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This research article presents an analysis of the behavior of an initially stressed monoclinic piezothermoelastic half-space based on memory-dependent three-phase lags heat transfer law (MPS) underlying a thermoelastic half-space (TS) with subject to the hyperbolic two-temperature (H2T), classical two-temperature (C2T), and without two-temperature (W2T) models. By applying the normal mode approach, calculate the amplitude ratios and further utilize them to obtain the waves' energy ratios and interaction energy. The effect of memory-dependent derivatives (MDD), initial stresses, various kernel functions, and two temperature factors on the variation of energy ratios with incidence angle are graphically shown. The findings of this study have the potential to optimize material design, enhance seismic imaging techniques, improve thermal management in machinery, develop renewable energy systems, and facilitate materials characterization across diverse industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive approach to vibrational analysis in a size-dependent, orthotropic thermo-piezo-photo-electric semiconductor half-space under Moore–Gibson–Thompson (MGT) photo-thermoelasticity theory with memory-dependent derivatives. Following Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory, the governing equations for the considered material are derived. The normal mode technique is applied to investigate the photothermal excitation process. Focusing on the interface adjacent to the vacuum, the study considers plasma, thermal, and mechanical stress boundary conditions to determine fundamental physical quantities. Through a detailed exploration, this research examines the impact of various thermo-piezo-photo-electric models, time, nonlocal parameters, and spatial coordinates on different physical quantities. The effects are meticulously analyzed and visually represented through graphical illustrations. While the literature survey reveals numerous studies on vibrational analysis in thermo-piezo-photo-electric semiconductor mediums under different thermoelasticity theories, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no research emphasizing vibrational analysis in a size-dependent thermo-piezo-photo-electric semiconductor medium has been conducted. Moreover, the effect of memory-dependent MGT photo-thermoelasticity theory on a size-dependent thermo-piezo-photo-electric semiconductor half-space has not been illuminated until now, significantly defining the novelty of the conducted research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study uses the triple-phase lag model to investigate how higher-order fractional order and memory-dependent derivatives affect reflection at the free surface of an orthotropic piezo-thermoelastic medium. The performance of both kinds of derivatives is studied using the normal mode analysis technique. Four different types of coupled reflected plane waves are identified and explore the impact of various parameters, fractional order parameter, kernel function, the higher-order time differential fractional, and memory-dependent heat conduction parameters on energy distribution with respect to the angle of incidence. The results are presented graphically, providing numerical data for reflected waves, amplitude, and energy ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tells how it is possible for the Verification Technology Information Center (VERTIC) to monitor nuclear testing in China within three hours of the detonation. Use of commercial satellite imagery, seismic data and computer programs; Questions regarding collection and dissemination of sensitive information in an increasingly open world; Tests in China detected by VERTIC during 1992; Response of commercial agents to requests for high-resolution images; French connection.

The rising prevalence of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is generally attributed to smoking, since the role of other risk factors among non-smokers are not well established especially in low and middle income countries like India. This is also reflected by the limited literature available on non-smoking related COPD risk factors like indoor and outdoor air pollution. The present review is an attempt to assess the influence of non-smoking risk factors on COPD and its measures in Indian subcontinent. The most noteworthy factors among non-smokers appear to be the use of biomass fuel for cooking and heating purposes. We observed that the studies undertaken to evaluate the role of such risk factors are inconclusive due to weak methodologies and small sample sizes, may be due to limited financial resources. The present review suggests the need of a nationally representative study to estimate the effect of each of the potential modifiable risk factor (other than smoking) for framing impactful public health policies to prevent and manage COPD at community and population level in India. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Context: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the important microvascular complications of diabetes; however, the main problem remains is the control of progression of nephropathy in diabetes. Chebulic acid was selected, as tannins from Terminalia chebula are used as antidiabetic, renoprotective, antioxidant, hypotensive and an α-glucosidase inhibitor. Objective: In this study, we evaluated the effect of chebulic acid on ischemia reperfusion induced biochemical alteration in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Chebulic acid (CA) was isolated from T. chebula; LD50 and acute toxicity studies of CA were done. Renal ischemia and reperfusion technique was used to induce nephropathy in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) was used as diabetic standard; CA at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg were administered for 28 days and various biochemical parameters were monitored. Results: The LD50 was found to be 251 mg/kg; 25 and 50 mg/kg doses were selected as no toxic symptoms were observed at both doses, except slight diarrhea. CA significantly ( p < 0.001) reduced the glucose, creatinine, urea nitrogen, glycosylated hemoglobulin, proteinuria, urine albumin excretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and increased serum insulin and glycogen level. CA also restored glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde levels. Improvement in kidney was also noted in histopathological studies. Conclusions: The statistical data indicated that chebulic acid at both doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) improves biochemical alterations caused by renal ischemia in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of culture on family businesses in two regions of Africa: sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle Eastern region. Nine cross-culturally comparable 'etic' dimensions are used to assess characteristics of family firms in both regions, based on the Culturally-sensitive Assessment System and Education (CASE) project. Overall, the characteristics of family businesses in the regions are associated with their distinctive cultures. Several commonalities are found; however, the observed differences suggest directions for the African family businesses to become the engines for national and regional development. Implications for further research and for practice are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed at the preparation and characterization of preformed and in situ formed liposomes for sustained delivery to the lungs. Methods: Two different liposome formulations were prepared and subjected to characterization of physical parameters and drug release profile (% cumulative drug release and % drug retained). Formulations were then subjected to accelerated stability studies as per ICH guidelines. Results: In situ formed liposome showed better sustained release profile than the preformed liposome as it released sufficient amount of drug while retaining considerable amount of drug. Upon subjection to accelerated conditions for 60 days, preformed liposome lost the objective of being controlled release formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antineutrino is the only real‐time inherently nuclear signature from a fission explosion that propagates great distances through air, water, and ground. The size and sensitivity of antineutrino detectors has increased dramatically in the last decade, and will continue to do so in the next, thanks in part to the renewed interest in neutrino physics brought on by the mounting evidence that neutrinos may have mass. The evolution of antineutrino detectors, and the evident interest of the signature as a means for monitoring nuclear tests motivates this review of the capabilities of existing and possible future detectors as test ban verification tools. Existing liquid scintillator ion‐ization detectors, operating a few tens of meters below the Earth's surface and containing a few thousand tons of active material, could be used to monitor an area of a few square kilometers for nuclear explosions at the 1 kt level. Purified water Cerenkov detectors of sizes comparable to existing detectors (50,000 m3) could be used to detect 1 kt explosions at distances of a few tens of kilometers. The addition of neutron‐absorbing dopants such as sodium chloride or gadolinium to purified water would allow range extension out to approximately 1000 km for sensitivity to a pulse of 10 antineutrino events from a 1 kt explosion. Beyond 1000 km, backgrounds from the world's nuclear reactors would become prohibitively large (at this assumed signal strength). The engineering hurdles for such detectors would be formidable. The size of a doped detector operating at the 100 km range, suitable for cooperative monitoring of existing nuclear test sites, is about 60 times that of the largest existing water detector, and would require a factor of several dozen more photomultiplier tubes than what is now used in large scale physics experiments. Capital costs (primarily phototubes, excavation and the cost of maintaining high radiopurity) would amount to several billion dollars, even for a detector at this modest range. Detectors sensitive to a 1 kt explosion at only a few kilometer distance would still cost tens of millions of dollars. Due to these limitations, practical applications of this method for nuclear test detection are almost certainly out of reach for the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes how commercial satellite imagery was used along with news reports and published scientific articles to investigate the December 1995 allegations of Indian nuclear test preparations in the Rajasthan Desert. Taking the allegations against India as an example of a future CTB compliance dispute, the investigation was conducted to test the utility of commercial satellite imagery for CTB verification. The technical inquiry produced a series of findings on India's nuclear testing history and on the recent nuclear test allegations. These findings included the exact location of the subsidence crater created by the May 18, 1974 nuclear test, the discovery of an adjacent military range near Khetolai village, and the observation of recent large‐scale, unusual activity at this military range in the immediate vicinity of the 1974 test site. The image‐derived information was used to sift fact from fiction in the conflicting media reports. It was then integrated into the collection of credible evidence and analyzed to determine whether the observed activity at the Khetolai military range was conventional, missile testing, nuclear, or innocuous. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes how commercial satellite imagery was used along with teleseis‐mic P‐wave arrival time data to locate 21 Chinese nuclear tests. The results include a set of refined location estimates for atmospheric and underground tests as well as error vectors from the initial seismic location estimates to the refined location estimates. The analysis of the results provided new information on Chinese nuclear testing patterns which have been used to revise China's testing history and assist the satellite monitoring of the test site. The paper concludes with an evaluation of commercial satellite imaging for monitoring nuclear tests and an assessment of the implications of the results with respect to the verification of a comprehensive test ban (CTB). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]