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In this article, the natural frequencies of the femur in the presence and absence of defects have been calculated. For this purpose, two approaches to bone modeling have been considered: one for the homogeneous case and the other for the non-homogeneous case, which more closely reflects the reality of the femur bone. In the next step, in order to identify suitable materials for femur bone implants, two materials AZ31 and CP Ti have been selected, and the natural frequencies of the femur made with these two materials have been calculated and compared with the results of the natural femur. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that although these two materials are attractive for bone implants from other aspects, they are not approved from the point of view of vibrations, although material AZ31 is a little better. It is also observed that the selected defect in the femur has little effect on the natural frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mg alloy is one of the most suitable biodegradable materials for making modern LCP. This is due to the osseointegration property, low elastic modulus, the presence in the human bone, and the excellent biodegradable nature. But it lacks much-needed strength compared to conventional (Ti, SS alloys) implants due to low strength of biodegradable (Mg, Zn alloys) materials. The problem can be solved by either biodegradable material development or by design improvement of existing LCP. Improving the design is a better way to improve the LCP. This paper aims to improve the design of existing LCP through the addition of features and their implications by analysing the stress distribution across the plates for improved biodegradable implant mechanical performance. Various designs have been developed and each has certain advantages over conventional LCP which ACT and 4PBT have been demonstrated via the FEM. They are best suited for femur bone fracture treatment replacing conventional metal alloys LCP. The CTLCP, SLCP, and SELCP have improved performance at stress concentration regions while STLCP especially has 36.74% less stress generation than conventional LCP along with excellent biodegradable performance. The designs are discussed in detail to analyse the effect of added features in conventional LCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper devises a technique for diagnosing and classifying osteoporosis using the femur bone's X-ray images. The devised approach uses the following phases: image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation of femur boundary, measurement of femoral geometry, feature mining, and osteoporosis categorization. Here, femur boundary segmentation is done using the Deep Contour Aware Network (DCAN), which is trained by the Chronological Artificial Ecosystem Optimization (CAEO) algorithm. Then, the femoral geometry is measured and the most relevant features in the image are identified. Further, osteoporosis is classified using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Transfer Learning (TL), where the CNN is employed with the hyperparameters of the pre-trained model, LeNet. Here, the Chronological Artificial Ecosystem Tasmanian Devil Optimization (CAETDO) algorithm optimizes the classification process. The CAETDO-CNN-TL is examined based on metrics and have the values of 0.910, 0.927, 0.928, and 0.904 for precision, True Negative Rate (TNR), True Positive Rate (TPR), and accuracy, correspondingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the associations of dietary inflammation index (DII) with bone density and osteoporosis in different femoral areas. The study population was selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with the exclusion criteria of age 18, pregnancy, or missing information on DII, femoral bone marrow density (BMD), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), or had diseases which may influence systemic inflammation. DII was calculated based on the questionnaire interview of dietary recall within 24 h. Subjects' baseline characteristics were collected. The associations between DII and different femoral areas were analyzed. After applying exclusion criteria, 10,312 participants were included in the study. Significant differences among DII tertiles were found in BMD or T scores (p <.001) of the femoral neck, the trochanter, the intertrochanter, and the total femur. High DII was associated with low BMDs and T scores in all the femoral areas (all p <.01). Compared to low DII (tertile1, DII < 0.380 as reference), in the femoral neck, the intertrochanter, and the total femur, increased DII is independently associated with increased the possibility of the presence of osteoporosis (OR, 95% CI: 1.88, 1.11–3.20; 2.10, 1.05–4.20; 1.94, 1.02–3.69, respectively). However, this positive association was only observed in the trochanteric area of the non-Hispanic White population after full adjustment (OR, 95% CI: 3.22 (1.18, 8.79)). No significant difference in the association of DII and the presence of osteoporosis were found in subjects with or without impaired kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2). High DII is independently related to declined femoral BMD of femoral areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that the geometric structures of bones are very complex. This has made researchers unable to model them with the continuum approach and suffice to model them with simulation or experimental tests. Undoubtedly, provide a simple and accurate continuum model for studying bones is always desirable. In this article, as the first serious endeavour, a suggested beam model is investigated to see whether it is suitable for modelling femur bones or not. If this model gives an acceptable answer, it can be a link to the continuum theories for beams. In other words, the approximated beam model can be formulated with continuum approach to study femur bone. For feasibility study of the approximated model for femur bones, both static and dynamic analysis of them are investigated and compared. It is found that in most cases for vibration analysis, the suggested model has acceptable results but in static analysis, the mean difference between the results is about 16%. This research is hoped to be the first serious step in this category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidents and Osteoporosis are two prime reasons of femur bone fractures. Osteoporosis causes weakening of bone in elder patients. Proper treatment during surgery will help patients for early rehabilitation. This paper portrays a review of concerned literature identified with Biomedical Image analysis and modelling of femur bone fractures for an operative planning. Paper intended to review literature for Biomedical image preprocessing to identify the proper region of Interest (ROI) by using an appropriate image modality, building up a 3D model of femur bone structure using image database with software, analysis of created 3D model for applying implant and its parametric analysis for evaluation of virtual surgery and operative planning to surgeon depending on assessment report produced utilising earlier advances. Such sort of work will keep away from mismatches of fracture which may prompt genuine implanted complications for patients including secondary fractures, poor anatomical alignment and bone debilitating too. Paper will summarise conclusion of concern literature to guide new researcher to start with [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]