modulator used in this study is suitable for the isomer-specific analysis of NP and can be applied and further optimized for future routine analysis in food control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Caffeine is one of the oldest natural substances consumed by people. Its consumption in Poland has not been well described. The aim of this study was to design and validate an online food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on caffeine intake and to use it to estimate caffeine consumption in Polish adults. Method: The FFQ was prepared and validated in a pilot study. The intake assessment was conducted in 2019–2020 on 372 respondents, aged 18 to 60 years. The FFQ included products such as coffee, tea, energy drinks, and carbonated drinks, as well as supplements and chocolate. Results: We showed good repeatability of the FFQ and it was considered a valid tool. The mean total caffeine intake among all participants was 426.7 mg ± 283.4 mg/day of all sources; in women, it was 446.4 mg ± 306.2 mg/day, while in men, it was 394.1 ± 236.4 mg/day. Forty-three percent of the respondents consumed more than 400 mg of caffeine/day. Coffee was the main source of caffeine and contributed to 65% of total caffeine consumption. Women consumed 90% more green tea than men (p < 0.01). Overweight and obese people have 20% greater total caffeine intake (p = 0.01) and consumed 20% more coffee (p = 0.02) and 30% more black tea (p = 0.01) than people of normal weight. Conclusions: Average caffeine consumption among Polish adults slightly exceeds the safe consumption dose established by the European Food Safety Authority. Body weight status can differentiate caffeine intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Conflicting reports are available about the association of coffee or caffeine intake and risk of fracture. We performed the current updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of coffee consumption and caffeine intake and risk of fracture to quantify this association. Materials and methods: PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus, Cochrane database were searched up to July 2021. Random-effects model or fixed-effects model was used to pool the study-specific effect sizes (ESs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Dose-response relationship was examined using linear and non-linear dose–response analyses. The certainty of evidence was assessed using NutriGrade tool. Results: Out of 22 eligible studies included in the meta-analysis, 15 had cohort and 7 had case-control design. We found no significant association between coffee consumption and risk of fracture, either based on pooling cohort (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.12; I2=71.4%, Pheterogeneity < 0.01) or case-control studies (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.46; I2=49.0%, Pheterogeneity=0.08). In the subgroup analysis of cohort studies, we observed that higher coffee intake was inversely associated with risk of fracture in men (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76 to 0.94). In addition, a positive association was seen between coffee consumption and risk of fracture in studies with less than 12years of follow-up (RR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.27). With regard to caffeine intake, a statistically significant positive association was seen with risk of fracture (RR: 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.23; I²=26.6%, n=8). In the dose-response analysis, we found that each additional 100 mg caffeine intake was marginally associated with 2% greater risk of fracture (RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1 to 1.05; I²= 70.3%, n=6). Conclusion: High coffee consumption was protectively associated with risk of fracture in men, while caffeine intake was positive associated with risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limmu Ennarya was the first of the monarchical Gibe states, built between 1800 and 1802 in what is now southwestern Ethiopia. It rose to prominence during Abba Bagiobo’s reign. Limmu Enarya was an important trading site for both local and foreign traders throughout the nineteenth-century long-distance trade. However, because of internal power struggles and foreign obstacles, Abba Bagibo’s tenure came to an end, and he was eventually absorbed into the modern Ethiopian Empire by Emperor Menilik in 1891. It was subordinate to the Kaffa Governorate General until the Italian conquest in 1936. In 1941, the central government renamed the previous Limmu Ennarya area as Limmu Awraja. This land encompasses the current districts of Limmu Kossa, Limmu Saqa, Chora Botor, and Nonno Benja. Historians have not adequately investigated and explored the history of the kingdom of Limmu Ennarya; little studies have been undertaken on the Gibe states in general, and Limmu Ennarya in particular. The purpose of the article is to investigate the history of the kingdom of Limmu Ennarya and its dominance and hegemony under the reign of Abba Bagibo. Oral informants and secondary literature are utilized to reconstruct the change and continuity of the historical phenomenon of Limmu Ennarya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]