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During the 1960s, the scope of field archaeology in the Middle East transformed dramatically, driven by foreign aid funded dam-led regional development projects. The paradigm of river-basin salvage, intimately connected to dam projects first developed in the US Southeast during the Great Depression, was exported alongside the dam-building expertise, but with unanticipated results. Rather than creating a worldwide system of emergency archaeology to mitigate the threats posed to heritage by the global project of modernization, the Decade of Development resulted in archaeologists becoming consultants in irrigation, education, and finance – key prerequisites to the emergence of today's dominant modalities of the linkage between archaeology and development centred on regulatory compliance fieldwork and the encouragement of cultural tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagrams demonstrating principles of formal arrangement (what is commonly called composition or design) were pervasive in the production and interpretation of pictorial art in the United States throughout the first half of the twentieth century. This essay surveys three of the most influential: a Japan-inspired design manual written by art educator Arthur Dow and first published in 1899; a WWI-era proportional scheme devised by illustrator and amateur classical archeologist Jay Hambidge, and a series of essays from 1926 on the ‘mechanics of form organization’ by painter (and, at the time, Art Students League of New York instructor), Thomas Hart Benton. These and similar devices were an integral part of the relentless standardization and self-conscious modernization of artists’ methods modeled on industrial processes of mass production and pursued between the Civil War and the Great Depression by educators and policy-makers interested in establishing the teaching of art in the United States on a more practical basis than that provided by the European academic tradition. Despite their once near-ubiquity and pivotal role in the development of several generations of American modernists, including Georgia O’Keeffe, George Bellows and Jackson Pollock, as described here, these hugely popular devices are almost entirely forgotten today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article "Please Tell About Dad": Anxiety and Nostalgia in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman" by Fukui Huang explores the themes of anxiety and nostalgia in postwar America as depicted in Arthur Miller's play. The text delves into the anxious conditions of characters like Willy and his sons, examining their struggles with masculine identity and societal pressures. Through a detailed analysis of the play, the article highlights how Miller uses memory episodes to portray the existential anxiety that haunts middle-class American men amidst social and economic changes. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "The Housing Act of 1949 in Images" provides a visual exploration of the impact of the 1949 Housing Act on urban redevelopment and housing in the United States. The article includes images and graphs that depict various aspects of the housing projects authorized under the act, such as slum clearance, urban renewal, demolition, and the construction of high-rise apartments. It also highlights the racial discrimination and challenges faced by Black communities in accessing fair housing and the role of homeownership in generational wealth. The article concludes with the mention of the HOPE VI program, which marked the end of conventional public housing. [Extracted from the article]

"Textures: The History and Art of Black Hair" and "Black Hair in a White World" are two books that explore the significance of Black hair in relation to politics, discrimination, and self-image. The books feature essays and personal narratives that discuss the natural hair movement and its connection to Black American culture and identity. The books also analyze cultural artifacts and artworks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the history and representation of Black hair. While the books offer valuable insights, they do not include perspectives from younger generations who use their natural hair as a form of artistic expression. [Extracted from the article]

Strong claims have been made about the significance of the concept of security in modern governance. The study of security has developed from its post-1945 focus on the state’s role in securing the population from external threat to include broader and critical perspectives, which seek to embed the concept of security in its cultural and historical contexts. This article traces the origins of contemporary security culture in Australia to the first half of the twentieth century. It examines the concept of security from debates about the provision of national insurance and the amelioration of the suffering of the Great Depression to the Curtin and Chifley Labor governments’ postwar reconstruction program in the 1940s. The article argues that the origins of national security culture in the present lie in mid-twentieth-century debates about the role of the state in securing the population from economic deprivation, unemployment and ill health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in Diplomacy & Statecraft honors the life and work of Brian McKercher, a scholar in international history. McKercher's research focused on themes such as great powers, diplomacy, and the impact of leaders on history. His contributions to understanding British-American relations during the interwar period have been significant, and he has also made a mark as an editor and teacher in the field. The article serves as a tribute to McKercher's dedication to the study of war and peace, acknowledging his influence as a mentor and colleague in the academic community. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the Gabriel Copper, a native copper specimen from the Central mine in Keweenaw County, Michigan, which is part of the collection at the A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum of Michigan Technological University. The Gabriel Copper is known for its aesthetic balance, quality of crystallization, lovely patina, interesting twinning, and perfect size. It has been extensively used to represent the museum and its heritage, appearing on book covers, magazine covers, articles, brochures, and business cards. The article also provides information about Donald C. Gabriel, the collector who purchased the specimen, and the history and collections of the A. E. Seaman Mineral Museum. [Extracted from the article]

This paper describes the establishment of banking supervision in Italy and its operation between 1926 and 1936, using a narrative approach based on previously classified documents from the Bank of Italy's Historical Archives. This case is particularly interesting from the international perspective, Italy having been the first European country to assign substantial supervision to its central bank, a few years before the 1929 crisis. Notwithstanding insufficient regulation and a light touch concerning the four major mixed banks, we document considerable enforcement of the law, which went beyond the initial provisions, thanks to the rather proactive supervisory approach adopted by the Bank of Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stan Cross's "For gorsake, stop laughing: this is serious!" (Smith's Weekly, 1933) is the symbol and bellwether of the Australian cartooning tradition. It is often lionised as a national treasure, but its archival history has been perilous in a way that shows a lack of care amounting almost to national negligence. The original of this most famous cartoon of the Depression era was lost for 80 years before being rediscovered in 2014, and this article notes for the first time that Trove Newspapers lacks a record of its initial publication. We use this troubled material history of one significant cartoon to raise a range of issues about the quality and purpose of collecting and presenting Australian cartoons as a resource for Australian studies in fields ranging from media and humour studies to cultural and political history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Years ago, it became established that the severity and length of the Great Depression were due largely to misguided Federal Reserve monetary policy and the resulting catastrophic bank failures. This result is confirmed by surveys of scholars in the area and books specifically written on economic history. Yet the leading textbooks used in high school US history fail to reflect these findings. The texts (1) tend to ignore the recognized causes of the Great Depression's severity and (2) overstate the role of other causes rejected by the majority of economic historians. After laying out this curious disjuncture, this article presents curricular resources to help high school teachers more accurately present the Great Depression's causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was clear as the economic crash deepened in the 1930s that the American people were suffering psychological shock. President Hoover regularly suggested that the economic problems of the country were "largely psychological," and Roosevelt worried in his inaugural address that the people might succumb to "nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror." Daniel Starch observed in Faith, Fear and Fortunes (1934) that the "'New Deal' is a psychological term" which "sums up in two words the aspirations of a great people." Many understood the importance of addressing the underlying psychological uncertainty brought about by the crash and presenting to the people a compassionate ear so as to soothe their fears. Academics and experts from a wide swath of disciplines descended on Washington, all hoping to help ease the pain of the Depression or design plans for a new future. Yet, as The New York Times asked in 1934," Where are the psychologists themselves, with their complexes and their reflexes?" The field had grown in both numbers and prominence in the years leading to the crash, and while other social and behavioral sciences had wrestled and dealt with the issue of social relevance, psychology lagged behind. The calamity of the era seemed to call out for their voices; however, the profession was undergoing a crisis of identity, where the divisions concerning its role as part of the recovery process were subsumed by debates concerning theory, employment, accreditation, and generational issues. I examine the core of these debates and explore their ramifications on the profession and American society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did Detroit skip the downtown office building boom other cities experienced in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and how does that explanation help in understanding the forces behind other cities' downtown fortunes as well? The auto companies located their offices outside downtown and purchased business services in New York, generating little demand for space downtown. Despite this narrative of downtown decline, Kickert sees hope in the activities of private actors who have now become dominant property owners in segments of downtown and have de facto control of planning there. [Extracted from the article]

The 2007–2008 international financial crisis was the worst since the 1929 Wall Street Crash – triggering the 1930s Great Depression, the rise of fascism and Hitler in Europe, and the Second World War. In the 1930s there were reforms to tackle the causes – particularly in the US with Roosevelt's New Deal – including splitting banks' 'casino' from 'high street' operations, and strengthening trade union rights. Following the Second World War, there were global reforms, including exchange controls to prevent cross-border financial speculation. But in the post-1980s era of privatisation and deregulation, these reforms were lobbied against and generally abandoned. The resulting speculative orgy, accompanied inevitably by increased inequality, led to the 2007–2008 international financial crisis. Reforms were promised, including increasing the degree of corporate diversity in the financial services sector, and creating 'resolution' plans for banks to prevent their collapse. However, the promised reforms regarding corporate diversity were reneged upon. Resolution plans were adopted in the UK, but in Europe this is being driven in a way that will strengthen the power of finance that created the problem in the first place. And the UK Government wants the regulator to promote the 'competitiveness' of financial services, which was tried before, and didn't end well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have traced the mass migration of French Canadians from the St. Lawrence River valley to the United States between the Civil War era and the Great Depression; to a lesser extent, scholars have also studied outmigration in the 1840s and 1850s. Closer scrutiny of available evidence suggests, however, that the roots of Lower Canada's great demographic hemorrhage lie in the early decades of the nineteenth century. As cross-border infrastructure and commerce developed, French Canadians explored new opportunities in the northeastern United States and Great Lakes region. Demographic estimates, signs of an agricultural crisis, and contemporary sources all point to a migratory pattern that anticipated the grande saignée. Further research of this kind stands to change how scholars view not only French-Canadian mobility, but the extent of continental integration prior to the advent of railways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the returned soldier, who has figured prominently in Australian historiography of war, should be understood as a site of collective memory. During the Great Depression, the Scullin government failed to remove preference in employment for returned soldiers, even though the Australian labour movement demanded the restoration of preference for unionists. Moreover, Scullin quarantined key categories of war pensions from the cuts imposed by the deflationary Premiers' Plan of June 1931. In the public debates surrounding these policy issues, the 'returned soldier' was constructed as a powerful representation of unity, national pride and sacrifice in the common good. These wartime values were now claimed to be needed as Australians faced another national crisis. Hence, even though individual returned soldiers were often affected adversely by the Depression, their privileged status as an imagined collective was affirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uncovers for the first time the life story of Matilda McCrear (1857 or 1858–1940), the last survivor of the Clotilda, the last U.S. slave ship. Drawing on a newspaper interview with McCrear alongside genealogical data, this study charts her experiences from slavery to the Great Depression, and sheds light not only on McCrear's life but also the lives of her mother Gracie, stepfather Guy, sister Sallie and two other unnamed sisters, who were all survivors of the slave ship Clotilda. The article has two key aims: to construct one of the most complete biographical accounts yet available of a female transatlantic slave trade survivor and, equally significantly, to create the first composite portrait of a family's experience of the Middle Passage and its aftermath. The article highlights the lifelong injustices that McCrear and her family endured, but it also uncovers the sometimes surprising ways in which McCrear resisted the social and economic limitations of her place, as an African-born woman, in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century U.S. South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nominal wage stickiness is a popular explanation for the greatness of the Great Depression. According to the sticky-wage explanation, the slow adjustment of nominal wages raised real wages above the market-clearing level, causing a reduction of output and labour, thus increasing unemployment. Explanations for nominal wage stickiness are usually sought within the labour-market institutions and their changes after the First World War. This paper examines the role of labour-market institutions by comparing manufacturing labour markets in Finland and Sweden. These two countries had quite similar economic structures, trade patterns, and exchange rate policies, but different systems of industrial relations. Results indicate that stronger trade unions and collective bargaining made nominal wages stickier in Sweden, while in Finland, where collective agreements did not exist, unions were weaker, and wage adjustment was more flexible. As a result, real product wages rose in Sweden but fell in Finland. This created in Sweden stronger pressure for reducing labour input than in Finland. Our results show on one hand that labour market institutions clearly influenced the course of the Great Depression, but on the other hand that they alone do not explain the different economic outcomes during the depression and the recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of a new data-set constructed from company balance sheets and profit and loss accounts (for 1927–1936), this article examines the performance of the top 50 industrial joint stock companies in Greece that survived the Great Depression. We combined descriptive statistics with panel data analysis, and our main findings are as follows: (1) the Great Depression had a rather mild impact on profitability; (2) the level of (financial or operating) leverage throughout the decade under review was lower than that prescribed in theory, and the best performers within the top 50 had a higher liquidity; (3) leverage did not produce the expected benefits (i.e. a higher capital investment) even when there were increasing industrial profits as in the post-crisis period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability is the capacity to endure. For academic libraries, sustainability may well require a radical recalibration of their historic value proposition. The “Great Recession” has accelerated profound changes in higher education funding and in the perception of higher education as a public good. Can libraries use scarcity to fuel the imagination? Can the singular strengths of libraries boost the ability of higher education to thrive, not merely survive? What can be learned from strategies employed in the Great Depression and other periods of severe constraint? Ultimately, how might libraries increase revenue, engender flexibility, foster collaboration, align activities, reduce costs, strengthen infrastructure, and encourage innovation within the framework of a sustainable academic business plan? This article examines these questions by using the University of Washington's 2Y2D (Two Years to Two Decades) initiative and the UW Libraries companion effort, Building Sustainable Futures, as a case study. 2Y2D provides an inclusive framework for near term action (two years) that will realize an aspirational future in the long-term (two decades). Building Sustainable Futures places a library lens over 2Y2D. The Libraries Research Commons exemplifies the synergistic intersection of the two initiatives and may be instructive for other environments and institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this important book, Joan Beaumont suggests that, for Australians at least, the Great Depression was less traumatic than the two world wars and as a result has received less attention from scholars. For Australians, like the inhabitants of many nations, the first half of the twentieth century was an era of immense turbulence. 576 pp., $AU39.99, ISBN 9781760293987, Publisher's website: https://www.allenandunwin.com/. [Extracted from the article]

The unemployment statistics of the 1930s' Great Depression have often been used as a way of estimating the endurance and severity of the economic crisis in different countries. The Swedish unemployment data have, among other things, been used in comparison with the American data to describe the different economic development that these two countries experienced during the twentieth century. Sweden's 'work approach' to unemployment during the Great Depression has also been highlighted in earlier research as an answer to the question of why Sweden managed the Great Depression quite well and was able to kick-start the development of the welfare state. Unfortunately, the official unemployment data mainly covered men; female unemployment has been neglected both in the official records and in earlier research, and the praised 'work approach' only targeted male unemployment. In this paper, a new and previously neglected source of unemployment data is brought into the light in the form of poor relief statistics. From this information, a new estimation of the female unemployment during the Great Depression is made, which questions the grand conclusions that have been reached regarding the connections of the crisis and the later welfare state construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how Australian women broadcasters used radio to claim their own voices as experts on international affairs and encourage other women to become active world citizens in the 1930s. During a decade when the Great Depression limited the ability of many to travel, and the increasing calamity of the rise of fascism and the descent into World War II brought foreign affairs to the forefront of public debate, broadcasting became a key tool used by internationalist women to educate their female listeners about the world beyond Australia's shores. They also used the medium to encourage other women to become actively involved in international causes including feminism, peace activism and Zionism. Through their broadcasts, women such as Constance Duncan, Irene Greenwood and Ruby Rich demonstrated the value of radio as a tool for active citizenship and further opened up the public sphere to women's voices and opinions on social and political issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 28 May 1934, Annette, Emilie, Yvonne, Cecile and Marie Dionne were born to a francophone family living in a farmhouse near North Bay. The Ontario Government would declare the first-ever surviving quintuplets wards of the Crown and relocated them to a specially built nursery under the care of Dr. Allan R. Dafoe. Dubbed Quintupletland, the compound became the province's most popular tourist attraction during the second half of the decade while the Quintuplets became Hollywood film stars. While other scholars and popular writers have examined the Dionne Quintuplets through various theoretical and emotional lenses, the interconnections between film culture, gender and tourism have not been considered. Drawing from archival and textual evidence, this essay considers the corpus of Dionne films as a significant site of intermedial and transnational socio-cultural exchange rooted in asymmetrical power dynamics and exploitation. It argues that Dionne filmography demonstrates the possibilities of film culture in establishing synergistic relationships between narratives of Hollywood stardom, medicalized gendered discourse and the tourism industry during the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the political discussion regarding the nature of the Soviet society. He believes that political discussion in the 20th century is full of legends. He argues that Westerners had a hard time understanding Bolshevism due to the Great Depression of the 1930's, the Spanish Civil War, and the establishment of National Socialism.

Sir, In his 2020 South African budget, the Minister of Finance, Dr Tito Mboweni has targeted R30bn to establish a Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF). The fund is exclusively invested outside Norway, mainly to avoid overheating the Norwegian economy but also not to interfere with the state pension fund (Government Pension Fund Norway - GPFN). 2 Mbatha, A., 2020, Mining royalties, sale of spectrum will fund R30bn sovereign wealth fund - Mboweni, Fin24, 26 February. [Extracted from the article]

This article aims to investigate the dynamics of Italian agriculture during the crisis of the 1930s, as well as related issues such as the role of some policies deployed to contain the recession and their consequences. To that end, the article adopts a particular viewpoint based on the belief that Italy presents a large variety of rural environments, the result of its geography and history, and is characterized by different cultivations, features, conduction systems, productivity levels, and market orientations - in other words, diverse modes of production. Partitioning these 'rural Italies' allows us to analyse their trends and prevents them from being bundled together in such a way as to compensate and sometimes even nullify each other. Moreover, the Fascist regime introduced active incentive and protectionist (even autarkic) policies to contrast the recession. Split into the plurality of its agrarian contexts, therefore, the country becomes a sort of kaleidoscope, through which it is possible to observe both the relatively wide set of effective changes brought about by the depression and the diverse impact of national policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the approach of the U.S. and Soviet Union towards reproductive rights during Great Depression. It mentions American Communist Party advocated for women's right to birth control and abortion as a measure to alleviate the burdens of parenting for the working-class. It also mentions abortion and birth control were synonymous in Soviet Union.

Britain’s Conservative Party has traditionally had a reputation for being hostile towards the trade unions, but the period from 1951 to 1964 was remarkable for the extent to which most of the Conservative leadership sought to cultivate the trust and cooperation of Britain’s trade unions. To the dismay of many on the Party’s right, Conservative Ministers consistently refused to introduce industrial relations legislation or statutory curbs on the internal affairs and activities of the trade unions, insisting instead that the key to good industrial relations lay in improving ‘human relations’ and promoting partnership in industry. As these could not be achieved by invoking Acts of Parliament, Conservatives needed to pursue a more enlightened and patient approach to industrial relations and trade unionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Depression affected the Spanish economy, sharply increasing the number of unemployed workers, known as the 'sin trabajo'. In an effort to address problems with the labour market, the Central Office for Job Placement and Defence against Unemployment was established in 1931 for the purpose, in Niceto Alcalá-Zamora's words, of heading off 'regrettable passions and misadventures of a social or political nature'. The 'reformist challenge' to the traditional social order would commence that same year, when the PSOE's Largo Caballero became head of the Ministry of Labour. The staff of the Central Office for Job Placement were aware of proposals by Keynes and other economists regarding this issue, so it can be said that in addition to responding to the urgent social pressure of the moment, the employment policies implemented also sought added legitimacy in the context of theoretical trends that enjoyed consensus at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Great Depression has been the subject of much research, focus normally centers on the impact instead of the tactics developed by working-class organizations to tackle the problems it caused, specifically unemployment. Recent research has sought to fill this gap, but numerous areas remain uncovered. This paper covers two of these: the situation in Spain and the reaction of anarcho-syndicalist union - the Confederación Nacional de Trabajo. Spain presents an anomalous case; a country that saw the replacement of a semi-fascist dictatorship by a democracy in the 1930s. Furthermore, the fact that the initial government of the Spanish Second Republic included the Socialists provides an opportunity of comparing and contrasting the positions and policies of reformist and revolutionary workers' organizations. The study is based on predominantly on articles appearing in the CNT newspaper Solidaridad Obrera. The conclusion reached is that for the CNT rising unemployment was a symptom of an irreversible trend in a failing capitalist system, which could only be solved by the revolutionary overthrow of that system. Nonetheless, the union had to present plausible solutions to ameliorate the conditions of the workers to attract the unemployed and thus, create a force strong enough to lead that revolutionary change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late 2000s' economic recession is considered the longest economic downturn since the 1930s Great Depression. Declining real estate values ignited an increase in loan defaults and mortgage foreclosures that led to a surge of bank failures at a rate not experienced by the U.S. banking industry since the 1980s. A total of 509 bank failures were recorded by the FDIC from January 2007-December 2014, with nearly 60% of these failures occurring in 2009 and 2010. In contrast, there were only 24 bank failures in the U.S. during the 7-year period prior to 2007. This study analyzed certain components of operating decisionsmade by banks that either survived or became critically insolvent during the late 2000s financial crisis using an Input Distance Stochastic Frontier function to estimate the technical efficiency (TE) and allocative efficiency (AE) between agricultural banks and non-agricultural banks. This efficiency analysis was applied to a 7-year pre-recession period and is designed to final out any early warning signals that decrease the efficiency level of banks. Results suggest that survival banks were more technically efficient than critically insolvent banks, and banks' tendency to utilize cheaper inputs were more likely to stand the economic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early years of the Great Depression, as Laredo's annual Washington Birthday Celebration entered its third decade, the bilingual Laredo Times crusaded for the cash-strapped city it served to keep staging yearly commemorations of the first U.S. president. This article analyzes 339 articles, photos, columns, cartoons, and advertisements that appeared in the Times between 1929 and 1934 to show how the newspaper created a cross-border public memory of George Washington for its increasingly desperate imagined community of transnational readers. Moreover, this article demonstrates the role of the Times in transforming the Washington celebration from its origins as an 1898 Americanization tactic of Anglo city fathers into a twentieth century regional, cultural, and economic vehicle that conceptualized "American" liberty as English and Spanish and Mexican and American. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study is presented exploring how U.S. Surgeon General Thoms Parran Jr. addressed the outbreak of venereal diseases (VD) during the Great Depression era of the 1930s. It discusses how Parran used media relations and legislative lobbying to achieve organizational goals through an understanding of public relations.

The article looks at the future of democracy amid the changing structure of hegemonic power. It explores the effects of hegemonic shocks such as the two World Wars, the Great Depression and the collapse of the Soviet Union on monarchy, fascism, communism and democracy during the 20th century. The impact of the success and failure of democracy on transformations of the international system is discussed, as well as the effect of U.S. imperialism on the status of democracy globally in the 21st century.

The author discusses the career of U.S. economist and college president Glenn Frank. He mentions Frank's education and career leading to his appointment as president of the University of Wisconsin, his comments on productivity and wages and their impact on the Great Depression, and his relationship with the Republican Party.

We can never pay enough attention to the consequences of the economy’s financialization since the 1970s. The author reviews the damage done by the explosive growth in financial markets, metrics and motivations. Steps to fix these challenges must begin by mitigating financial instability and reconnecting finance with real economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many Americans during the 1930s, participation in real and potential foreign conflicts was a national dilemma as serious as the Great Depression. As the decade progressed and the possibility of war loomed larger, an ideological battle ensued between two loosely formed yet bitterly hostile camps: one favoring unilateral isolation and the other for a more active role in the international system. This period of intense public debate about national foreign policy was not an American phenomenon, though. It had a distinct northern counterpart in Canada. The core of this project is to explore isolationism as an ideology of North American themes within national varieties. Comparing an American and a Canadian example of this mindset brings a broader perspective to a subject so commonly associated with the United States alone, revealing both cross-border commonalities and national differentiations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

I The Museum: A Short History of Crisis and Resilience i is the latest museological history by historian and former museum professional Samuel J. Redman. Not all the crises featured in I The Museum i are museum crises I per se i . Resilient museums are museums that adapt during times of crisis to maintain their work in fulfilling societal need. [Extracted from the article]

This intra-Scandinavian comparison provides a corrective to existing comparative literature on Sweden's response to the Great Depression at three levels: policy conception, case selection and mode of explanation. The paper's holistic view of economic policy shows that the Swedish response was not just about fiscal policy. A broadly defined Swedish response becomes even less distinctive when compared with its Danish and Norwegian counterparts. The paper makes three points to explain the intra-Scandinavian variation (convergence and divergence). First, the regional-metropolitan context matters. Facing similar international challenges, the three small states developed a defensive reflex by striking domestic compromises, abandoning the gold standard, devaluing their currencies and effecting monetary expansion. Second, the political-economic development experience matters. On one hand, proportional representation entrenched Scandinavian farmers as a critical political force, thus ensuring agricultural protectionism across the region. On the other hand, the cross-national divergence in industrialisation largely shaped industrial policy: Sweden’s relative trade and domestic liberalism sharply contrasted with Denmark’s exchange controls and Norway’s import substitution. Third, ideology matters. Whereas the Danish Social Democrats’ traditional liberalism and their Norwegian counterparts’ radicalism buttressed fiscal orthodoxy, the Swedish Social Democrats’ ideational and programmatic renewal paved the way for the fiscal experiment of the crisis years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]