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The role that resource extraction, particularly mining and oil palm plantation, has played in enabling a form of racism in West Papua is presented. The history of mining projects in West Papua, and how this has displaced indigenous populations, is covered. This development of mining reserves and oil palm plantations at the expense and the destruction of indigenous life is discussed. This process has relied on a dehumanisation of indigenous people, and an ignorance of their agency in determining their own needs. The effects of resource extraction, on cultural sustainability, and its supplantation with industrial colonialism is presented as a form of racism; concepts of 'industrial racism' and 'industrial colonisation' are introduced within this context. It is demonstrated that this racism has been both explicitly and implicitly supported by Western and Global South governments, highlighting the need for a voice for indigenous groups in self-determination. The more recent reparations to help achieve self-determination, even in this modern context of understanding, are shown to have a colonial approach. The view that matters have improved, through various awards for sustainability, is presented and critiqued, demonstrating the conflict between that view and that of the indigenous within a colonial power structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to reproducibly produce and effectively collect electrosprayed polymeric microspheres with controlled morphology and size in bulk form is challenging. In this study, microparticles were produced by electrospraying polycaprolactone (PCL) of various molecular weights and solution concentrations in chloroform, and by collecting materials on different substrates. The resultant PCL microparticles were characterized by optical and electron microscopy to investigate the effect of molecular weight, solution concentration, applied voltage, working distance, and flow rate on their morphology and size. The work demonstrates the key role of a moderate molecular weight and/or solution concentration in the formation of spherical PCL particles via an electrospraying process. Increasing the applied voltage was found to produce smaller and more uniform PCL microparticles. There was a relatively low increase in the particle average size with an increase in the working distance and flow rate. Four types of substrates were adopted to collect electrosprayed PCL particles: a glass slide, aluminium foil, liquid bath, and copper wire. Unlike 2D bulk structures collected on the other substrates, a 3D tubular structure of microspheres was formed on the copper wire which could find application in the construction of 3D tumor mimics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]