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This document is an introduction to a collection of ten essays that were presented at a conference on the theme of 'Contesting the Church in England c.1640-c.1670'. The essays cover various topics related to religious debates and developments during this time period. Some of the key themes explored in the essays include the challenges faced by presbyterians, the role of the parochial clergy, the contribution of the laity, and the European context of English protestantism. The essays provide new insights and draw attention to under-used source material. The document also highlights the importance of understanding the perspectives of different religious groups and the impact of these years on their contributions to Restoration politics. [Extracted from the article]

Incarcerated people who study critical theory and emancipatory pedagogy inside prison classrooms can be frustrated by an inability to practice its goals of removing the barriers between faculty and students and creating a more just and democratic society. Inside prison, the theory of emancipatory learning is immensely empowering, but its practice is fraught by the intersecting, oppressive technologies of the prison world. In this article, three incarcerated students and two faculty who teach in prison trace how integrating restorative justice practices bridged emancipatory theory into actual practice. We demonstrate that incarcerated scholars who are equipped with restorative justice training can mitigate prison's disempowering structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a serious complication related to orthopedic trauma, both from an infectious disease and a surgical point of view. The lack of scientific data with respect to diagnostic criteria and treatment principles of this entity has hampered efforts for an evidence-based approach and, as such, practices to prevent and treat FRI are often extrapolated from peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI) literature. Recently, consensus guidelines were developed with respect to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of FRI.Areas covered: This review will define FRI and approaches to prevent and treat this complication will be discussed, with an emphasis on antimicrobial and surgical considerations. Guidelines focusing on FRI will be highlighted and aspects of pre-clinical research with imminent translational potential described.Expert opinion: New strategies are currently under investigation to improve the outcome of this sometimes-devastating complication. Local delivery of antimicrobials seems to be a promising approach; however, further high-quality clinical research is necessary to demonstrate efficacy. Delivery mechanisms for local antimicrobials include polymethyl methacrylate, implant coatings, collagen fleece, hydrogels and ceramics. The reintroduction of antimicrobials such as bacteriophage therapy has demonstrated promise in the management of drug-resistant organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a welcome addition to what seems like a growing trend to write about individuals in the early Church of England who are difficult to categorise, but who we suspect may have formed a majority in the middle ground of the Church. Featley died in 1645 at Chelsea College, which like him as Salazar points out, was representative of times now past when Catholicism had posed the major threat to the Church of England. Calvinist conformity in post-reformation England: the theology and career of Daniel Featley: by Greg A. Salazar, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2022, 304 pp., £64.00 (hardback), ISBN 9780197536902. [Extracted from the article]

Background: There is an international epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-infected men who have sex with men. We previously showed that adding telaprevir to pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) both shortened treatment and increased the cure rate of early HCV in these men. Whether shortening treatment of early HCV using IFN-free regimens would be similarly successful has not yet been demonstrated. Methods: We performed a pilot study of treatment with sofosbuvir (SOF) + RBV for 12 weeks in early genotype 1 HCV infection in HIV-infected men. The primary endpoint was SVR 12. Results: Twelve men were treated with 12 weeks SOF + RBV and 11 (92%) achieved SVR 12. Most (63%) were actively using recreational drugs, mostly methamphetamine. The one man who failed had laboratory results more characteristic of chronic than of early HCV infection. The overall safety profile was similar to that known for SOF + RBV. Conclusions: The success of this short-duration IFN-free treatment in early HCV infection is proof in principle that enhanced treatment responsiveness is an inherent characteristic of early HCV infection and not a function of IFN treatment itself. Future studies should now be done with more potent regimens to try to further shorten therapy. In the mean time, in clinical practice early HCV infection should be treated immediately after detection to take advantage of short-duration treatments, as well as to decrease further HCV transmission among HIV-infected MSM. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article empirically demonstrates the use of fine resolution satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) to develop time and space resolved estimates of ambient particulate matter (PM) ≤2.5 μm and ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameters (PM2.5 and PM10, respectively). AOD was computed at three different spatial resolutions, i.e., 2 km (means 2 km × 2 km area at nadir), 5 km, and 10 km, by using the data from MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. Multiresolution AOD from MODIS (AODMODIS) was compared with the in situ measurements of AOD by NASA's AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sunphotometer (AODAERONET) at Bondville, IL, to demonstrate the advantages of the fine resolution AODMODIS over the 10-km AODMODIS, especially for air quality prediction. An instrumental regression that corrects AODMODIS for meteorological conditions was used for developing a PM predictive model. The 2-km AODMODIS aggregated within 0.025° and 15-min intervals shows the best association with the in situ measurements of AODAERONET. The 2-km AODMODIS seems more promising to estimate time and space resolved estimates of ambient PM than the 10-km AODMODIS, because of better location precision and a significantly greater number of data points across geographic space and time. Utilizing the collocated AODMODIS and PM data in Cleveland, OH, a regression model was developed for predicting PM for all AODMODIS data points. Our analysis suggests that the slope of the 2-km AODMODIS (instrumented on meteorological conditions) is close to unity with the PM monitored on the ground. These results should be interpreted with caution, because the slope of AODMODIS ranges from 0.52 to 1.72 in the site-specific models. In the cross validation of the overall model, the root mean square error (RMSE) of PM10 was smaller (2.04 μg/m3 in overall model) than that of PM2.5 (2.5 μg/m3). The predicted PM in the AODMODIS data (∼2.34 million data points) was utilized to develop a systematic grid of daily PM at 5-km spatial resolution with the aid of spatiotemporal Kriging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although household partition is generally thought to be an event with significant behavioural implications in rural South Asia, little is known about the underlying determinants of household partition, or the extent to which partitioned households tend to operate as a single economic and social unit. In this paper the author uses longitudinal data collected in rural Bangladesh to provide a number of new insights into the process of household partition. There are three main parts to the paper. The first consists of a descriptive analysis of household structure which indicates that partition is an important determinant of household structure in this population, particularly for young couples in the early stages of family formation. Secondly, a procedure is developed for the analysis of household partition, which makes use of data on relationship to head of household. A multivariate analysis of household partition is then used to evaluate a number of new and existing hypotheses about the relationship between economic and demographic characteristics and the probability of household partition. One result that is of particular interest is that presence of daughters of a non-head increased the probability of partition significantly, but that of sons does not. Thirdly, data on the educational attainment of children are used to provide an indirect measure of the extent to which recently partitioned households continued to operate as a single economic and social unit. Although partitioned households remained in close proximity, they exhibited significant independence with regard to decisions about the educational attainment of children, something that is not apparent in jointly-resident sub-households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the author proposes an alternative formulation of Ryder's equations of demographic translation by constructing a filter which relates period and cohort-based parametric fertility schedules. The resulting filter is used to study fertility data from eight countries in Europe and North America. The author concludes that although a cohort-based model can explain all but the short-run variations in period fertility, the resulting model would have to be quite complex. In particular, it would need to explain the observed tendency for changes in the tempo and spread of cohort fertility to lead changes in the quantum of cohort fertility by several years. An analysis of the spectral properties of the translation filter indicates that a period-based model could easily produce this pattern. The fact that the period-based model provides a more parsimonious description of the observed patterns sheds doubts on the predictive value of cohort-based models of fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the sustained effects of the 1974-75 famine on cohort mortality in a rural area of Bangladesh are studied. In the analysis, mortality rates for children born and conceived during the famine are compared with those from a post-famine cohort. In the famine-born cohort, mortality was higher during the first and second years of life, while in the famine conceived cohort it was higher during the first year and lower during the second compared to the non-famine cohort. No significant differences in mortality by cohort were observed between the ages of 24 and 59 months. Using logistic regression, interactions between famine and socio-demographic characteristics were also studied. Three principal results emerged: first, a differential effect of the famine by socio-economic group was only present during the post-neonatal period for the famine-born cohort; secondly, children aged 12-23 months who were born to younger mothers were more adversely affected by the famine than those born to older mothers; and thirdly, although there was excess mortality for girls aged 24-59 months relative to boys of the same age in the non-famine and famine-conceived cohorts, there was little difference between mortality by sex for the famine-born. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a methodology for examining savings behavior in rural areas of developing countries that explicitly incorporates the sequential decision process in agriculture. The approach is used to examine the relative importance of alternative forms of savings in the presence and absence of formal financial intermediaries. Our results, based on stage-specific panel data from Pakistan, provide evidence that the presence of financial intermediaries importantly influences the use of formal savings and transfers for income smoothing. We also find that there are significant biases in evaluations of the savings--income relationship that are inattentive to the within-year dynamics of agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]