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Much of the controversy surrounding the advertising of tobacco and alcohol products concerns the impact on young people. Eye tracking was used to determine how a large sample of adolescents attend to print ads for cigarettes, beer, and other products. In particular, the time spent viewing the ads, the percentages attending to mandated and voluntary warning messages, and the time spent viewing those messages were analyzed. The two cigarette ads had similar mandated warnings but produced very different results, thus demonstrating the importance of conducting warnings research in the context in which the warnings will be used. Finally, preliminary results based on eye tracking indicate that in the beer ad, the voluntary message encouraging responsible drinking had limited warning value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of writers have claimed that sport is somehow "unreal," though it is not always clear what they mean by "unreal." Thus different meanings of "real" and "unreal" are distinguished in an attempt to show that, in various senses, sport is as real as anything else. For example, some people argue that sport is unreal because it is unproductive, hence unimportant; but unproductive things may have value in and of themselves. Sport also appears to be illusory because its existence depends on the adoption of constitutive rules; but in this respect it is no different from other social institutions. Although sport is not important in the sense of being one of the necessities of life, there are several reasons for ranking it among the higher human goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crisis in Advertising? The word "crisis" (Stewart 1992) may be too strong to describe the current situation in the advertising industry, but no one can deny that these are trying times for advertisers. Current trends in the industry are indeed cause for alarm. However, to paraphrase Mark Twain, Rust and Oliver's (1994) report that advertising is suffering from a terminal illness is greatly exaggerated. The disturbing trends of the 90s are not necessarily permanent, and the industry's future may be much brighter than suggested. In what follows, we offer alternative explanations for today's problems and suggest an optimistic future for the industry rather than "impending doom." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosols play an important role in global climate change by their interactions with incoming solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation from the planetary surface. The climate effects of aerosols depend on their scattering and absorption properties. This article describes the development of an instrument (ASTER: Aerosol Scattering To Extinction Ratio) that simultaneously measures the scattering and extinction of single aerosol particles. ASTER uses a high-Q cavity to amplify the extinction signal and innovative optics to collect the scattered light. It can distinguish many partially absorbing particles from a few black ones even if the bulk absorption is the same. Optical sizing and single-scattering albedo measurements were made for laboratory-generated particles with diameters from about 300 nanometers to above one micrometer. Using this prototype instrument, changes in albedo for single particles of 20% or greater were detected by measurement of the scattering and extinction. Optical sizing of the individual particles to within ∼ 50 nm was accomplished using the ratio of the forward scattered light to the total scattering. Initial measurements of laboratory air showed a mode of highly absorbing particles. This article reports design and early laboratory tests on ASTER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of entertainment television programming and its relationship to mass media in Indonesia through a discussion and analysis of research which has been done on the subject. The differences in Eastern and Western culture which have influenced Indonesian television are discussed. The effect Western reality television programming has had on Indonesian society and television programming is reported upon. The views of Indonesia's elite concerning television programming's effect on lower classes is examined.

A leading explanation for the small number of women in top elective positions is that not enough women comprise the pool of candidates generally considered "eligible" to run for political office. This explanation assumes that once more women excel in the areas of law and business, the leading occupations preceding a career in politics, the disparity between the number of women and men serving in elected positions will dissipate. Despite the fact that studies of the initial decision to run for office are critically important in evaluating women's slow movement into elected positions, almost no empirical work examines the initial decision to seek office. This article, which examines the attitudes of over 200 women and men from the pool of potential candidates in New York State, offers a first look at some of the ways in which gender may interact with the initial decision to run for office. Ultimately, we argue that the "eligibility pool" explanation may not fully take into account the manner in which the continued prevalence of traditional sex-role socialization affects the initial decision to enter the political arena. We find that traditional family structures and historically socialized gender roles may continue to discourage women from seeking public office. These findings reinforce the notion that broad patterns of sex-role socialization continue to impede women from full inclusion in the electoral process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raising standards of literacy has become a key issue for education policy in many countries. A critical factor in any attempt to improve education is the quality and consistency of teaching: thus there has been an increasing interest in teachers themselves. This has included not only what teachers do, but also what they know and believe; and how teachers' knowledge and beliefs relate to classroom practice. This paper reports an exploratory study of the theoretical beliefs of a sample of 225 British primary school teachers who were identified as successful in teaching literacy. The research took place in England between 1996 and 1998. Its main aim was to examine the characteristics of effective teachers of literacy – in particular their background, experience, professional development, knowledge, beliefs and classroom practice – and to compare them with a sample of 71 primary teachers who represented the range of effectiveness in literacy teaching. The findings of this study indicated differences in theoretical orientation to literacy within the effective teacher sample, according to the type of teacher training course taken, the number of years' experience of teaching gained after qualifying, and the highest level of professional qualification. There were also differences in theoretical orientation between the effective teachers and the comparison sample. The paper concludes that these differences in beliefs about literacy and its teaching have implications for policy and professional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I examine constructivism as a view of learning which has come to dominate educational debates about learning in the field of teacher education. The major claims of a variety of constructivist theories are considered and found to be largely wanting, in that they either differ little from common sense empiricist views, or else provide misleading and incomplete views of human learning, with consequently misleading implications for teaching in classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of effective teaching has been widely explored in the past, using a number of methodologies. There have, however, been few studies which have specifically attempted to apply the insights from effectiveness research to an understanding of the nature of effective teaching of literacy. This article reports some of the results of research, commissioned by the Teacher Training Agency, into the characteristics of teachers who could be shown to be effective in teaching literacy to primary pupils. The findings are based on a close study of a sample of teachers whose pupils make effective learning gains in literacy and of a sample of teachers who were less effective in literacy teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates how more women candidates in Kenya could reform the political process. Political socialization and candidates' relationships with the government; Gender inequality; Role of gender socialization; Policy priorities of women candidates.

Warnings in cigarette advertisements have been the principal method mandated by the federal government to educate consumers about the risks of smoking . Warnings have been required in all cigarette ads for 30 years and have remained largely unchanged during this time . The current warning program was neither developed nor implemented with specific communication goals in mind . Instead , it was negotiated by the government and tobacco industry representatives . The warning program has served the tobacco industry well by providing it with a key argument in tobacco litigation : "We warned you." It has , however , failed as a public health strategy , since much research has shown that the current warnings are ineffective communication devices . If Congress is to be effective in its efforts to educate consumers about the risks of smoking , it needs to rethink the warning strategy while making use of knowledge regarding how warnings work . The paper draws from current studies in order to develop realistic cigarette warning objectives and points out the considerations necessary to create such warnings . To be effective , warnings must be developed , targeted , tested , and revised over time . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh demands are currently being made upon teachers of literacy. How do these fit with what we know about teachers who are effective at teaching literacy? The research reported here aimed to explore the characteristic features of teachers who were effective literacy teachers, in terms of their knowledge, beliefs and teaching practices. It was found that effective teachers were already teaching literacy in a manner sympathetic to that implied in the National Literacy Strategy. The article goes on to discuss some of the implications of these findings, especially in terms of the design and content of future in-service courses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Modem law allows for both rehabilitative and punitive approaches to the sentencing of offenders. This article explores the differences between these underlying models and their implications for sentencing policy, taking the law in Victoria as a current example. It points out that the concept of proportionality as an overarching sentencing principle imposes restraints on treatment as well as punishment In a climate of increased punitiveness, it is argued that the rehabilitative model seems to be losing out despite its potential value. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Offers information on a case study of the school culture. Role of the principal in the school culture; Background on the school; Creation on an award for students.

Robert Paine, ed. The White Arctic: Anthropological Essays on Tutelage and Ethnicity. Newfoundland Social and Economic Papers No. 7. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland. 418 pp. $12.00. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This review provides background material on the rabbit of interest to scientists engaged in research on aging. It also summarizes some of the recent work using the rabbit in such research. The purpose of this review is to acquaint gerontologists with work primarily in the European literature where the rabbit has been used extensively in research on aging. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Schowalteria clemensiFox and Naylor, from the latest Cretaceous lower Scollard Formation, Red Deer Valley, Alberta, is the only known Mesozoic member of the extinct mammalian order Taeniodonta.Schowalteria clemensiwas originally classified in the derived family Stylinodontidae, but more recent studies employing computer-assisted phylogenetic and stratocladistic analyses of taeniodont interrelationships contend thatS. clemensiis the basal taeniodont, whereasOnychodectes, long considered the basal taeniodont, is instead the sister group of stylinodontids alone. These studies, however, are deeply flawed, marred by selection of problematic outgroups, incorrect scoring of numerous character states and of the stratigraphic age ofS. clemensi, omission of all stylinodontid-like characters ofS. clemensi, and reliance on major, implausible reversals during early taeniodont history. The more recent of these analyses also examined the relationship of taeniodonts within Eutheria, but this data set includes 54 (61%) erroneous scores forS. clemensi, the only taeniodont in the analysis. Moreover, subsequently published errata introduced new errors into the analyses. Thus, the hypothesis thatS. clemensiis the earliest discovered stylinodontid remains unrefuted by these studies: the earliest history of stylinodontids and that of more basal taeniodonts is still to be discovered, among species older thanS. clemensiitself. Citation for this article: Fox, R. C. 2016. The status ofSchowalteria clemensi, the Late Cretaceous taeniodont (Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1211666. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]