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The Euroamericans who encountered late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Arikara communities were explorers and fur traders. The results of these encounters were mixed; some positive, many negative. Whether positive or negative, they expressed the Eurocentrism prevalent at the time. Unfortunately, this Eurocentrism continues to infect contemporary versions of Arikara history. This bias must be removed and historic Arikara customs, standards, and beliefs understood, before the Arikara role in American history can be accurately evaluated. In pursuit of this aim I will examine accounts of early Arikara/Euroamerican contacts from an anthropological and Arikara motivated perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2005 a ceramic vessel from site 5LA3189 in southeastern Colorado's Piñon Canyon was analyzed at Fort Carson's Directorate of Environmental Compliance and Management laboratory. The analysis was the first step in classifying the specimen. When the existing classification system failed to provide adequate criteria to classify the vessel, a new Front Range Ware was defined in an attempt to do so. When Front Range Ware also failed to provide adequate criteria to classify the specimen, ethnographic information and manufacturing data were used to propose a Navajo identity. A Navajo origin was suggestive but not conclusive. Nevertheless, the analysis illustrates an approach to the study of ceramics that can, when combined with appropriate physical and chemical tests, provide the quantitative and qualitative data needed to assign an ethnic identity to archeological specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic hearth focused concepts of kinship are used together with settlement pattern data and developmental histories to explain differences in the social architecture of proto-Arikara bearers of the Initial and Extended variants of the Coalescent tradition and proto-Mandan-Hidatsa agents of the Initial, Extended, and Terminal variants of the Middle Missouri tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine morphological landmarks and two decorative terms are introduced during the analysis and description of ceramics from archaeological sites on the Fort Carson Military base in southeastern Colorado. One thousand and fifty-two specimens drawn from 54 archaeological sites are analyzed and the evidence for manufacturing techniques and production steps and stages is presented This evidence indicates that a single base forming technique (i.e., excavated and mass modeled), and two separate body forming techniques (i.e., coiled and mass modeled) are present. Rim and lip forming techniques and decoration are discussed and related to virtually identical practices in western Kansas and southwestern Nebraska. It is hypothesized that in the Fort Carson area mass modeling was earlier and introducedfrom the northeast and that coiling was later and was introducedfrom the southwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Was shell-tempered pottery in Alabama introduced by Mississippian migrants, who also brought with them advanced horticulture, pyramidal mound building, and other trappings of social complexity? Or did it represent a gradual technological change on the part of resident hunting and harvesting inhabitants? We present the available data pertinent to this issue and argue that the discernible patterning justifies a model that posits an adaptive radiation on the part of newly arrived Mississippian food producers whose tenure overlapped with that of indigenous hunters and harvesters. We further argue that in the process some hunters and harvesters were transformed into food producers, thus adding to the population growth of a social formation whose administrative structure promoted the "budding off" of daughter units that removed themselves from their parent's administrative reach and furthered the colonization of areas occupied by indigenous hunters and harvesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the core of the process by which social services are delivered is the interview between providers and low-income clients. These interviews, while crucial to the continuation of the interviewer-interviewee relationship, are inhibited by forces such as the apparent defensive nature of the communication environment. Gibb's (1961) supportive- defensive paradigm was used as the conceptual basis for an investigation of the pattern of verbal and nonverbal behaviors manifest in such interviews. Communicative behaviors were examined to identify situations rated as defensive, supportive, or intermediate. Interview behaviors were analyzed using videotape in the field settings, and interview climates were characterized. The results suggest the validity of the supportive-defensive paradigm and further indicate that individual behaviors may be less important in identifying interview climate than are behavioral repertoires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darling, P.J. Archaeology and History in Southern Nigeria: The Ancient Linear Earthworks of Benin and Ishan. Part I: Fieldwork and Background Information. Part II: Ceramic and Other Specialist Studies. Oxford: BAR, 1984. 515 pp. including maps, plates, appendices, and bibliography. £28.00 paper (Parts I + II). Oguagha, Philip Adigwe, and Alex Ikechukwu Okpoko. History and Ethnoarchaeology in Eastern Nigeria: A Study of Igbo‐Igala Relations with Special Reference to the Anambra Valley. Oxford: BAR, 1984. xvii + 298 pp. including maps, bibliography, and appendices. £15.00. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]