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The current version of imaging equipment cannot quickly and effectively make up for the reduction of visibility triggered by bad weather. Traditional strategies minimize hazy impacts by employing an image depth model and a physical model. Following experts, erroneous depth data reduces the efficacy of the dehazing algorithm. Dehazing methods based on CNN are imperfect to handle region which is bright or similar to atmospheric light and thus leads to oversaturation of pixels. These challenges can be addressed by proposing a novel model that incorporates the idea of a Graphical Neural Network. The amount of light coming from the atmosphere is estimated using normalization where the contrast of the image gets adjusted using Bias Contrast stretch Histogram Equalization. An enhanced Transmission map estimator is used to render the hazy scene. Finally, the cross-layer graphical neural network-based CNN model is applied to produce a haze-free image and eliminate the over-saturation of pixels. Extensive evaluation findings show that the proposed approach can significantly recuperate misty imagery, even if the images have a substantial amount of haze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptography field, which enables secure communication between civilians, governmental organizations, military forces, and many more, addresses security, confidentiality, and integrity of information being conveyed regardless of the medium used. Protection of priceless information resources on intranets, the Internet, and the cloud has become a vital demand of contemporary electronic security systems. In this paper, we deploy homomorphic data encryption (HDE) technique on Bipolar-valued Fuzzy Sub-Bigroups (BVFSB). Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets were presented by Atanassov in 1986, as a modification of Fuzzy Sets, by taking into consideration the grade of membership value and non-membership value for each element in the universe. A fuzzy algebraic structure known as Bipolar-valued Fuzzy sub-bigroup of a bigroup has been established by applying the concept of bipolar-valued Fuzzy sets to bigroups. Some of the theorems related to homomorphism and anti-homomorphism, are stated and proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the protective effect of orientin and vicenin against early genomic effects of foetal irradiation and their late consequences in mice. Materials and methods: Fourteen-day pregnant mice were exposed to 1 Gy 60Co gamma-radiation 30 min after an intraperitoneal injection of orientin or vicenin (50μgkg-1 body weight). Chromosomal aberrations were studied in foetal liver cells and their spleen colonies (three passages, colony-forming units-spleen CFU-S1, CFU-S2, CFU-S3) and 1–12 months post-partum bone marrow. Peripheral blood counts and solid tumours were recorded to 12 and 20 months, respectively. Results: Irradiation significantly increased the percent aberrant cells and aberrations/cell in foetal liver and CFU-S1. These effects decreased in later passages of CFU-S and were not seen at 1–6 months post-partum, but increased significantly from 9 months. Total blood counts showed significant reduction from 6 months, while neutrophils increased from 3 months post-partum. Solid tumour incidence in adults increased significantly, with a decrease in age at detection. Orientin/vicenin significantly reduced the chromosomal anomalies in foetal and adult haemopoietic cells, restored blood counts to the normal range, and significantly reduced tumour incidence and delayed tumour development to control age. Conclusions: Orientin and vicenin protect against foetal irradiation-induced genomic damage and instability, thereby reducing the delayed chromosomal abnormalities and tumorigenesis in adult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the response of a mouse melanoma to radiation and hyperthermia under acute hypoxia and reperfusion. Materials and methods: B16F1 melanoma of 100 ± 10mm[sup 3], in C57BL mouse, were locally exposed to 10Gy gamma radiation (RT), 43°C for 30min (HT) in a water bath, or RT followed immediately by HT, under clamping (acute hypoxia) or 1h after reperfusion. Tumour regression, volume doubling time (VDT), growth delay (GD), apoptosis and microvascular density (MVD) were studied. Results: Under clamping, HT increased the VDT and GD to > 20 days above control and resulted in > 50% regression (PR) in all the tumours, whilst RT+HT synergistically enhanced VDT and GD. Under reperfusion, HT produced 25% PR against 16% by RT, with no increase in VDT and GD compared to RT. RT+HT significantly enhanced VDT and GD above that of RT or HT, but did not further increase PR of reperfused tumours. HT under clamping caused > 50% increase in apoptic cells over control and decreased MVD to 1/3rd of control. RT+HT further enhanced apoptotic cells to > 70% and reduced MVD to 1/6th of control. Conclusions: These results suggest that combination of radiotherapy with hyperthermia could benefit treatment of tumours with ischemia-induced acute hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study long-term changes in the adult locomotor activity of mice after exposure to γ radiation at the early fetal stage of development. Materials and methods: Pregnant Swiss albino mice were exposed locally on the abdominal area to a single dose of 0.25-1.5 Gy of [sup 60]Co gamma radiation at the dose rate of 1 Gy/min. When the F1 offspring were 6 months old, their locomotor and exploratory behaviour was assessed by the open-field and dark/bright arena tests. Animals were again subjected to the dark/bright arena test at 12 and 18 months of age in order to study the persistence of the effects. Results: Irradiation produced a noticeable disturbance in the normal behaviour pattern of the mice. There was a significant dose-dependent decrease in the open-field activity of 6-month old mice. In the dark/bright arena test, the time spent and lines crossed in the dark area showed a significant decrease, while their activities in the brightly lit area increased significantly, indicating a reduced aversion to bright light. These effects were evident even at a dose of 0.3Gy and increased linearly with dose. The significant behavioural changes persisted at 12 months, but at 18 months the difference in the time spent and lines crossed in the dark and bright areas were not significantly different from sham-irradiated control values below 0.5 Gy. Conclusions: These results show that day 14 of gestation in Swiss albino mice is a time of high risk for inducing long-term changes in the adult locomotor function by γ-radiation doses below 1Gy. Using a range of radiation doses and different observation times we have demonstrated that the effect increases linearly with dose, but there appears to be a threshold of 0.3-0.5Gy for producing significant persistent changes in the adult ambulatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the haemopoietic response to low dose gamma irradiation at the early foetal period when the liver is the major haemopoietic organ. Materials and methods: Pregnant Swiss albino mice were exposed to 0.1-1.5 Gy of gamma radiation on the 14th day of gestation. Twenty-four hours (15 day post conception (p.c.)) and 72h (17 day p.c.) after exposure, the foetuses were dissected out, weighed, and liver weight and mean cellularity were determined. Cytogenetic damage in liver cells was assessed by chromosome aberration analysis and micronucleus (MN) count. The haemopoietic progenitor cell survival at 24h and 72h after exposure was measured by exogenous spleen colony assay on day 8 (CFU-S8) and day 12 (CFU-S12) after intravenous injection of the foetal liver cells into adult bone marrow-ablated recipient mice. Results: The foetal body weight at 24h after exposure showed a significant reduction at doses of 0.5 Gy and above, while the 72h body weight was significantly lower than control from 0.3 Gy onwards. Liver weight showed a similar reduction for doses from 0.25 to 1.5 Gy at both the post-irradiation observation times. However, when liver weight/body weight ratios were compared, there was no significant difference between the irradiated and control values. Total liver cellularity at 24h and 72h after exposure showed a dose-dependent decrease, with significant depletion from control at 0.25 Gy and above. When donor cells were taken at 24h after exposure (15 day p.c.) the CFU-S[sub 8] showed a significant decrease only at 1.0 and 1.5 Gy, while the CFU-S[sub 12] suffered such a depletion at 0.25-1.5 Gy. For donor cells recovered at 72h after exposure, both CFU-S[sub 8] and CFU-S[sub 12] decreased linear-quadratically with radiation dose and were significantly lower than control at 0.25 Gy. A significant increase in the percent aberrant metaphases and micronucleus counts was seen at 0.1 Gy and 0.15 Gy, respectively, and increased linear-quadratically with radiation dose. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the liver, which is the major haemopoietic organ at the early foetal period, is highly sensitive to radiation damage from maternal irradiation. At low doses, the lethal effect on the haemopoietic stem cells appears to develop more slowly than at higher doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the tumourigenic effect of prenatal low-dose gamma-irradiation in the mouse. Methods and materials: Pregnant Swiss albino mice were exposed to 0.1-1.5Gy gamma-radiation on days 14 or 17 of gestation. The F1 offspring were observed up to 18 months of age. All the mice were killed at 18 months and the incidence of tumours in different organs was recorded. Results: Exposure to doses from 0.1 to 1.5Gy on days 14 or 17 of gestation produced a linear-quadratic dose-dependent increase in tumour incidence in adult F1 mice. The main organs affected were the ovary, uterus, liver and spleen. The highest incidence was observed in the ovaries, which was significantly higher than spontaneous incidence, even at 0.25Gy. In other organs the tumour incidence was not significant compared with controls at doses <0.5-1.0Gy. Tumours in the ovary and uterus developed at an earlier age than in the liver and spleen. Conclusions: Exposure to gamma-radiation <1.0Gy at the foetal period (days 14 or 17 of gestation) can cause induction of tumours in the Swiss albino mouse. The carcinogenic effect, particularly on the ovary among the female mouse, is detectable after low-dose foetal irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the effect of gamma irradiation, in the late foetal period, on the haemopoietic progenitor cells of the mouse foetus. Materials and Methods: Pregnant Swiss mice were exposed to 0.1 to 1.5 Gy of Cobalt-60 gamma radiation on the 17th day of gestation. At 24h (18 day p.c.) and 72h (20 day p.c.) after exposure the weights of foetal liver and spleen and their mean cellularity were determined. Chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MN) were studied at 24 h. Haemopoietic progenitor cell survival at 24 and 72h post-irradiation was studied by exogenous spleen colony assay. Results: Irradiation caused significant reduction in the weights of foetal liver and spleen, which was more pronounced at 72h postirradiation. The mean cellularity as well as the CFU-S and CFU-S12 of liver and spleen showed a radiation dose-dependent decrease, but the spleen showed a higher sensitivity than liver to doses below 1.0 Gy. Chromosomal damage in liver increased linearly with dose, while in spleen the increase was linearquadratic. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the damaging effect of low doses of gamma radiation on the late foetal haemopoietic progenitor cells of the mouse. Induction of cytogenetic damage appears to be a no-threshold effect in the dose range used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumor inhibitory and radiomodifying effects of plumbagin (Pl),a naphthoquinone isolated from Plumbago rosea, on mouse Ehrlich ascitescarcinoma was studied. Tumor response was assessed by increase in life span(% ILS) and animal survival at 120 days. The acute LD[sub 50] of plumbaginin normal mice was 9.4 mg/kg body weight. Single doses from 2 to 6 mg/kg Pl,given intraperitoneally (i.p.), produced inhibition of exponentially growingtumors. However, increases in dose above 3 mg/kg did not increase 120 daysurvival significantly over that produced by 3 mg/kg. Multiple dose treatment,starting from 24 h after tumor cell inoculation, showed that a total doseof 9 mg/kg, administered in three fractions of 3 mg/kg, once daily, gave themaximum %ILS and tumor free survival. Combination of radia tion (RT, 7.5 Gyto the abdomen) after the first Pl dose (1-3mg/kg/fraction) synergisticallyincreased mouse survival at 120 days. The tumor inhibitory effect was lesspronounced when treatment was started at more advanced tumor stages, but combinationof low dose fractions (2.5 or 3 mg/kg/fraction) with RT enhanced the %ILSand animal survival. Higher dose fractions in combination with radiation werenot tolerated by the mice. DNA appears to be the likely target of Pl cytotoxicity;the mechanism of interaction of Pl + RT in enhancing tumor response is notclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]