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This paper is a comment to Ward et al. (2020) on the irresponse to a previous paper in which we elaborate on a phronetic perspective on pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in physical education. In our previous paper, we point to what we see as limitations in PCK-work in physical education. In their response, Ward et al. (2022) argue that we have misrepresented their research as well as the behaviorist epistemology. In this comment, we acknowledge distinctions in PCK-research that were not captured in our original paper. We also argue for why our understanding of the PCK-research was based on interpretations rather than a case of misrepresentation. Further, we argue for the constant acknowledgment of ideology in research. Finally, we discuss the need for clarity regarding the meaning of performance when viewed as content knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue for a re-evaluation of Bakary Diallo's pre-Négritude Force-Bonté by reconstructing the steps that led to its publication and the ensuing debate surrounding its authorship among scholars of early African literature texts in French. Building on recent research, this article is based on archival research relating to the origins and development of Diallo's autobiography. I also examine disputes about its authenticity that emerged during the period which saw the growth of Francophone African Literature into a distinct field of inquiry. My examination of archival records and correspondence sheds light on the nature of the assistance that Lucie Cousturier, the book's presumed ghost-writer, and others offered Diallo. I aim to show that the document-based research offers justification for an alternative understanding of the role played by both Bakary Diallo and Lucie Cousturier in the publication of the autobiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of higher-order misrepresentation poses a dilemma for the higher-order theory of consciousness. The two ways of conceiving of the theory each run into a different difficulty raised by the problem of misrepresentation. If the theory is conceived relationally, i.e., conceived so as the higher-order state causes or makes a first-order state conscious, then the theory faces a problem raised by Block concerning the implausibility of non-existent conscious states. If conceived non-relationally, i.e., conceived in such a way as it is the higher-order state itself which is the conscious state, then consideration of Neander's original misrepresentation problem, that this seems to make the first-order state a spinning wheel in the explanation of consciousness, raises the conceptual problem that this version of the higherorder theory seems not to offer a philosophical theory of consciousness that is distinct from the first-order theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an account of intending to self-deceive which opposes that provided by standard intentionalist accounts of self-deception. According to my account, self-deception is attained instantaneously: to intend to self-deceive that P is thereby to self-deceive that P. Relating this to the concepts of evidence, belief and self-awareness, I develop an account of self-deception which holds that self-deceivers misrepresent themselves as believing (so, do not believe) what they profess to believe. I argue that my account yields solutions to the central problems of self-deception – the static problem and the dynamic problem – while remaining faithful to the phenomena of self-deception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of hate speech in Malaysia has increased with access to the new media. Facebook, Twitter and the comments sections of news portals have been misused for distributing hateful content. This has heightened tensions among Malaysians. Violent incidences have occurred, such as church burnings, desecration of religious symbols and places of worship such as mosques. Some are of the opinion that intolerance contributes to such hostilities. However, the discourse surrounding intolerance is focused on Muslims and Islam, which adds to the growing fear of "strict Islam" amongst Malaysians. Sensationalised media reports on the issue of "creeping Islamisation" may widen the division between ethnicities. This study explores how popular Malaysian news portals represent Islamisation by using content and critical discourse analysis. Findings show that Islamisation tends to be framed negatively, contributing to the fear of Islamisation and restriction of fundamental freedoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Their sheer size and scale give social networks significant potential for shaping popular opinions. While the spread of information and influence within social networks has been popular area of research for some time, more recently a research trend has appeared in which the researcher seeks to understand how users can aggressively influence community opinions, often using misrepresented or false information. Such misrepresentations by users are deeply troubling for any social network, where revenue-generation and their reputation depend on accurate and reliable user generated information. This study investigates the individual motivations that both promote and inhibit intentions towards personal information misrepresentation. These motivations are hypothesised to result from the dichotomy of competitive and altruistic attitudes existing with social network communities. Results of a survey analysis involving 502 users of Facebook offer insights useful for understanding social network information sharing practices. Marketing strategies, in particular, should benefit from the careful evaluation of the factors that lead to honesty (or dishonesty) among OSN users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we offer suggestions for how to use behavioural and digital technologies to address the relatively slow uptake of behaviour analysis in Europe. We start with an overview of baseline conditions in which misinformation is rife. We argue that a more systematic use of behavioural technology is needed in advocacy for better autism services. We identify a need for a database of teaching gambits for teaching conceptual issues and running in-class practicals in the experimental analysis of behaviour. We discuss how to harness digital technology to develop an ecosystem supporting the coordination of behavioural services and treatment integrity. We consider how cloud-based archives can be used to keep track of behavioural progress and provide alearning management system. Finally, we summarize how these issues are directly related to making the science of behaviour analysis accessible and fit for purpose for students and service users in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambitious Higher-order theories of consciousness – Higher-order theories that purport to give an account of phenomenal consciousness – face a well-known objection from the possibility of radical misrepresentation. Jonathan Farrell has recently added a new twist to an old worry: while higher-order theorists have the resources to respond to the misrepresentation objection, they do so at the expense of their ambitions. At best, they only account for phenomenal consciousness in the technical higher-order sense, not in the standard Nagelian sense. Building on the work of Berger and Brown, I contend that Farrell's argument fails. The upshot is not only that radical misrepresentation presents no threat to the ambitiousness of higher-order theories, but also a deeper insight both into higher-order theories themselves, and what the standard Nagelian construal of phenomenal consciousness does, and does not, commit us to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws data from two complementary studies in sub-Saharan Africa to highlight the problem of religious misrepresentation in (multi-faith) Religious Education (RE) at school in Malawi and Ghana. Employing Michael Apples' conception of selective tradition, the article is critical of the confrontational disputation inherent in the RE in the two countries. The misrepresentation is analysed under themes related to classroom discourse and the nature of religion. It argues that RE could actually be counter-productive and thus end up misrepresenting religions instead of promoting them. Unless there is a radical shift in the areas identified, the subject will continue to present a distorted picture of religion and thus fail in its civic responsibility as a curriculum area that is perhaps best placed to inculcate pro-social values towards citizenship in a world of religious diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the Chinese author and translator Lin Yutang challenged the misconstructions of China in the Atlantic West. From the perspective of the inhabitants of the Pacific Rim, the Atlantic is considered a symbol and metaphor for the union of the West (Europe and North America). Due to significant cultural and linguistic differences, China has frequently been misrepresented by Atlantic nations. Within this context, the leading translation theorist Lin Yutang conceived two key translation concepts, tongshun (通顺, fluency) and zhongshi (忠实, fidelity, faithfulness), as powerful weapons to fight against this trend of false recognition. This article analyzes Lin’s means of representing China by looking at (para)textual materials he produced. It explores how Lin combines tongshun and zhongshi to forge a space of zhongyong (中庸, central harmony), a space that reveals the unceasing efforts in mediating, through the translator’s balancing act, between his “Chinese Self” and “Atlantic-Western Other.” The space of zhongyong can be read as Lin’s creation that goes beyond the confines of strict “surrendering” and “withstanding.” Lin’s translation of China to the Atlantic nations therefore presents the possibility of transcending the limits of traditional representations, and offers a renewed understanding of the relationship between China and the Atlantic West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South African media publications frequently report on procurement fraud committed in Africa and South Africa-a matter which has evolved into a significant issue. Procurement fraud is committed in all the phases of the procurement cycle, but in this research, it is revealed that the unlawful act occurs mostly during the bidding or tender phase. Procurement fraud is not seen as a crime by business and this illicit act is thus committed because of ignorance in respect of the misrepresentation of information, and the red flag indicators of these misrepresentations. This article analyses the kinds of misrepresentation that takes place during the tender phase and highlights the importance of red flags in detecting procurement fraud, especially during the tender phase of the cycle. The identification of red flags was studied in order to comprehend the role that such identification plays in detecting and preventing procurement fraud in the tender phase. We also highlight the scope of the misrepresentation of facts in committing procurement fraud. A proper exploration and understanding of red flag indicators for the detection of procurement fraud during the tender phase will be to the advantage of the criminal investigation fraternity as well as the private industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian Pacific Americans are a racial group that is often viewed in stereotypes, most notably, as a “model minority”—a view that this group is naturally hardworking and successful unlike “other” racial and ethnic groups. Quite often, they are also neglected as U.S. citizens, whose presence and influence in American politics are not acknowledged. This study of 28 college-level introductory American government textbooks investigates the extent to which and the ways in which Asian Pacific Americans are misrepresented and underrepresented. The findings show that many textbooks reproduce the model-minority stereotype of Asian Pacific Americans despite criticisms from scholars in Asian American Studies, although some textbooks caution against depicting them in this stereotype. In addition, this analysis reveals that textbooks fail to include important and appropriate information on Asian Pacific Americans and contain many questionable statements regarding historical facts about them. The study concludes that this situation is of concern and provides suggestions on how to improve current textbooks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

According to Rosenthal's higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness, one is in a conscious mental state if and only if one is aware of oneself as being in that state via a suitable HOT. Several critics have argued that the possibility of so-called targetless HOTs—that is, HOTs that represent one as being in a state that does not exist—undermines the theory. Recently, Wilberg (2010) has argued that HOT theory can offer a straightforward account of such cases: since consciousness is a property of mental state tokens, and since there are no states to exhibit consciousness, one is not in conscious states in virtue of targetless HOTs. In this paper, I argue that Wilberg's account is problematic and that Rosenthal's version of HOT theory, according to which a suitable HOT is both necessary and sufficient for consciousness, is to be preferred to Wilberg's account. I then argue that Rosenthal's account can comfortably accommodate targetless HOTs because consciousness is best understood as a property of individuals, not a property of states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories that combine physicalism with phenomenal concepts abandon the phenomenal irrealism characteristic of 1950s physicalism, thereby leaving physicalists trying to reconcile themselves to concepts appropriate only to dualism. Physicalists should instead abandon phenomenal concepts and try to develop our concepts of conscious states. Employing an account of concepts as structured mental representations, and motivating a model of conceptual development with semantic externalist considerations, I suggest that phenomenal concepts misrepresent their referents, such that if our conception of consciousness incorporates them, it needs development. I then argue that the “phenomenal concept strategy” (PCS) of a purely cognitive account of the distinction between phenomenal and physical concepts combines physicalism with phenomenal concepts only by misrepresenting physical properties. This is because phenomenal concepts carry ontological commitment, and I present an argument to show the tension between this commitment and granting ontological authority to physical concepts only. In the final section, I show why phenomenal concepts are more ontologically committed than PCS theorists can allow, revive U.T. Place's notion of a “phenomenological fallacy” to explain their enduring appeal, and then suggest some advantages of functional analyses of concepts of conscious states over the phenomenal alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In much of Western society it remains regrettably the case that contemporary perception – or the imaging – of Islam is dominated by misrepresentation and distortion that derive, by and large, from misunderstanding and ignorance. Fear of the ‘other’, when the ‘other’ is Muslim, is fear of Muslims per se, and also often of their religion, Islam – so Islamophobia. In this article I shall examine what is meant by and what is the effect of, such ignorance and outline an analysis of the process of imaging Islam – a process that arguably lies at the heart of Islamophobia. I shall also address the question of identity, specifically the issue of ‘exclusive identity’ and problems that relate thereto. I shall conclude with a discussion of dialogical ‘interaction’ as a relational modality that may yet challenge and ameliorate the rising tide of Islamophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper I aim to defend David Rosenthal's higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness against a prominent objection. The central claim of HOT theory is that a mental state is conscious only if one has the HOT that one is in that state. In broad outline, the objection is that HOT theory is unable to account for cases where the relevant HOTs are false. I consider two variants of the objection, corresponding to two kinds of false HOT: those that merely misrepresent their targets, and those which lack targets altogether. I argue that a satisfactory response to the objection involving the latter, targetless, kind of HOTs, is to deny that one is in any conscious state in virtue of such HOTs. I show how this response is superior to Rosenthal's own response, and defend it against objections. I also argue that my account of targetless HOT cases may be generalized to cover cases of misrepresenting HOTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's view on how to address the question of the misrepresentation of psychoanalysis and psychoanalysts in the media in the U.S. It is suggested that the theory of Sigmund Freud of man's psyche is inevitable and subversive contradiction that knowledge undermines the narcissistic certainty of the knower. In this regard, truism produces resistance and aversion to the discipline, practice and practitioners.

Speech consists of both subject and object. Violations of freedom of speech may assume the form of interfering with a speaker's presentation of an idea; or it may assume the form of interfering with the re-presentation of the idea. Interference with the subject or object of speech may occur when a subject is not permitted to present a full or accurate expression of speech or when the object of speech is mis-represented. Ideology operates on a plane involving relationships between the original presentation of an idea, the copying or re-presentation of the idea, and the mis-re-presentation of the copied idea. The following article takes the economic idea, 'tax cuts create jobs', and examines how this idea has undergone ideological transformation since the mid-18th century. The article draws both from Marx and Wittgenstein on how ideas change, and questions how the notions of ideology in both Marx and Wittgenstein might be integrated into a more developed approach to understanding ideology. The article identifies specific language techniques by means of which an original idea may be ideologically transformed over time, applying concepts such as: inversion, reversal, insertion, conversion, deletion, substitution, de-temporalization and universalization. The article concludes suggesting further development of the methodology and its application to case examples of ideas such as: 'Free trade benefits all', 'Income inequality is a function of individual productivity', and 'Markets are always more efficient than public investment'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences of men who have internet sex with men were studied to determine the level of misrepresentation in real life and on the Internet of physical, relationship, sexual interests, and HIV status. An internet‐based questionnaire in English and Spanish ($20 compensation) recruited 1,026 Latino MISM over 3 weeks. Four ‘fib’ scales were created to measure misrepresentation by the respondent and to the respondent on the Internet and IRL. Overall, respondents rated being misrepresented to on the Internet significantly highest, followed by being misrepresented to IRL and misrepresenting themselves to others on the Internet, and misrepresenting themselves to others IRL lowest. For HIV status there were no differences between Internet and IRL misrepresentation by others and Internet and IRL misrepresentation by self, but a significant difference between HIV status misrepresentation by self and others. Misrepresenters were more likely to have had cybersex before meeting their last partner and to prefer cybersex, to be more sexually compulsive, and to speak and think more in Spanish. Social desirability considerations account for the higher misrepresentation on physical characteristics and sexual interests by others, and higher misrepresentation on the Internet. However, misrepresentation of HIV status was the lowest category and while it was misrepresented more often by others than self, there were no internet/IRL differences. Data suggest that HIV misrepresentation occurred for 20% of men and was lower than other forms of misrepresentation. Implications for HIV prevention are discussed, along with the concept of levels of accuracy in internet communications. Résumé Les expériences des hommes qui ont des rapports sexuels avec des hommes via Internet ont été étudiées afin d'évaluer les niveaux des fausses représentations, dans la vie réelle et sur Internet, sur les caractéristiques physiques, les relations, les goûts sexuels et le statut sérologique. Diffusé en anglais et en espagnol sur Internet, un questionnaire a permis de recueillir les réponses de 1026 hommes d'origine hispanique et ayant des rapports sexuels avec des hommes (en échange, une indemnité de 20 $ leur a été versée). Quatre « échelles de fib » ont été élaborées pour mesurer les fausses représentations formulées ou reçues par les répondants, sur Internet et dans la vie réelle. Dans l'ensemble, les répondants classent, de manière significative et comme étant les plus courantes, les fausses représentations qu'ils reçoivent sur Internet ; ensuite, ils placent au même niveau les fausses représentations qui leur sont adressées dans la vie réelle et celles qui émanent d'eux‐mêmes sur Internet ; les fausses représentations d'eux‐mêmes qu'ils adressent à d'autres hommes dans la vie réelle viennent en dernier. Concernant les fausses représentations sur le statut sérologique, qu'elles soient formulées sur Internet ou dans la vie réelle, aussi bien par d'autres hommes que par les répondants, aucune différence n'apparaît. En revanche, une différence significative apparaît entre celles qui sont formulées par les répondants et celles qui le sont par d'autres hommes, aussi bien sur Internet que dans la vie réelle. Les répondants qui communiquent de fausses représentations sont plus susceptibles d'avoir eu des rapports sexuels virtuels avant de rencontrer leurs derniers partenaires, d'avoir une préférence pour le cybersexe, d'être moins sexuellement compulsifs, de parler et de penser en espagnol. Des considérations relatives à la désirabilité sociale justifient un niveau plus élevé de fausses représentations par les autres hommes sur les caractéristiques physiques et les goûts sexuels, et d'une manière plus générale sur Internet. Cependant, la fausse représentation du statut sérologique est la catégorie la plus faiblement classée, et tandis qu'elle est plus fréquemment formulée par les autres hommes que par les répondants, aucune différence Internet/vie réelle ne ressort de l'étude. Les données suggèrent que des fausses représentations relatives au VIH concernent 20 % des hommes interrogés et sont plus faiblement classées que d'autres types de fausses représentations. Les implications de ces résultats dans la prévention du VIH sont discutées, de même que le concept des niveaux de précision dans les communications via Internet. Resumen Para poder determinar en qué medida se tergiversan en la vida real y en Internet los intereses físicos, sexuales y de relaciones y la condición de seropositivo, se llevó a cabo un estudio sobre las experiencias sexuales que tienen los hombres a través de Internet con otros compañeros del mismo sexo. Se captaron 1026 hombres de origen latinoamericano que usan Internet para tener relaciones sexuales con otros hombres (fueron gratificados con $20) para un estudio, tipo cuestionario en inglés y español, a través de Internet de 3 semanas de duración. Se crearon cuatro escalas “de engaño” para medir en qué medida los entrevistados se presentaban a los demás de forma engañosa en Internet y en la vida real, y en qué medida les pasó lo mismo a ellos. En general, los entrevistados dieron una puntuación muy alta en cuanto a recibir presentaciones engañosas en Internet, seguido de recibir presentaciones engañosas en la vida real, presentarse ellos mismos de forma engañosa frente a otros en Internet, y por último presentarse ellos mismos de forma engañosa frente a otros en la vida real. En la manera en la que los entrevistados y las otras personas informan sobre su condición de seropositivo no se observaron diferencias en cuanto al lugar donde se da esta información, es decir, en Internet o en la vida real. Sin embargo, en este campo hubo una diferencia significativa entre el grupo de los entrevistados y el de las otras personas. Las personas que dieron información engañosa sobre sí mismas eran las que con más probabilidad habían tenido cibersexo antes de encontrarse con su último compañero y preferían el cibersexo, eran menos compulsivos sexualmente y tendían a hablar y pensar más en español. Las consideraciones sociales con respecto al deseo explican el nivel alto de información engañosa sobre características e intereses sexuales por otros y el mayor grado de información engañosa en Internet. Sin embargo, la información engañosa sobre la condición de seropositivo fue la de menor categoría y aunque las otras personas engañaban más que los entrevistados, no se observaron diferencias entre Internet y la vida real. Los datos indican que el 20% de hombres dio información engañosa sobre VIH, un porcentaje menor que para otros tipos de tergiversación. Se exponen las implicaciones para la prevención de VIH y se analiza el concepto del nivel de precisión de la información dada por Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the public's and physicians' willingness to support deception of insurance companies in order to obtain necessary healthcare services and how this support varies based on perceptions of physicians' time pressures. Based on surveys of 700 prospective jurors and 1617 physicians, the public was more than twice as likely as physicians to sanction deception (26%versus 11%) and half as likely to believe that physicians have adequate time to appeal coverage decisions (22%versus 59%). The odds of public support for deception compared to that of physicians rose from 2.48 to 4.64 after controlling for differences in time perception. These findings highlight the ethical challenge facing physicians and patients in balancing patient advocacy with honesty in the setting of limited societal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the routine practice of scientific research, there are many types of misrepresentation and bias which could be considered dubious. However, only a few narrowly defined behaviours are singled out and castigated as scientific fraud. A narrow definition of scientific fraud is convenient to the groups in society – scientific elites, and powerful government and corporate interests – that have the dominant influence on priorities in science. Several prominent Australian cases illustrate how the denunciation of fraud helps to paint the rest of scientific behaviour as blameless. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]