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AbstractThe objective of this research work was to assess Teucrium luteum subsp. flavovirens essential oil (EOTL), for the first time, as novel and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel (CS) in 1.0 M HCl medium. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and surface analysis were employed to assess the effectiveness of the EOTL. The findings indicate that the EOTL reduces the corrosion of CS in hydrochloric acid and offered an inhibition efficiency (IE) of 91% at a dosage of 2.00 g/L at 298 K. The PDP data showed that EOTL behaved as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. The effect of immersion time and temperature on the corrosion inhibition performance of EOTL was also studied. It was found that the IE increased only up to 24 h and decreased with prolonged immersion time. In addition, the IE diminished with increasing temperature. The EOTL molecules adsorbed on the CS surface following Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with an adsorption energy ranging from −16 to −27 kJ/mol, an indication of physico-chemical adsorption mechanisms. The SEM/EDX results provide evidence of the presence of a protective film of the inhibitor on the surface of the CS. Theoretical studies using DFT, Monte Carlo simulations, molecular dynamics simulations and mean square displacement were conducted to given insight into the contributions of the four main components of EOTL. This work not only introduces a sustainable alternative to conventional corrosion inhibitors but also provides a robust understanding of the underlying mechanisms, hence contributing to advancement in corrosion science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calotropis gigantea essential oil is utilized in outmoded medicine, therapeutics, and the cosmetic industries. However, the extreme volatility, oxidation susceptibility, and instability of this oil restricts its application. Thus, encapsulation is a more effective method of shielding this oil from unfavorable circumstances. The creation of oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions based on Calotropis gigantea essential oil (CEO), known as CNE (Calotropis gigantea essential oil nanoemulsions), and an assessment of its biological potential were the goals of this work. UV, fluorescence, and FT-IR methods were used for physiological characterization. Biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. Studies on the pharmacokinetics of CNE were conducted. CNEs encapsulation efficiency was found to be 92%. The CNE nanoemulsions had a spherical shape with polydispersity index of 0.531, size of 200 nm, and a zeta potential of −35.9 mV. Even after being stored at various temperatures for 50 days, CNE nanoemulsions remained stable. Numerous tests were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of CNE, and the following IC50 values (µl/mL) were found: iron chelating assay: 18, hydroxyl radical scavenging: 37, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity: 58. The percentage of HeLa cells that remained viable after being treated with CNE was 41% at a higher dose of 1 µl. CNE inhibited α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner, with 72% inhibition at its higher dose of 250 µL. Research on the kinetics of drugs showed that nanoemulsions showed Higuchi pattern. This research showed potential use of Calotropis gigantea oil-based nanoemulsions in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was aimed at investigating the cytotoxic effect of a novel combination of doxorubicin (DOX) and nano-formulation of Santolina chamaecyparissus L. essential oil (SCEO-NANO) on hepatic (HepG2) and colon (HT29) cancer cell lines. Methods: A nano-emulsion was prepared by high-pressure homogenisation, then analysed by zetasizer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. HepG2 and HT29 cells were used in in vitro tests for apoptosis detection. Results: Formulated droplet size increased in DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX to 11.54 ± 0.02 with uniform distribution (PDI = 0.13 ± 0.01), when compared with SCEO-NANO (size: 8.91 ± 0.02 nm; PDI = 0.1 ± 0.02). In both cells, DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX led to a considerable reduction in colony formation. Compared to DOX, apoprotein proteins were overexpressed in HepG2 cells, showing increases of 8.66-fold for caspase-3 and 4.24-fold for the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In HT29 cells, ROS-dependent necrosis and apoptosis were seen. Comparing DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX versus DOX, greater levels of caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were observed. Conclusion: The DOX@SCEO-NANO/DOX formulation showed potential for targeted eradication of colon adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to characterise the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from a Chinese traditional aromatic herb, Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex Willd and investigate its antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, the test bacterium, using thin-layer chromatography-direct bioautography (TLC-DB). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the essential oil was dominated by chamazulene (44.44%). Undeveloped TLC-DB enabled the measurement of zone of inhibition as valid as and more sensitive than the traditional agar diffusion method. The overall antimicrobial effect was weak at the tested concentration range and the antimicrobial strength did not exhibit concentration dependence. At high essential oil concentration (>1000μg/ml), size of zone of inhibition was all <7mm. Developed TLC-DB separated the components and visualised the inhibition of bacterial growth on the plate surface where the active antimicrobials were determined to be the minor components, hydroxylated terpenes, rather than the dominant component, chamazulene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentha piperita, as a species of the mint family, is used in various medical, cosmetic, industrial and culinary products. The effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) (0. 0.5, 1 mM) on phytochemical activity and antimicrobial potential of Mentha piperita essential oil against six human pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) were investigated. According to the results to prevent the growth of L. monocytogenes and S. agalactiae, Gram-positive bacteria, peppermint, essential oil treatment with 1 mM salicylic acid is suggested. But to prevent the growth of Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa and E. coli, peppermint essential oil of control plants is proposed. These results showed that salicylic acid elicitor changed the type and amount of peppermint essential oil compounds. Probably, salicylic acid elicitor improved antimicrobial properties of peppermint essential oil with a change in essential oil components. The inhibitory activity of essential oil depends on the type of microorganism, the concentration of essential oil and the concentration and time of salicylic acid treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia dumetorum essential oil (SDEO) was obtained using a Clevenger apparatus by hydrodistillation approach. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by GC-MS analysis. In this study SDEO was screened for its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans and the amount of biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. For the first time the chemical composition of SDEO growing in Central Kazakhstan was established. The results obtained from GC-MS showed the predominance of sesquiterpenoids (54.15%). The antibacterial study results showed that SDEO exhibited strong antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and S. aureus in vitro and also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation on 1% sucrose medium. During the study, no antibacterial activity was detected against E. coli and C. albicans. These results demonstrated that SDEO can be used in the development of new antibacterial and anti-caries therapeutic dental products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyse the essential oil of Lavandula dentata from Algeria and to test the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of this plant. The essential oil (EO) (57 constituents) included mainly α-pinene, β-pinene, nopinone, linalool, cryptone, and limonene. The plant polyphenolic contents and the antioxidant activity were determined. The antimicrobial effect of the EO and the methanolic extract (ME) was assessed against referenced and clinical bacterial strains, and also foodborne fungal isolates. The EO minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values varied from 0.25 to 4 mg/mL and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were less than 8 mg/mL except for S. aureus, clinical Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, and B. subtilis. The mould strains were significantly inhibited by the EO (87.50% to 88.33%). The MIC values were 3.60–15.62 mg/mL and 0.5–4 mg/mL for ME and EO, respectively. The minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranged from 31 to 125 mg/mL and from 2 to 8 mg/mL for ME and EO, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe application of seaweed-based fertilizers is an important renewable resource and gaining considerable attention in the present scenario of agriculture and horticulture as organic nutrient input and growth promoters. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of seaweed liquid extract on growth, yield, and chemical constituents of the important aromatic plant geranium. The experiments were conducted in the CSIR-CIMAP, Research Center, Bengaluru (Karnataka, India) during the Rabi season of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The results of pooled data over two years revealed that application of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed liquid extract (KSWE) along with RDF at a concentration of 15% significantly improved the plant height (71.37 ± 0.69 cm), plant canopy (68.24 ± 1.60 cm), herb yield (42.71 ± 2.45 t ha−1year−1) and oil recovery (0.36 ± 0.02%) as compared over RDF. An account of 23.14% and 23.87% increase in herbage and essential oil yield was recorded over RDF. The functional relationship between herb and oil yield of geranium with different concentrations of seaweed extract applied at different crop stages was strongly correlated (r2=0.97 and r2=0.91, respectively). The chemical profile of essential oil reveals that higher amounts of linalool (7.5%) isomenthone (6.65%), geranial (1.29%), geranyl formate (3.81%), and the highest citronellol to geraniol (C:G ratio) ratio of 2.14 was noticed in the treatment which receives 15% KSWE along with RDF. The study clearly exhibits the notable benefits in the performance of geranium with the application of 15% of aqueous seaweed extract from Kappaphycus alvarezii both in quantitative and qualitative terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from leaves and flowers of collected Gentianella longibarbata (Gilg) Fabris from the highlands of Ecuador were studied. The most abundant components were aliphatic compounds, predominantly methyl ketones (35.7%), and aromatic compounds (37.6%). The major compounds included carvacryl acetate (18.5%), nonan-2-one (14.5%), undecane-2-one (13.5%), and carvacrol (11.4%). Antioxidant activity was examined using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil, evaluated by DPPH (IC50 14.01 mg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 38.87 mg/mL) assays, exhibited a strong ability in scavenging radicals. The essential oil also showed ferric reducing activity. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against four bacteria and a yeast. The essential oil showed very good activity against S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, but low activity against S. enterica serovar and C. albicans. The MIC value of the essential oil varied from 0.43 μL/mL to 23.72 μL/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of rhizome essential oil (EO) of Meistera verrucosa growing wild in Ha Giang Province, Vietnam. The EO was isolated using hydrodistillation, then the chemical composition was analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). In addition, the antioxidant activities were determined by the DPPH scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results showed that α-pinene, β-pinene, and (E)-β-ocimene were major components in the EO, accounting for 39.6%, 20.7%, and 12.2%, respectively. The EO showed antioxidant activity, the IC50 value of DPPH scavenging activity, and the EC50 value of FRAP assay were 91.01 mg/mL and 17.50 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, to evaluate the inhibitory interaction potential of Keap1, docking analysis indicated that α-pinene has the strongest affinity among the major compounds surveyed. The key interactions observed in the complexes of the major compounds with Keap1 are predominantly hydrophobic interactions (pi-sigma and pi-alkyl), which significantly contribute to their binding affinities. These results provide more information on the volatile compounds of the EO from the rhizomes of M. verrucosa and first reveal its antioxidant power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils were hydro-distilled and analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The oil yields were found between 0.08-0.23% w/w. A total of 42 compounds were identified in the essential oil of aerial part of Boenninghausenia albiflora obtained from sample B1 accounting total 91.5% identification and germacrene D (21.4%), β-pinene (17.9%), limonene (11.9%) and (E)- caryophyllene (8.9%) were found as major compounds. In the essential oil of aerial part of sample B2 accounting total 90.5% identification and germacrene D (22.6%), β-pinene (25.4%), limonene (8.2%) and (E)-caryophyllene (4.8%) were found as major compounds. In the essential oil of aerial part of sample B3 accounting total 97.2% identification and germacrene D (18.2%), β-pinene (15.8%), limonene (9.6%) and (E)-caryophyllene (9.3%) were found as major compounds. In the essential oil of aerial part sample B4 accounting total 91.4% identification and germacrene D (24.3%), β-pinene (19.4%), limonene (12.3%) and (E)-caryophyllene (7.7%) were found as major compounds while in the essential oil of aerial part of sample B5 accounting total 82.5% identification and germacrene D (17.4%), β-pinene (22.9%), limonene (14.9%) and (E)-caryophyllene (8.4%) were found as major compounds. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of essential oil of B. albiflora collected from Mukteshwar area of Kumaun Region was investigated in vitro using seven assays: Hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay, NO scavenging assay, and FRAP assay. IC50 value for all three assays was calculated by using software Graph Pad prism 6. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis was used to demonstrate geographical variations in the composition of the essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck is considered as one of the most significant horticultural as well as essential oil crop. However, the significance of the fruit peels left after the utilization of the sour fruit find limited importance and these leftover peels are rich in essential oil. Lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) finds used in the fragrance, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study lemon peel were used for isolation of essential oil by hydro-distillation, analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and was further subjected to in vitro anti-oxidant (DPPH, ABTS), anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, genotoxicity and anti-diabetic assays. The essential oil analysis has revealed limonene as major compound (38.08%) along with other minor compounds namely, α-citral (12.02%), decanal (8.14%) and neral (7.36%). The total amount of citral (α-citral and neral) was found to be 19.38%, comparatively higher compared to previous reports. LPEO was found to exhibit very strong tyrosinase inhibition activity along with good alpha-amylase inhibition. The results from this study further strengthen the immense potential of LPEO as an anti-diabetic and skin whitening agent. The results framed from this study will further strengthen the position of earlier works on biological activities of C. limon besides providing a descriptive work on the potential of Assam LPEO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Montanoa bipinnatifida is a perennial shrub belonging to family Asteraceae and geographically distributed in Mexico, Central America and Northern South America. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from M. bipinnatifida leaves through GC-MS analysis accompanied by in-depth investigation of antimicrobial properties against wide arrays of microbial strains via agar diffusion method and disk diffusion method. The GC-MS analysis of the tested oil revealed presence of sixteen components (∼99.99%), predominated by germacrene D (37.22%), β-caryophyllene (30.73%), α-pinene (4.56%) and β-germacrene (4.48%). The undiluted oil exhibits varying levels of activity against different microbes. The leaf oil showed a significant inhibition against Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis (both vegetative and spores), Mycobacterium phlei, and Candida albicans. However, its activity against Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae appears to be less pronounced. Thus, the leaf oil of M. bipinnatifida demonstrates broadspectrum antimicrobial activity and is recommended in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome the current problem related to the microbial resistance to antibiotics. Further experimental studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanism of action and the responsible individual components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toona sinensis is one of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials with rich physiological activities. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition differences of the essential oils from the tender leaves and shoots of T. sinensis, collected from four main producing areas in China, and to verify their anti-listeria and antioxidant properties. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted on the essential oils obtained by hydro-distillation. The results indicated that compounds such as β-elemene (3.5∼8.1%), α-caryophyllene (3.7∼7.2%), and trans-caryophyllene (4.0∼9.7%) were the main common components of T. sinensis essential oils (TSEO) from four producing areas. The results of DPPH and ABTS showed that the essential oil from Dazhou, Sichuan, China had the best antioxidant effect. At a concentration of 1.25 mg/mL, the antioxidant activity of TSEO-DZ from Sichuan was comparable to 0.08 mg/mL of BHT and was only slightly lower than 0.06 mg/mL of VC. The broth dilution method showed that the essential oil from Tai 'an, Shandong, China, showed better antibacterial effect, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MLC) values of 1.25 μL/mL and 2.54 μL/mL, respectively. This study demonstrates that TSEO possesses promising application potential in antioxidant and anti-listeria activities, and it confirms that the growth environment of T. sinensis significantly influences the quality, content, and biological activity of the essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng has been used as an ingredient in medicinal formulations. Several studies have reported on the potential of M. koenigii leaves to enhance learning and memory functions in animal models. This study aimed to identify the chemical constituents and evaluate the anti-cholinesterase activity of the essential oil extracted from M. koenigii leaves. The essential oil extracted via hydrodistillation was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 41 constituents were identified, with β-phellandrene (35.42%), β-caryophyllene (16.79%) and α-pinene (17.75%) predominating in the essential oil. Using Ellman's colorimetric method, the M. koenigii essential oil demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with an IC50 value of 36.89 μg/mL. Interestingly, a mixture of the three major constituents (β-phellandrene, β-caryophyllene, and α-pinene) was more effective than the individual constituents (β-caryophyllene and α-pinene). In conclusion, the study on the neuroprotective effects of M. koenigii essential oil has yielded promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to describe the chemical composition of essential oils from three Vietnamese Annonaceae species, Meiogyne virgata, M. vietnamica, and Orophea polycarpa, and their antimicrobial activity. Essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation. From the GC-FID/MS (gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry) analysis, the leaf essential oil of M. virgata was reported to contain the major compound germacrene D (42.48%). Spathulenol (24.51%), bicyclogermacrene (18.58%), β-selinene (11.14%), and germacrene D (8.20%) can be seen as the main compound in M. vietnamica leaf essential oil. α-Phellandrene (39.35%), bicyclogermacrene (13.07%), β-phellandrene (10.87%), and limonene (8.27%) represented O. polycarpa leaf essential oil. Essential oil of M. virgata leaves exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against the Gram (+) bacterium Bacillus subtilis ATCC 5230, the Gram (-) bacterium Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and the fungus Aspergillus niger ATCC 9587 with the same MIC value of 16 μg/mL. The docking method showed that germacrene D has the ΔGbinding (binding affinity) values of –6.68, –5.265, and –5.602 kcal/mol with the proteins E. coli DNA gyrase, B. subtilis TasA, and A. niger PhyA, respectively. Alkyl and pi-alkyl interactions are the main contributors to the binding affinity between the studied proteins and ligands. Furthermore, germacrene D is predicted to have low toxicity and is not active against any of the considered organ targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile oils of Satureja species are rich in thymol and carvacrol, phenolic bioactive compounds with unique biological properties. Drying is one of the most critical post-harvest treatments that can influence the biosynthesis of the phytochemicals and the microbial quality of the plant. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different drying methods (shade, sun, oven (temperature of 40, 50 and 60°C), microwave (power of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 W), and freeze-drying) on the quantity and quality of essential oil (EO) and the control of microbial contamination of S. spicigera flowering shoots. The results showed that shade drying produced the highest amount of EO (1.35%). The maximum values of thymol (60.64%) and carvacrol (42.4%) were determined after drying in a microwave at 400 W and oven at 40°C, respectively. Thymol and carvacrol are selectively biosynthesized with the highest conversion rate of the precursor p-cymene under microwave irradiation at 400 W and oven heating at 40°C, respectively. Based on the evaluation of microbial contamination of the dried plant, the highest microbial control was achieved by freeze drying, with minimal contamination of Enterobacteriaceae (1.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%), Salmonella sp. (1.64%), moulds and yeasts (12.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as Lemongrass (Poaceae) is an industrially significant plant due to its fragrant compounds and ability to produce a large amount of essential oil. However, variations in chemical components, agronomical characters and essential oil output can be observed due to grown in different climatic conditions. Pertaining to the economic importance of the crop, the present study was designed to evaluate the stability indices of the developed and registered variety of lemongrass 'Jor Lab L-8'. In this experiment, cv. Jor Lab L-8 was assessed along with two check varieties at eight different locations of NE India for two years (2021-2022, 2022-2023). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) by regression method revealed that Jor Lab L-8 had a significantly higher herbage yield, essential oil yield, citral content and total essential oil yield than the other two check varieties. Furthermore, AMMI ANOVA was used to confirm the consistent performance of the recorded agro-morphological and quality characters and Jor Lab L-8 was shown to be stable in plant height, herbage yield, essential oil yield, citral content and total essential oil yield. The GC-MS study of the essential oil identified 18 constituents, with citral emerging as the predominant constituent. Additionally, majority of the locations were pinpointed as ideal environments for cultivating Jor Lab L-8, underscoring its resilience across multiple locations and highlighting its long-term industrial promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laurus nobilis L. is an export plant that contributes to the industry with its medicinal and aromatic properties, as well as the use of its leaves or fruits in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. This study aims to predict the first three main components of bay laurel essential oil with different machine learning methods as a result of GC-MS analysis, taking into account a wide range of parameters used before and after the analysis of the essential oil in pharmacognostic studies. In this study, the K-Means algorithm was used to detect unknown relationships (chemical or physical properties) between the data obtained as a result of the analysis, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Decision Tree machine learning methods were used to perform prediction operations. Based on this, considering the R2 values obtained from ANN analyses, R2 values of 0.9992 for testing, 1 for training, 1 for validation value, and 0.99992 for all were obtained. The ANN model produced results close to the real values with an accuracy rate of 98.97% in predicting the three main components. The Decision Tree algorithm achieved classification with a 96.23% accuracy rate in predicting the three main components. K-Means clustering was performed with an accuracy rate of 97.83% and significant relationships between the features of the Laurus nobilis dataset were detected. This comprehensive study serves as a guide for machine learning research on other essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oils from Myroxylon peruiferum and Eugenia gracillima and determine the larvicidal potential of the oils against Aedes aegypti. Essential oils from the leaves and young stems of M. peruiferum (EOLMP and EOAMP) and the leaves of E. gracillima (EOLEG) were obtained through hydrodistillation. The major constituents of EOLMP were α-pinene (18.0%) and δ-cadinene (14.2%); the major constituents of EOAMP were spathulenol (22.9%) and β-elemene (12.4%) and the major constituents of EOLEG were δ-elemene (40.4%) and germacrene D (25.2%). The two oils extracted from M. peruiferum were very active against A. aegypti larvae and had similar lethal concentrations (LC50 = 0.7 mg/mL). The oil extracted from E. gracillima had an LC50 of 1.51 mg/mL. The essential oils from M. peruiferum and E. gracillima constitute promising sources for the formulation of novel insecticides for the control of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities of the essential oil from the fruits of Turkish endemic Prangos hulusii were studied. Essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-nine compounds were identified, which represent 98.6% of the total composition of the essential oil. Monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most represented classes of volatiles with 49.8% and 21.0%, respectively. The main constituents of the essential oil were (E)-methyl cinnamate (22.9%), α-phellandrene (13.8%), and (E)-β-ocimene (12.9%). (E)-methyl cinnamate was detected in Prangos spp. for the first time. Antimicrobial activities against three Gram-positive bacteria, three Gram-negative bacteria, and three yeast strains were evaluated using disk diffusion test and microdilution method. Antibiofilm experiments were done by spectrophotometric microplate method and the results of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans were visualized via scanning electron microscopy. The essential oil had an antimicrobial effect and showed an antibiofilm effect on these strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils were isolated from Thymus serpyllum L. leaves, stem, flowers and whole plant using hydrodistillation technique and % yield was determined. The chemical constituents were studied using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionisation Detection. The analysis revealed the presence of 38 compounds in the essential oils obtained from different plant parts. Identification of compounds was achieved by detailed analysis of mass spectrum and retention indices. The major constituents of essential oil from the whole plant were thymol (35.25%), p-cymene (27.57%), thymol acetate (8.03%) and γ-terpinene (6.92%). In leaves they were thymol (45.59%), p-cymene (24.26%), thymol acetate (6.41%), and β-bisabolene (5.91%); whereas in flowers these were thymol (68.74%) and thymol acetate (7.40%) and in the stem, these were thymol (55.15%) and thymol acetate (8.01%). Specifically, it is the first report wherein essential oil constituents of T. serpyllum L. whole plant, leaves, flowers, and stems have been analyzed separately. Further, fundamental analysis of complex mass fragmentation patterns of terpenes and terpenoids using EI-MS has been achieved and the logical reason for the fragmentation pattern has been elaborated. Detailed elaboration of the mass fragmentation pattern may strengthen the EI-MS-based compound identification of terpenes and terpenoids from essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue virus (DENV) causes millions of infections each year, and there are currently no approved antivirals. Essential oils could serve as potential candidates for developing plant-based dengue treatments. Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown essential oil (LAEO) was selected to investigate the mode of antiviral action and its effect on activated platelets. Binding affinities of 20 LAEO compounds and platelet proteins were investigated through docking analyses. LAEO showed a potent virucidal effect (IC50, 2.1 to 5.1 μg/mL) against all DENV serotypes. LAEO reduced P-selectin (from 61% to 18%) and increased survival (from 71% to 97%) in DENV-2- and DENV NS1-stimulated human platelets. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons showed the highest binding affinities (from −7.3 to −8.0 kcal/mol) with platelet innate immune receptors such as TLR2/1, TLR4/MD-2 and αIIbβ3 integrin. The data provide a first step towards defining the potential of LAEO as a candidate for developing phytotherapeutics for dengue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health problem primarily caused by the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Therefore, the inadequacy of antibiotics in treating infections has led to exploring effective alternative treatment options, such as natural sources like essential oils. Mentha longifolia subsp. typhoides (Lamiaceae) is an economically important medicinal and aromatic plant used in traditional medicine as a spice and herbal tea. This study aimed to characterize the essential oil composition of this species (MLT-EO) and its biological activities. The chemical composition of the MLT-EO was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Piperitenone (25.7%), carvone (22.7%), piperitone (22.8%), pulegone (6.8%), and isomenthone (6.6%) were characterized as the main components. The MLT-EO exhibits antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The MLT-EO exhibited the best MIC value against the test fungi, with <0.625 mg/mL values against Candida parapsilosis strains. The percentage of biofilm inhibition value of the MLT-EO (10 mg/mL) was 59.53%, and the percentage of violacein inhibition values calculated for sub-MICs concentrations of the MLT-EO (1 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL) were 63.68% and 38.08%, respectively. The results show that the high level of piperitenone, carvone, and piperitone detected in the MLT-EO may be responsible for these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and potential antihyperlipidemic effects of Allspice (Pimenta dioica) leaf essential oil. The oil yield from hydro-distillation was 1.61 ± 0.35% (v/w), with major compounds identified by GC-MS analysis as eugenol (72.06 ± 3.93%), β-pinene (9.29 ± 3.33%), chavicol (6.95 ± 0.6%), limonene (3.05 ± 0.71%), and 3-octenol (1.55 ± 1.07%). The oil's antioxidant activity (426 ± 3.5 mg TE g−1) was attributed to polyphenols. It also reduced porcine pancreatic lipase activity, suggesting potential in managing dietary lipids. Molecular docking showed strong binding to CES1, with eugenol, limonene, β-pinene, and octenol outperforming the control (probucol). ADME-Tox predictions indicated favorable pharmacological profiles with controlled lipophilicity and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn), a micronutrient, is a source of energy for essential oil (EO) biosynthesis. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a plant growth regulator that has favorable effects on EO quality and quantity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction effect of Zn and MeJA on the phytochemical traits and EO compositions of peppermint cultivated under soilless conditions. Zn omission and the highest Zn concentration (0.1 mgL−1), which are stress conditions for plants, increased phytochemical traits as well as EO content, and 1 mM MeJA was more suitable for increasing these parameters. The major classes of peppermint EO components were oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and monoterpene hydrocarbons. The major constituents included menthol, menthone, menthofuran, and 1,8-cineole. Elicitation of peppermint with MeJA at different Zn levels modified the EO composition. The highest menthol content (50.1%) was observed in the 1 mM MeJA and 0.025 mgL−1 Zn treatment groups. In conclusion, this study indicated that Zn and MeJA could be appropriate compounds for changing phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity, and EO composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical properties of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don. (common name 'immortelle'), depend largely on the cultivation type, climatic conditions, and cultivation methods. The time and the harvesting method are crucial for enhancing the quality of essential oils. This investigation aimed to evaluate how harvesting month affects the amount and quality of essential oils (EOs). The results showed that the qualitative properties of the essential oil were influenced by the method of harvest (by hand or by machine) and, harvesting time. Harvesting by machine gave better γ-curcumene content, and harvesting by hand gave better a-pinene and neryl acetate quality. It is also observed that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production under machine harvesting raised lipid peroxidation of membranes. In general, better qualitative properties of immortelle essential oil were obtained from manual harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. (Lamiaceae) is a naturalised medicinal plant in Brazil known as 'cordão-de-frade', being used in folk medicine for the treatment of a variety of conditions such as infections and inflammations. L. nepetifolia leaf and flower essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation, and their compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis. The leaf essential oil major constituents were germacrene D (31.5%), and β-caryophyllene (19.2%), while in flower essential oil the main constituents were β-elemene (31.2%), and germacrene D (12.1%). The essential oils were investigated against a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi using the microdilution method, exhibiting MIC50 values of 3.93–250 µg mL−1. Both oils showed excellent antifungal properties, which is a very important finding since most fungi have shown increased resistance to known antifungal agents. According to these results, the essential oils of L. nepetifolia are promising sources of new antimicrobial agents, especially for yeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile chemical composition and qualitative as well as quantitative variation of the leaf and peel essential oils of five species belonging to Citrus genus were studied. The investigated Citrus species were Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle, Citrus limon L. (Osbeck), Citrus maxima (Burm.f.) Merr. R, Citrus medica L. and Citrus medica *Citrus limon. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed using GC-MS/FID. In total 49 compounds comprising of 83.1-99.0% of the volatile compositions were identified in five leaf essential oils whereas 45 compounds comprising of 97-99.4% of the volatile compositions were identified in peel essential oils. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the predominant composition present in the leaf oils of all Citrus species whereas sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main composition found in C. maxima leaf oil (39.9%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons were predominating in the isolated peel oils. Principal component analysis of Citrus species was employed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of essential oil components. Both PCA and cluster analysis of both leaf and peel essential oils were classified into two clusters and then subsequent subclusters, characterized according to the major essential oil components. Monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons and diterpenes were identified as the significant category of compounds characterised for Citrus essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is objected to investigate the essential oil yields, chemical compositions, and enantiomeric distribution of wild and cultivated linalool rich Origanum dubium Boiss. essential oils obtained at pre-flowering, initial flowering, and post-flowering growth stages. Wild plant materials are collected from Mediterranean region of Turkey. Samples were also cultivated in Mediterranean and Aegean coastlines of Turkey in the experimental fields of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Turkey. O. dubium samples yielded between 6.7 and 9.7% (mL/100 g) of essential oils. The compositions were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (98.2–98.9%). Linalool was detected as the major compound in all essential oils (97.0–97.6%). The dominant enantiomer was discovered as (R)-(-)-linalool with a 99.3–99.4% enantiomeric purity. The essential oil yields, chemical compositions and enantiomeric distributions were found to be constant regardless of cultivation, geographical locations or different growth stages. The result of this manuscript indicates that by culturing linalool chemotype of O. dubium, the industrial need for (R)-(-)-linalool could be met at more affordable costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angelica is a large genus of plants belonging to the Apiaceae family that includes about 100 species of biennial or perennial herbs. Several species of this genus are extensively used in various traditional medicines and, despite their content in toxic furanocoumarins, also as food. In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from aerial flowering parts of Angelica sylvestris L., a plant distributed in Europe, North and Central Asia, collected in the Isle of Skey (Scotland), was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. No one report has been previously published on this accession. The result showed the presence of a large quantity of monoterpene hydrocarbons with limonene (51.89%), by far, as the most abundant component. Other metabolites present in lesser quantity were β-pinene (4.61%), α-pinene (3.54%), and thymol (3.33%). Considerations with respect to all the other EOs of A. sylvestris taxa, studied so far, were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Phagnalon Cass. (Asteraceae) is widely distributed from Macaronesia in the West to the Himalayas in the East, from South France and Nord Italy to Ethiopia and Arabian Peninsula. Species of this genus have been used in folk medicine of many countries as medicinal herbs and they are also used such as food. The extracts and the essential oils (EOs) of these plants have reported antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, etc. properties and they have different biological applications. Phagnalon sinaicum Bornm. and Kneuck. is a very rare plant native of Middle East. It grows primarily in the desert or dry scrubland biome. Its EO, never previously investigated, was analysed by GC-MS. The EO was very rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, with artemisia ketone (20.40%), α-thujone (19.36%), and santolina alcohol (13.29%) as main constituent. Some considerations with respect to all the other EOs of Phagnalon taxa studied so far were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe plant species C. sativum L. is a staple in cuisine and holds significant ethnopharmacological value. Its essential oil (EO) is of particular interest, yet its toxicity profile remains a subject of inquiry. This study aimed to elucidate the chemical constituents of C. sativum L. EO and evaluate its toxicity through various parameters, including cytotoxicity assays on HaCaT keratinocytes, in vivo toxicity tests on Galleria mellonella larvae, in vivo genotoxicity assessments on mice and cytotoxicity assays on human erythrocytes. Notably, major constituents such as 2-decen-1-ol, dec-(2E)-enal, and 1,6-octadien-3-ol were found to remain predominant. The IC50 value for the essential oil on the keratinocyte cell line was determined to be 60.13 ± 2.02 µg/mL. However, in vivo toxicity tests with G. mellonella larvae demonstrated safety at doses below 4.5 g/kg. Additionally, genotoxicity assessment revealed that a single dose of 20 mg/mL (5 mg/kg) did not induce a significant increase in micronuclei formation. EO concentrations above 250 µg/mL led to significant changes in human erythrocytes cell viability (p < 0.0001), resulting in over 60% hemolysis. These findings collectively suggest that the essential oil of C. sativum L. exhibits a suitable toxicity profile for conducting preclinical studies in vertebrate animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate the acaricidal effect and the mode of action of lemongrass essential oil (LEO) against Aleuroglyphus ovatus. Contact and fumigant mortality indicated that LEO had higher acaricidal activities at a low concentration, and the acaricidal action of LEO was significantly more effective by contact effects than by fumigant bioassay. Repellent rate against A. ovatus at different concentrations of LEO increased with application time. Observation on the toxic symptoms revealed that almost all mites were in immobilized type (IM type) in 30 min, but the symptom of knock-down type (KD type) appeared later. Cuticles of mites killed by LEO exhibited obvious colour change and deformation. Detoxification enzyme activity assay showed that glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased in mites treated by LEO compared to the controls. LEO increased catalase (CAT) activity of A. ovatus but inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) after 20 h. LEO also increased nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) and inhibited acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activities. Moreover, LEO acted as a fast-acting neurotoxin on A. ovatus. Our results suggest that LEO has an acaricidal potential and is a promising agent in control of A. ovatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from leaves and bark of two morphotypes, white (WM) and black (BM) of Salmea scandens obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were analyzed by GC-MS. The major components of the bark EOs were aliphatic hydrocarbons (38.0% in WM, 48.6% in BM) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (27.6% in WM, 11.3% in BM); in leaves EOs major components were oxygenated sesquiterpenes (43.9% in WM, 45.7% in BM) and oxygenated aliphatics (13.7% in WM, 1.1% in BM) stood out. Nine components have been reported to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis confirmed the variability of the EOs. These results suggest that WM may have a better therapeutic effect for treating infectious and inflammatory processes in traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacobaea is a small genus of plants belonging to Asteraceae family, formerly joint to Senecio genus, that includes more than 60 species and sub-species. Several taxa of this genus have been extensively studied both for their non-volatile and volatile metabolites. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from aerial parts of Jacobaea delphiniifolia (Vahl) Pelser & Veldkamp, collected in Sicily, was analyzed by GC–MS. No one report has been previously published on the EO of this species. The result showed the presence of a large quantity of two metabolites, namely 1-undecene (63.57%) and thymol methyl ether (13.65%). Chemotaxonomic considerations were carried out by comparing the other oils of Jacobaea taxa studied so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents the first investigation of the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Ononis aurasiaca Förther & Podlech, a plant species endemic to the Aures Mountains of Algeria. The essential oil of the plant aerial parts was analysed using GC-MS. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using three methods. A total of 44 compounds were identified. The major constituents were dodecanal, hexahydrofarnesylacetone, 2-tridecanone, phytol, 1-heneicosene, and n-heneicosane. The oil displayed significant activity in the β-carotene bleaching assay, moderate scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and a low ability to reduce iron ions. Antibacterial tests conducted on four strains revealed effectiveness primarily against Gram-positive strains, specifically Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and ATCC 43300, while showing limited impact on Gram-negative strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Antifungal activity tests involving two moulds revealed a stronger inhibition against Scedosporium apiospermum compared to Aspergillus niger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Lindera subumbelliflora (Lauraceae) was investigated for the first time. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterised by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity of L. subumbelliflora essential oil was tested against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans using the broth microdilution assay, whereas the microbial biofilms were determined using a semi-quantitative static biofilm. A total of 28 components (99.6%) were successfully identified, which were characterised by β-eudesmol (14.6%), cis-α-bergamotene (11.0%), α-copaene (8.5%), dodecen-1-ol (8.5%), and (E)-nerolidol (8.3%). The essential oil exhibited activity against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans with MIC values of 250 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. The essential oil increased the biofilm of Candida albicans by 38.25%, however, decreased the biofilm of Streptococcus mutans by 47.89% when treated with 500 µg/mL. Thus, the essential oil has a promising application in dentistry via inhibition of the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. However, the antibiofilm activity of the essential oil is only applicable for cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the insecticidal properties of essential oil derived from Eucalyptus cinerea leaves and its main component, 1,8-cineole, against two significant pests of stored dates, Ectomyelois ceratoniae and Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae). The impact of the treatment on the sensory characteristics of date fruits was assessed to verify the complete absence of off-odours and off-flavours. Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis of E. cinerea essential oil revealed that the primary compound was 1,8-cineole (74.5%). Fumigant toxicity of the two pests, indicated that first instar larvae (L1) exhibited greater tolerance to E. cinerea EO and 1,8-cineole than L5, while adult forms were more susceptible than larvae. The E. cinerea EO had a noticeable pest contact activity when used at a concentration of 0.35 µL/cm2 caused 100 and 88.3% mortality to E. ceratoniae and E. kueheniella, respectively, after 1 hour of exposure. Hedonic evaluation showed that consumers' appreciation of fumigated dates was not significantly different to the no treated dates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicochemical profile, phytochemical constituents, bioactivity, and thermal stability of the hydro-distilled essential oil (EO) for T.schimperi and T.serrulatus were investigated. EO yield for T.schimperi and T.serrulatus was 2.05± 0.09% and 1.2 ± 0.3% (w/w) respectively. The chemical profiles of the EO were analyzed using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry).Twenty one (99.99 %) and Twenty (98.59%) EO components were identified from T. schimperi and T.serrulatus, respectively. The two stage mass losses, the first one (38%) was from 37°C to 164°C and (55%) from 46°C to 178°C for T.schimperi and T.serrulatus EO respectively and the second one was (11%) from 164°C to 220°C for T.schimperi and (8%) from 178°C to 223°C for T.Schimperi and T.serrulatus EO respectively were observed for TGA analysis.The essential oils in this study showed a strong antioxidant effect for different tests. IC50 value of 0.17 μg/mL on DPPH assay for both species; 73 ± 0.50 and 64 ± 3.4% inhibition for ABTS assay 4.6 ± 0.42 and 8.04 ± 0.9 mM Fe+2/mL percent in FRAP assay for T.schimperi and T.serrulatus respectively. Antimicrobial activities for both species EOs were investigated on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Streptococcus epidermidis. MIC values for E.coli and S.typhi were 0.5 and 1 μL/mL for T.schimperi, 2 and 4 μL/mL of T.serrulatus EO, for S.aureus and Streptococcus epidermidis were 0.2 and 4 μL/mL for T.schimperi, 2 and 0.5 μL/mL for T.serrulatus EO's. MBC values for both E.coli and S.typhi were 2 μL/mL for T.schimperi and 4 μL/mL for T.serrulatus EO, While for S.aureus and Streptococcus epidermidis were 1 and 4 μl/ml for T.schimperi, 2 and 8 μL/mL for T.serrulatus EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil derived from Grewia bulot, a plant species known for its medicinal properties. The analysis of Grewia bulot essential oil revealed the presence of 78 constituents. The major compounds were α-cadinol (13.5%), 1,8-cineole (12.7%), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (9.8%), epi-α-cadinol (6.7%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (5.9%), (E)-citral (4.0%), selin-11-en-4-α-ol (4.0%), citronellol isobutanoate (3.9%), and geranic acid (3.7%). The essential oil exhibited promising antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 452.65 ± 28.40 µg/mL in DPPH model. This oil did not show NO production inhibitory effect in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the essential oil exhibited significant cytotoxicity against KB, Hep-G2, MCF-7, and SK-LU-1 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 44.04 ± 1.47 to 74.20 ± 3.71 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) have been proved as natural food preservatives because of their effective and wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity. They have been extensively explored for potential applications in food industry, and substantial progresses have been achieved. However well EOs perform in antibacterial tests in vitro, it has generally been found that a higher level of EOs is needed to achieve the same effect in foods. Nevertheless, this unsimilar effect has not been clearly quantified and elaborated, as well as the underlying mechanisms. This review highlights the influence of intrinsic properties (e.g., oils and fats, carbohydrates, proteins, pH, physical structure, water, and salt) and extrinsic factors (e.g., temperature, bacteria characteristics, and packaging in vacuum/gas/air) of food matrix systems on EOs action. Controversy findings and possible mechanism hypotheses are also systematically discussed. Furthermore, the organoleptic aspects of EOs in foods and promising strategies to address this hurdle are reviewed. Finally, some considerations about the EOs safety are presented, as well as the future trends and research prospects of EOs applications in foods. The present review aims to fill the evidenced gap, providing a comprehensive overview about the influence of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of food matrix systems to efficiently orientate EOs applications. Both intrinsic properties and extrinsic factors of food matrix affect the EOs action. EOs influence on the food organoleptic aspects were reviewed. Promising strategies for overcoming the organoleptic aspects of EOs were listed. Future research prospects are outlined to accelerate EOs application in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heracleum is a large genus of plants belonging to Apiaceae family that includes about 90 species of biennial or perennial herbs. Several species of this genus are extensively used in various traditional medicines and, despite their content in toxic furanocoumarins, also as food. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from flowering aerial parts of Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. sphondylium, a plant distributed in Europe and North-West Africa, collected in the Isle of Skye (Scotland), was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. No one report has been previously published on any British accession. The result showed the presence of large quantity of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and aliphatic esters, with bicyclogermacrene (31.6%) and octyl acetate (29.5%), by far, as the most abundant components. Considerations with respect all the other EOs of H. sphondylium taxa, studied so far, were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chamomile essential oil is used in the food and medicinal industries. Gallic acid has been identified as one of the most significant biological elicitors. At dosages of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L, Gallic acid was sprayed on chamomile plants. The yield of flowers and essential oils in dry flowers were assessed. The averages of data were examined statistically using one-way analysis of variance. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were a major chemical group, while α-bisabolol oxide A, α-bisabolol and chamazulene were the three main components of essential oil. When administered 15 mg/L Gallic acid, plants produced their most flowers and had the highest quantities of the essential oil, α-bisabolol oxide A, α-bisabolol and chamazulene. Essential oil extracted from untreated control plants had the highest concentration of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. It can be infer that Gallic acid increases the production of essential oil and alters its chemical constituents which alter its biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raw essential oil (EO) of Eucalyptus hybrida extracted from the leaves of trees found in Uttarakhand state and nearby areas consists of a mixture of monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and several different volatile compounds of which 1,8-cineole i.e., eucalyptol, a monoterpenoid cyclic ether is a major component. The eucalyptol rich EO also holds antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, broncholytic and mucolytic potential. In this work experimental tests were done to evaluate the feasibility of batch fractionation or fractional distillation (FD) technique in performing value addition of eucalyptus essential oil. The proximity of boiling points of eucalyptol, limonene and p-cymene act as a barrier in separating these compounds. A two-stage FD procedure was devised, which recovers relatively light terpene fractions in first stage and provides eucalyptol rich fractions in second stage. The GC-MS analysis of the fractionated samples revealed good separation results with three stage-B fractions (B8, B9 and B10) containing >90% purity of eucalyptol, while two stage-A fractions (A1 and A2) containing >90% purity of pinene mixture (α-pinene and β-pinene). FD thus proved to be an effective method for adding value to the eucalyptus EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, insecticidal and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities of crude essential oils (CEO) extracted from the stem-leaf parts of the endemic Centaurea paphlagonica plant via steam distillation, as well as its chromatography-based fractions for the first time. According to GC-MS analysis, eighty-five compounds were identified representing 98.49% of the total essential oil. β-Eudesmol (15.17%), phytol (8.69%), and spathulenol (8.03%) were determined as the main components. The CEO demonstrated a remarkably insecticidal activity against S. granarius and R. dominica insects, ranging from 98.35% to 100%, while achieving a 50% against T. confusum at a 10% concentration. The silica gel-based fractionation of CEO resulted in four qualitatively different fractions (CEO-F1 to F4). The CEO-F2, predominantly comprised of β-eudesmol and spathulenol, exhibited superior activity compared to CEO across all tested insects. In addition, the inhibitory activity of BChE, which causes death in insects by altering nervous system activities, was assessed. BChE inhibition activity of CEO and CEO-F2 was determined as IC50=346.57 μg/mL and 96.02 μg/mL, respectively, supporting the insecticidal activity tests and molecular docking studies. The volatile oil obtained from C. paphlagonica can be considered a potential natural source to combat storage product pests, with its significant natural volatile compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human colorectal cancer cell line (HCT116) cells are adherent epithelial cells derived from the human colorectal carcinoma cell line commonly used to study inflammatory responses in colonic epithelial cells. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Inula viscosa essential oil (IVEO), an effective antioxidant compound with a radical scavenging activity in vitro using HCT-116 cells. The chemical composition of hydrodistilled IVEO was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS systems. The major compounds of essential oil were borneol acetate (51.54%) and borneol (21.17%). The cytotoxicity was determined using the colorimetric MTT assay for 24 h, and 48 h. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, some enzymes activities including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in the HCT 116 cells both with and without IVEO treatment. In this study, there was a significant decrease in activities of cellular SOD and CAT, increased in the MDA levels in the cells treated with IVEO. These result indicate that IVEO can serve as an agent with strong potential to be utilized for the development of colorectal cancer chemoprevention. However, further molecular investi-gation is required to understand the molecular bearings of IVEO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne outbreaks associated with Escherichia coli O157 in the production of fresh cheese typically resulted in several bacterial infections in humans. Therefore, a number of additives-particularly natural additives-were employed to inhibit the growth of these microorganisms. In folk medicine around the world, Myrtus communis L. is a commonly employed traditional plant for treating an assortment of ailments. M. communis essential oil (McEO) is utilized for cosmetic formulations and food additives for covering off some foods' flavors. In this study, the antibacterial effect of McEO against E. coli O157 in Egyptian fresh soft cheese has been evaluated. The results showed that McEO exhibited inhibitory activity (MIC) against E. coli O157 at concentration of 0.8% (v/v) and bactericidal effect (MBC) at concentration of 3.2% (v/v). The bioactive components of McEO were characterized via the GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. Twenty-one volatile compounds were identified accounting 98.52% of the total oil mass. Terpenes represented overall identified constituents especially monoterpenes (94.99%). The three antibacterial compounds 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, and D-limonene were assigned as the primary components with corresponding relative concentrations of 42.18, 38.74, and 6.51%. Current findings provided evidence to support the idea of employing McEO as an E. coli O157 inhibitor in manufacturing of the Egyptian fresh soft cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) is considered as a major stored product pest. Conventional insecticides induce adverse effects on the environment. Plant derivative products constitute a promising alternative for pest control. The purpose of our research was to identify the chemical profile of essential oil (EO) extracted from Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) and to evaluate the fumigant and the contact toxicity, and the repellent activity of this oil on adults of Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera), a major pest in products that are stored around the world. The effects of this oil were examined on biochemical profile (energy reserves and Proteins), selective biomarkers like acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione (GSH), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Digestive enzymes were also investigated. The major chemical compounds identified by the GC-MS were α-phellandrene (16.613%), ß-phellandrene (12.104%), elemol (9.028%) and β-eudesmol (5.872%). Then, we evaluated the repellent activity, and also the effects in nutritional reserves and some biomarkers. This EO exhibited an insecticidal and repellent activity as a function of the exposure time and concentrations. Contact (LC50 at 24 h: 19.99 μL/mL) is the most effective mode of application compared to fumigation (LC50 at 24h: 174.30 μL/L air). S. molle EO was also investigated in digestive enzymes' activities (α-amylase, lipase, chitinase and protease). Our results revealed a decrease in both α-amylase, lipase, protease and chitinase activities in treated adults compared to controls. In addition, we noticed a neurotoxic activity of S. molle EO traduced by a decrease of AChE. An induction of the detoxification system was observed via a decrease in GSH rate and an increase in GST activity. Moreover, the treatment induces an alteration of biochemical profile of R. dominica adults. Lastly, essential oil was examined on nucleic acids. Results showed an increase in DNA and RNA amount in treated adults when compared with control. Due to their effective source of bioactive compounds, the EO from the studied plant could be used as an alternative strategy for the management of stored product pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Rumex obtusifolius L. were studied. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this essential oil has never been fully characterized. The component analysis of the essential oil was done by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and mass selective detector (GC-MS). A total of 104 compounds, representing 97.8% of the essential oil, were identified. Aliphatic compounds, mainly methyl ketones (74.2%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (13.7%) were found to be the most abundant compounds. The major compounds were undecan-2-one (47.6%) and nonan-2-one (13.4%). The antioxidant activity of the essential oil, evaluated by DPPH (IC50 9.11 mg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 36.72 mg/mL) assays, exhibited a weak ability in scavenging radicals. The essential oil also showed a low ferric reducing activity. The essential oil exhibited very good activity against E. coli and S. aureus, but low activities against S. enterica serovar, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. MIC values of the essential oil varied from 0.38-27.04 μL/mL, with the lowest for E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]