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The pollen sum includes all terrestrial pollen except Cyperaceae, aquatics, spores, and pteridophytes. Percentage pollen diagram for Huzenbacher See: selected pollen taxa, exaggeration 10 ×. LPAZ 7 is dominated by I Corylus i and I Abies i , while I Tilia i and I Taxus i decline. [Extracted from the article]

In the middle of the second millennium, a coppiced forest land use phase most probably attributable to the middle Bronze age interrupts the I Fagus i dominance shortly by the increase of I Corylus i and I Betula i (LPAZ 11). The pollen sum comprises 1000 counts per sample and includes all terrestrial pollen types except Cyperaceae, spores of mosses and pteridophytes. Percentage pollen diagram, selected pollen taxa, exaggeration 10 ×. Table II. [Extracted from the article]

The pollen sum (whenever possible up to 500 pollen grains) includes all terrestrial pollen types, excluded are the local wetland and aquatic elements (including I Alnus i , I Salix i , I Urtica i , Cyperaceae), spores of mosses and pteridophytes. In the upper most pollen spectra clear peaks of Cerealia pollen indicate local cultivation and processing of cereal crops. The actual soil moisture regime of the region is Udic (soil moisture is sufficient throughout the year to meet plant requirements [USDA [11]: 97]). [Extracted from the article]

Percentage pollen diagram Gnadensee (ARG 2013): selected pollen taxa, exaggeration 10 × Contrary to the other pollen records in the area, where I Fagus i dominates over I Quercus i (Rösch [5]; Rösch et al. [7]; Rösch & Wick [8]), at Gnadensee, I Quercus i is clearly more important than I Fagus i throughout the Mid and Late Holocene. Recently, several pollen profiles have been studied in this area (Rösch et al. [6]); the closest pollen profiles come from: Mainau, 9.5 km to the east, Mindelsee, 6.5 km to the northwest, and Hornstaad, 4.5 km to the west. Bodensee-Untersee, the smaller part of Lake Constance, covers an area of 62 km SP 2 sp between Konstanz and Stein am Rhein and is divided into several basins by peninsulas and the Island Reichenau. [Extracted from the article]

Melatonin (MEL) may influence the efficiency of reprogramming both by somatic cell nuclear transfer and by direct induction of pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) through a yet unidentified mechanism. Transcription factors linked to cell reprogramming and cell signalling may be differentially expressed according to cell differentiation status. To address the effect of MEL on the expression of transcription factors linked to reprogramming, we used two distinct in vitro models of cellular plasticity: human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and primary human granulosa-lutein cells (GLC). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed amplification of transcripts for KLF4, MYC and NANOG in both cell types. In GLC, treatment with 10 nmol/L of MEL provoked significant up-regulation of the expression of MYC and NANOG compared to controls. KLF4 expression was not altered in GLC but was significantly down-regulated in MEL-treated HFF cells. Alterations in the expression of ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 in GLC as analyzed by Western blot were not observed regardless of the MEL treatment. On the contrary, HFF cells responded to MEL treatment with 1.6-fold higher levels of pERK1/2 compared to the non-treated controls. Our data suggest that the activation of MT1 melatonin receptor is probably related to phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at least in expanding HFF, which subsequently may act to alter gene expression and regulate cell fate. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time, the selective effect of MEL in vitro at physiological concentration on transcription factors regulating pluripotency and differentiation in human non-cancer cells according to cell differentiation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I Fagus i declines strongly in LPAZ 7a (800-600 bc), when I Betula i , I Corylus i , NAP and human indicators increase. LPAZ 7c (200 bc-ad 100) is characterised by dominance of I Betula i , whereas LPAZ 7d (ad 100-200) has dominance of I Quercus i and I Fagus i . In LPAZ 7b (600-200 bc) first I Corylus i , later I Betula i decrease, as well as NAP and human indicators, and I Quercus i , later I Fagus i increase. [Extracted from the article]

Ethical issues related to animal rights have gained significant exposure in the past few decades. As a result, animal welfare concerns have continuously been at the forefront of public debate. This has had a major impact on Western culture, expressed in the growing popularity of lifestyle changes towards reducing and abandonment of animal use across different industries. However, animal use in planned events remains insufficiently studied and absent from most event management literature. Therefore, this research aims to explore the opinions of Millennials on the use of live animals in events. The literature discusses anthropocentrism, anthropomorphism and cognitive dissonance, as reoccurring themes. A combination of a focus group and semi-structured interviews was undertaken, and the analysis identified entertainment, financial benefit and tradition as the main reasons for using live animals at events. Awareness and transparency on animal welfare issues within the events industry were stated by interviewees as points for improvement together with the lack of a clear definition of animal welfare, especially when it comes to captive and performing animals, as well as the uncertainty regarding animals' stakeholder status in events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights from the article: The pollen sum (100%) comprises all terrestrial pollen types except Cyperaceae, spores of mosses and pteridophytes. The vegetation of the peat bog consisted mainly of Poaceae, I Artemisia, Achillea i , I Cirsium i , Cichorioideae, Apiaceae, I Rumex i and Cyperaceae species. The herbaceous vegetation of the peat bog was enriched with various representatives from Cyperaceae, while I Artemisia i , Cichorioideae, I Rumex i , Apiaceae, I Galium i , I Cirsium i species and ferns decreased.

The coniferous belt became dominated by I Pinus peuce i , I Picea abies i , I Pinus sylvestris i and some I Abies alba. i The human impact was not very intensive, most probably due to the partial abandonment of the high-mountain pasture in recent times. At lower altitudes were distributed I Pinus peuce i , I Abies alba i , some I Betula i and stands of I Alnus i in wetter places and along mountain brooks I . i The presence of deciduous tree pollen ( I Quercus i , I Tilia, Carpinus i , I Corylus i ) can be explained by aerial upslope transport from the mixed oak forests. Four local pollen assemblage zones (LPAZs), which correspond to successive stages of vegetation history (LV-1 to LV-4), can be recognized: I LPAZ LV-1, 490-425 cm (~6200-5940 cal. bp) i The lowermost section of the pollen record, as confirmed also by the find of subfossil stomata, reveals that stands of I Pinus i (most likely I Pinus mugo i ) and I Juniperus i occupied the slopes in the surroundings of the lake. [Extracted from the article]

Percentage pollen diagram for selected pollen types and charcoal concentration observed in core X039B (dots indicate minor abundances, exaggeration curves are × 10). The pollen profile was obtained from the floodplain of Ammer River Valley, west of Tübingen in south-western Germany. LPAZ-AM3-2 ( I Pinus i I Corylus i I Quercus-Ulmus-Tilia i ), 8.7-8.1 ka (340-295 cm) is characterised by a rapid decrease of I Pinus i and by a large proportion (40%) of the pioneer taxon I C. avellana i (45%). [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the western Rhodopes Mountains, Bulgaria, where peat bog Beliya Kanton is found. It states that the peat bog found in the area has rectangular shape with 380 m long and 250 m wide. It mentions that changes in the forest composition of the area began around 6800 BC, wherein Pinus forests and groups of Betula have dominated the herb vegetation. It adds that the vegetation development in the area is observed with further enlargement of Pinus/Picea forests.

The article provides information on peat-bog Begbunar. It states that the peat-bog can be found in the Osogovo mountains located at the border between south-western Bulgaria and the north-eastern former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It notes that the peat-bog was made close to a freshwater spring in the mountains.