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We evaluated spray coverage on grape leaves and bunches by a high-volume sprayer (HVS), an air-assisted, low volume knapsack sprayer (LVS), and a motorized knapsack dust applicator modified to spray liquid formulations (common sprayer – CS). At the full development of the vine canopy 1400, 250 and 150 L ha−1 were applied via HVS, CS and LVS, respectively. Sprayer type, leaf or bunch orientation, leaf position and leaf side significantly affected spray coverage (P < 0.001). Mean spray coverage on leaves or bunches was below 21% for CS, and above 40 and 55% for LVS and HVS, respectively. Downy mildew leaf infection was below 5% throughout the season, with a significant effect of sprayer, time and an interaction between sprayer and time (P < 0.001). Grape berry moth damage did not differ between sprayers and the untreated control. The current work suggests that LVS might be a viable alternative to HVS, but further work is needed to establish whether differences in spray coverage affect biological efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of resveratrol (RSV) in A375 and A431 melanoma cells, by assessing cell viability (CCK-8 assay), apoptosis through flow cytometer and cell morphology, cell cycle assay by flow cytometer and western blot (Cyclin D1, Rac1 and PCDH9). Our results demonstrated that RSV strongly inhibited A375 cells proliferation, by decreasing cell viability, promoting apoptosis and arresting cell cycle. Besides, to clarify the main factor - duration or concentration of RSV, the double variance analysis of independent factors was operated after Bartlett's test for homogeneity by R project. According to the outcomes obtained from statistical analyses, Cyclin D1 and PCDH9 were strongly affected by RSV duration while Rac1 was not influenced. In conclusion, RSV can inhibit A375 proliferation and trigger apoptosis by influencing cell cycle proteins; for these effects, treatment duration of RSV played more important role than concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]