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Time-dependent response of treated and untreated plywood to various modes of water exposure was studied. Treatments included 1.3-dimethylol-4.5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF). The effect of thermal modification was also investigated. Water exposure regimes included: one-sided water spray, one-sided water soak, and high humidity – all for a duration of 192 h. Direct measurements of dimensional change were recorded, and digital image correlation (DIC) was used to continuously monitor two-dimensional swelling. Over 90% of thickness swell occurred during the first 24 h of liquid water exposure. Swelling was still progressing under 90% relative humidity exposure after 192 h. DMDHEU and PF were statistically equivalent and improved thickness swell by 64% and 60%, for water spray and water soak, respectively. Chemical treatment improved thickness swell by approximately 41% under high humidity. Thermal modification improved thickness swell by 36%, 28%, and 28% for water spray, water soak, and high humidity exposure after 192 h, respectively. DIC measurements during the first 3 h of exposure revealed the fastest rate of thickness swell occurred with one-sided water spray and the slowest rate during one-sided water soak. Overall, PF-treated plywood exhibited the best initial water resistance. After 24 h DMDHEU and PF were equally effective treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood structural panels are commonly subjected to short-term accelerated weathering (AW) procedures to determine relative moisture durability for quality control and product development purposes. The panel edges contribute heavily to moisture uptake since edges represent the least resistant pathway for moisture intrusion. In full-size panels, the edge area to total surface area ratio is small, and moisture intrusion is primarily limited to panel faces. When small specimens are used, such as those in AW procedures, the ratio of edge area to total surface area increases and moisture intrusion at the edges may dominate, which is referred to as the edge effect. The purpose of this study was to determine if physical and mechanical properties of oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood after AW are influenced by specimen size. Specimen width was varied while thickness and length remained constant to understand if edge effects were present in small specimens with different edge area to total surface area ratios. Three AW procedures were evaluated to determine if the effect of specimen size depends on weathering method. No clear effect of specimen size on physical and mechanical properties of either composite type was found. Differences in flexural properties between specimen widths were observed for unweathered OSB, but similar property retention between specimen widths after AW indicated the same trend as the unweathered control. Plywood results were influenced by natural defects, resulting in high variability and absence of statistically significant differences. Lateral nail resistance connection properties of both OSB and plywood were highly variable for all treatment groups and were unaffected by weathering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression creep experiments of Douglas-fir wood (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were performed at high temperature (150°C, 160°C, and 170°C) and under various conditions of steam pressure. The results established that environment conditions had a significant effect on compressive deformation, with the largest deformation obtained under saturated steam conditions. While the temperature significantly affected the compressive deformation of specimens under transient conditions, the temperature within the range studied had little effect on the compressive deformation in saturated steam. Furthermore, in specimens compressed under superheated and transient steam conditions, primary creep behavior was exhibited; while in specimens compressed under saturated steam conditions, creep deformation appeared to enter directly into secondary creep. Moreover, in saturated steam specimens very little creep was observed due to high initial deformation and little potential for additional cell wall buckling. The compressive creep measurements of Douglas-fir were compared with compressive creep of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides×Populus trichocarpa). Due to lower initial density, and perhaps smaller microfiber angle and lower lignin content of tension wood, the compressive creep modulus of hybrid poplar was lower than Douglas-fir. Therefore, compressive deformation of Douglas-fir, at nearly all examined steam conditions and temperatures, was smaller than compressive deformation of hybrid poplar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression creep experiments of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides×Populus trichocarpa) were performed in a pressurized vessel equipped with a heated hydraulic press. The viscoelastic response at various stress levels (2-7 MPa), a temperature of 170°C and transient steam conditions was studied. Moisture content and oven-dry density of compressed specimens were determined. While some recovery of compression strain occurred, compression resulted in permanent deformation and increased wood density. The influence of stress level on the amount of set recovery of compressive deformation was evaluated after 24 h water soaking. Applied stress level had a significant effect on the compression deformation. The initial strain, as well as creep strain, varied depending on the applied stress level. The highest oven-dry density was obtained at a stress level of 6.9 MPa. Lower stress levels resulted in lower moisture content after the compression process, while the equilibrium moisture content of compressed specimens was not significantly affected by stress level. Set recovery increased from 20% to 65% with increased stress level from 1.7 MPa to 4.1 MPa, then decreased to 53% for specimens compressed at 6.9 MPa. Moisture content after the compression process significantly affected the set recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface energy of yellow-poplar wood from three wood treatment groups was studied using sessile-drop contact-angle measurements and the Chang acid–base model for surface energy calculation. Water, glycerol, formamide, ethylene glycol and α-bromonaphthalene were used as probe liquids. Wood treatments were control, hygro-thermal treatment and densification. Contact angle trends for densified and hygro-thermally treated wood were found to be the same. Total surface energy decreased with both hygro-thermal treatment and densification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bond performance of hygro-thermally compression densified wood was studied using hygro-thermally treated and control yellow-poplar wood (Liriodendron tulipifera). Opening mode double cantilever beam fracture testing and cyclic boiling were used to evaluate bond performance. Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) film and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) adhesives were used to bond specimens for fracture testing. Fracture toughness of hygro-thermal samples bonded with PF film was significantly higher than control samples, while no difference was found for densified samples. Fracture toughness of densified samples bonded with pMDI was significantly higher than control samples, however no change was seen for hygro-thermal samples. Cyclic boiling reduced the fracture toughness of hygro-thermal fracture samples only, irrespective of adhesive type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]