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This article traces what recent research and primary sources tell us about psychotherapy in Communist Europe, and how it survived both underground and above the surface. In particular, I will elaborate on the psychotherapeutic techniques that were popular across the different countries and language cultures of the Soviet sphere, with a particular focus upon the Cold War period. This article examines the literature on the mixed fortunes of psychoanalysis and group therapies in the region. More specifically, it focuses upon the therapeutic modalities such as work therapy, suggestion and rational therapy, which gained particular popularity in the Communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The latter two approaches had striking similarities with parallel developments in behavioural and cognitive therapies in the West. In part, this was because clinicians on both sides of the ‘iron curtain’ drew upon shared European traditions from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Nevertheless, this article argues that in the Soviet sphere, those promoting these approaches appropriated socialist thought as a source of inspiration and justification, or at the very least, as a convenient political shield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the history of British geographical studies of the USSR and Eastern Europe 1945-1991, presenting material from a research project which has included thirty-two oral history interviews. Oral history is an especially fruitful research methodology in this context due to the distinct issues of formality and informality involved in researching the Soviet bloc. After discussing the nature of the subdiscipline and the Cold War context, including the role of the British state in shaping the field, the paper considers the role of formal academic meetings and exchanges, and the place of unofficial spaces of encounter in the formation of an intellectual culture. The paper concludes by reflecting on the merits of oral history in studies of the production of geographical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PESCHEL K. (1992) European integration and regional development in Northern Europe, Reg. Studies 26, 387–397. Attention is directed to the spatial effects of ongoing West European integration, the unification of Germany and the possible westorientation of East Europe. The effects of Western European integration can be judged by theoretical reasoning and empirical knowledge about regional development trends in the past. Statements concerning the effects of German reunification have to be based on experiences of regional restructuring in Germany during the 1980s. Insights into the possible integration of Eastern and Western European economies are obtained by applying the results of models, developed to explain the spatial structure of international trade. PESCHEL K. (1992) l'intégration européenne et le dévelopement régional dans l'Europe du Nord, Reg. Studies 26, 387–397. On considère les effets économiques et géographiques de l'intégration ouest-européenne en vigueur, l'unification de l'Allemagne et la possibilité de l'ouverture occidentale de l'Europe de l'Est. Les retombées de l'intégration ouesteuropéenne peuvent être évaluées à partir d'un raisonnement théorique et des connaissances empiriques à propos des tendances antérieures relatives à l'aménagement du territoire. Les déclarations concernant les effets de la réunification allemande doivent être fondées sur des expériences de restructuration régionale en Allemagne au cours des années '80. Appliquer les résultats des modéles conçu afin d'expliquer la structure géographique des échanges internationaux permet une pénération dans l'intégration éventuelle des économies de l'est et de l'ouest. PESCHEI K (1992) Europäische Integration und regionale Entwicklung in Nordeuropa, Reg. Studies 26, 387–397. Die Aufmerksamkeit wird auf die räumlichen Auswirkungen der fortschreitenden Integration Westeuropas, die Vereinigung Deutschlands und die mögliche Ausrichtung Osteuropas nach Westen gelenkt. Die Folgen der westeuropäischen Integration können anhand theoretischer Überlegungen und auf Erfahrung aufbauender Kenntnis früherer Tendenzen regionaler Entwicklung beurteilt werden. Festellungen über die Folgen der deutschen Wiedervereinigung müssen auf Erfahrungen bei der regionalen Umstrukturierung in Deutschland in den achtziger Jahren aufbauen. Einblicke in die mögliche Integration der osteuropäischen Wirtschaften in die westeuropäischen werden durch Anwendung der Ergebnisse von zur Erklärung der räumlichen Struktur des internationalen Handels entwickelten Modellen gewonnen. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]