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Liquid manure storages are a significant source of methane (CH4) emissions. Farmers commonly agitate (stir) liquid manure prior to field application to homogenize nutrients and solids. During agitation, manure undergoes mechanical stress and is exposed to the air, disrupting anaerobic conditions. This on-farm study aimed to better understand the effects of agitation on CH4 emissions, and explore the potential for intentional agitation (three times) to disrupt the exponential increase of CH4 emissions in spring and summer. Results showed that agitation substantially increased manure temperature in the study year compared to the previous year, particularly at upper- and mid-depths of the stored manure. The temporal pattern of CH4 emissions was altered by reduced emissions over the subsequent week, followed by an increase during the second week. Microbial analysis indicated that the activity of archaea and methanogens increased after each agitation event, but there was little change in the populations of methanogens, archaea, and bacteria. Overall, CH4 emissions were higher than any of the previous three years, likely due to warmer manure temperatures that were higher than the previous years (despite similar air temperatures). Therefore, intermittent manure agitation with the frequency, duration, and intensity used in this study is not recommended as a CH4 emission mitigation practice. Implications: The potential to mitigate methane emissions from liquid manure storages by strategically timed agitation was evaluated in a detailed farm-scale study. Agitation was conducted with readily-available farm equipment, and targeted at the early summer to disrupt methanogenic communities when CH4 emissions increase exponentially. Methane emissions were reduced for about one week after agitation. However, agitation led to increased manure temperature, and was associated with increased activity of methanogens. Overall, agitation was associated with similar or higher methane emissions. Therefore, agitation is not recommended as a mitigation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of two dairy manure treatments, solid-liquid separation (SLS) and anaerobic digestion (AD), on methane potential and the speed of production was evaluated. Assays were performed in the lab to measure methane (CH4) production over 202 d from dairy manure samples taken before and after each treatment. Compared to raw manure, CH4 emissions on a per-L basis were reduced 81% by SLS and 59% by AD, on average. The mean (SD) ultimate CH4 emission potential (B0) per kg of volatile solids (VS) was 247 (8) L CH4 kg-1 VS for raw manure, 221 (9) L CH4 kg-1 VS for separated liquid, and 160 (4) L CH4 kg-1 VS for anaerobic digestate. Thus, SLS reduced the B0 of the liquid fraction by 11% and AD reduced B0 by up to 35% compared to raw manure. Manure treatment affected the speed of CH4 production: SLS increased the CH4 production rate and thus separated liquid manure was the fastest to produce 90% of the ultimate CH4 production. Therefore, both the speed of degradation and B0 should be considered when assessing these techniques for farm-scale manure storages, because actual emission reductions will depend on storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the sexual health change process experienced by 26 college student sexual health educators from three geographic regions of the United States who participated in a multisite arts-based sexual health prevention program. We conducted eight focus groups and used a phenomenological approach to analyze data. We drew from social cognitive theory (SCT) to examine how sexual health knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and communication shifted across the duration of participation. Findings suggest that the college student sexual health educators (a) developed enhanced sexual health awareness and critical consciousness, (b) questioned their own sexual health education and challenged previous beliefs, and (c) demonstrated self-efficacy related to intended behavior change and their perceived role as social justice advocates. We present both similarities and differences regarding the sexual health change process among the college student sexual health educators across the three sites. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author argues that, with proper adjustments, the conventional view about the rise in inequality has been exaggerated. Indeed, in recent periods, most of the inequality can be attributed to gains by a small proportion of very high-income individuals. He proposes a variety of aggressive policies to counteract the levels of inequality found by his analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct and indirect moral regulation of its citizens, subjects and denizens is one of the key — albeit under-acknowledged — activities of states, especially in Africa. Using Namibia, a former German colony and then a League of Nations mandate as a case study, the author of this paper examines what the administration regarded as the most potent medium for influencing peoples' behaviour, namely film or motion pictures. Of all the so-called mass media, film was held to have the greatest capacity to impact people's values. Censorship was strongly nuanced in terms of age, gender and race and, with hindsight, was draconian. While appearing exceptional it was very clearly part of an emergent international system of moral regulation with a nexus in the League of Nations. Part of the problem from a colonial perspective was that Europeans believed that by allowing the colonized to view the back regions of European behaviour, it would undermine white prestige and this caused a moral panic. Ironically, despite the almost magical value attributed to cinema, its use for development and moral upliftment was relatively minor. The more intriguing question is why settlers were so intrigued by the impact of the cinema? Part of the answer is that the censors' certificate at the start of the film show was a ritual imprimatur signifying that they were in control of technology and reinforced and inscribed population categories. Each certificate in turn served to amplify the need for more censorship in order to maintain the settler fantasy world of a stable social situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gross domestic product per capita, even when adjusted for purchasing power, is not an adequate way to make comparisons of standards of living across nations. This economist has long been interested in determining how best to measure just that. In this interview, he compares the U.S. and European way of life and says he believes that differences in GDP per capita exaggerate differences in the standard of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pastoralists have long been recurrent figures in visual images and other representations of Africa and Africans. Whether seen in positive or negative terms, pastoralists have provided means for thinking about and imaging cultural difference and identity, with considerable continuity in representational forms and themes. As popular visual media proliferated and changed over the past two centuries--from postcards, trade cards, and live shows to Hollywood films and video games--African pastoralists have continued to appear in each new form, often replicating the types and stereotypes of Euroamerican understandings even as they register new and varied circumstances. The proliferation and reverberation of similar images through diverse visual media is one way these images have come to seem "natural" and to develop such remarkable persistence [Kratz 2002]. Using cases drawn from eastern and southern Africa, this collection of articles considers the multifaceted processes of representation involved in imaging African pastoralists. It invites attention to how such representations are produced in diverse visual media and through interconnections among visual and verbal media, examining the range of actors, interactions, and mediations involved in crafting representations of African pastoralists at different times and in different places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on tourism ventures that market contact with so‐called bushmen, this paper examines some of the current dynamics and consequences of cultural tourism in Namibia, where the Government has instituted a series of progressive policies to promote local control over tourism development. While notions of primitive cultural otherness continue to feature centrally in tourist demand for contact with “bushmen,” the community‐based and collaborative tourism’ ventures currently being developed in Namibia teach tourists to see their “bushman” hosts as modernizing producers of tourism in their own right, and not just as objects of touristic commodification. Drawing from the anthropological literature on tourism and authenticity, and on the work of Slavoj Zizek on the workings of modern ideology, we argue that such ventures encourage tourists to practise a sort of “meta‐tourism,” in which the authenticity of “traditional bushmen” is replaced by the meta‐authenticity of a tourism experience that thematizes its own effects on the lives of those being visited. For the “bushman” participants in such ventures, we contend, the financial and political benefits of tourism, substantial as they can sometimes be, are ultimately offset by the developmentalist underpinnings of meta‐tourist discourse, which casts “bushmen” as forever not‐quite‐yet fully modern, in perpetual contrast to the tourists who visit them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Studies the impact of the second world war on Namibia. Role of Nazism in Namibia; Establishment of a system for recruiting black volunteers to serve in the South African Defence Force (SDF); Operation of the recruitment system; Conclusions.

Focuses on attempts by Donald Bain in the 1920s and 1930s to establish policies protecting the San people in South Africa. Reasons why Bain's efforts to protect the Sans failed; Arguments raised by Bain justifying the need to establish reserves for the Sans; Empathy of the South African mass media for Bain's campaigns.

Discusses a genre of South African writing known as `Border literature' or `grensliterartuur' in Northern Namibia. Presentation of fieldwork experience in poetry and novels; Promotion of cultural elaboration; Violence as an instrument of control and privilege of social rank; Dimensions of terroristic violence in literature; Socialization and subordination in Namibian race.

The article presents the article authors' appeal to the U.S. President George Bush, members of the U.S. Congress, and Chairman of Federal Reserve Board to expedite vigorous economic recovery in 1992-93 and at the same time to speed up productivity growth over the years ahead. The U.S. economy faces both a short-run problem and a long-run problem. Expansionary Federal Reserve monetary policies have the virtue of stimulating spending in the short run on investments that pay off over the long run. As Congress and the Administration decide on such policies, it is of overriding importance that they do it in a way that will not worsen the long-run problem. Long before the recession wages had been falling behind inflation, far behind the aspirations of American workers. It is tempting to try to compensate for these disappointments by lowering taxes. One measure that could help the economy in both short and long runs is the restoration of an investment tax credit, which served the economy well from 1962 to 1986.