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We argue that gerontologists are products of our ageist culture and that we both perpetuate ageism and suffer from internalized ageism ourselves. We make ageist comments, deny our own age, fail to teach students to recognize and confront ageism, and use language that otherizes and categorizes older people. Gerontologists are in ideal positions to confront ageism through our scholarly work, teaching, and community engagement. However, we suggest that, despite our deep gerontological knowledge, we do not have enough awareness, knowledge, and skills for taking anti-ageism actions in these arenas of our professional lives. We offer some suggestions for confronting ageism, including self-study, increasing content on ageism in the classroom and beyond, pointing out ageist language and behaviors to colleagues and students, working with diversity, equity and inclusion offices on campus, and giving careful consideration to our research approaches and academic writing. To go forward, we must increase awareness about ageism and gain skills in promoting anti-ageism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic shifts and the growth of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives are occurring simultaneously on college campuses. This study seeks to understand their intersection by focusing on age in DEI initiatives on college campuses. Findings from six focus groups suggest that age is not given much attention in DEI initiatives. Participants acknowledge the issue of age; but in general, they strive to keep other identities, like race and gender, in the forefront, especially in the face of low resources. While it may be difficult to elevate age in DEI initiatives on campuses, interventions were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the moderating mechanisms of generative concerns (perception of making contributions to others) between generative civic activities and mental health among middle-aged and older adults. A total of 1,109 community-dwelling adults aged over 45 were recruited through an online survey. Generative civic activities (political participation and volunteering), generative concerns (the Loyola Generativity Scale), and two outcomes of mental health (depressive symptoms and mental wellbeing) were measured. Linear regression models and simple slope analyses were used to probe the moderating effects of generative concerns, stratified by age (45–64 years and 65+). Generative activities, but not concerns, were associated with lower depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults. Generative concerns and activities were related to better mental wellbeing among middle-aged adults. Generative concerns moderated the associations between civic activities and depressive symptoms. Those with higher generative concerns but lower civic activities had higher depression scores. Conversely, a stronger reduction in depressive symptoms by engaging in civic activities was found only when individuals had greater concerns. No moderating effect was found on mental wellbeing. The positive effect of civic engagement on reducing depressive symptoms depends on generative concerns, particularly among older people and those with greater concerns. Bridging the gap between perceived generative concerns and actual civic actions may improve later-life mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults experienced the highest rates of infections and deaths and significant social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. While these negative impacts are important to address, the positive outcomes among older adults during the pandemic are equally important. A survey was distributed to adults aged 65 or older living in St. Louis, Missouri from August 2020 through March 2021 to characterize the challenges and positives they found during the pandemic. A total of 103 older adults participated. Compared to previous times in their lives, a majority of participants felt the pandemic had been more disruptive (62%) and more confusing (78%) and a majority were more worried (58%) and more afraid of dying (53%) during the pandemic. The most common positives were increased emotional well-being (23% of responses) and stronger personal connections (20% of responses). This ability to identify positive outcomes of the pandemic demonstrates the resilience of older adults and counters the ageist narrative that dominated the dialogue early in the pandemic, which depicted older adults as weak, vulnerable, and dispensable. As the pandemic evolves, nurturing and leveraging these positives will be key to combatting the cycle of fear and restrictions that the pandemic could bring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the experiences of older adult volunteers who pivoted from in-person tutoring to letter writing and online tutoring during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sixty-one older adult volunteers were surveyed in the beginning and end of the school year about their experiences, including their perceived benefits, challenges, and feedback on the pandemic transition. Eleven of the surveyed volunteers participated in focus groups at the end of the school year. Perceived benefits included having a positive impact on a child's life and meaningful engagement during the pandemic, and perceived challenges included difficulty engaging students and lack of control over learning environments. The participants also suggested increasing opportunities for informal interactions with staff and students, technology training, and peer support between volunteers. There was agreement that the remote volunteering experience was not a substitute for in-person tutoring, but it was better than no volunteering at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent declines in life expectancy in the US, especially for middle-aged White persons, have called attention to mortality from deaths of despair – deaths due to alcohol, drugs, and suicide. Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and the U.S. Census Bureau, this paper examined deaths of despair by race/ethnicity, age, cause of death, birth cohort, and sex in Missouri. We focused on Area Agencies on Aging as geographic units of interest to increase usefulness of our findings to public administrators. Deaths of despair began trending up for all age groups beginning in 2007–2009, with the sharpest increases occurring for Black or African American non-Hispanics beginning in 2013–2015. The most dramatic increases occurred for the population age 50–59 in St. Louis City and Area Agency on Aging regions in southern Missouri. For older adults, considerable variation in rates, trends, and cause of deaths of despair is evident across the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities are experiencing shifts in age distributions of students, with fewer younger students and an increase in the number of people mid-life and beyond seeking education and job training. Thus, there are strong arguments for universities to embrace opportunities to increase age-diversity on campus. This qualitative study explores the challenges, opportunities, and strategies related to university age-diversity from the perspective of Admissions and Career Services staff from one midwestern university. From focus group data, six subthemes were identified as challenges (fitting in; acclimating; stressors; career concerns; return on investment; and ageism/undervaluing age diversity), three subthemes were identified as assets (intentionality; experienced students; and age diverse educational settings) and eight strategies were recommended to better serve an age-diversity student body (support groups; familial supports; social opportunities; job placement; financial aid; targeted outreach; flexibility in learning; and staff support). This article discusses the benefits and challenges of serving older students from the perspective of staff and administrators and provides action steps for universities to promote age-diversity on campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Villages are consumer-driven organizations that promote aging-in-place. This study documents the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Villages and explores variation in response by age of the organization, size of the membership, staffing model, and geographic location. In summer, 2020, we distributed an online survey to executive administrators of 286 Villages in the network. During the pandemic, over 75% of Villages were seen as more or equally valuable for members. Seventy-seven percent of Villages offered virtual socialization events. Most Villages reported a decrease in service requests, given reductions in need for transportation. New services of food and medication delivery were initiated. There is much variation between organizations, but findings suggest that Villages that are older, have more members, and bigger budgets had more capacity and cushion; and although they took a negative hit in income and participation, it was a smaller hit proportionately, compared to younger and smaller Villages. Villages have demonstrated adaptability and creativity. They kept their operations running, provided services, and offered social connection. Vulnerabilities have been exposed: memberships have dropped for many and some members have not been able to participate as before the pandemic. Many lessons learned can help future developments of the Village model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Geriatric Emergency Care Applied Research (GEAR) Network (1) conducted a scoping review of the current literature on the identification of and interventions to address elder abuse among patients receiving care in emergency departments and (2) used this review to prioritize research questions for knowledge development. Two questions guided the scoping review: What is the effect of universal emergency department screening compared to targeted screening or usual practice on cases of elder abuse identified, safety outcomes, and health care utilization?; and What is the safety, health, legal, and psychosocial impact of emergency department-based interventions vs. usual care for patients experiencing elder abuse? We searched five article databases. Additional material was located through reference lists of identified publications, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar. The results were discussed in a consensus conference; and stakeholders voted to prioritize research questions. No studies were identified that directly addressed the first question regarding assessment strategies, but four instruments used for elder abuse screening in the emergency department were identified. For the second question, we located six articles on interventions for elder abuse in the emergency department; however, none directly addressed the question of comparative effectiveness. Based on these findings, GEAR participants identified five questions as priorities for future research – two related to screening, two related to intervention, and one encompassed both. In sum, research to identify best practices for elder abuse assessment and intervention in emergency departments is still needed. Although there are practical and ethical challenges, rigorous experimental studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social workers are familiar with the challenges brought on by the coronavirus pandemic; and we apply three gerontological social work perspectives that might increase our chances of minimizing negative outcomes and improving health and quality of life for everyone. First, the reality that the older population is very heterogeneous challenges ageism and age-stereotyping that has surfaced with COVID-19. Second, concepts of cumulative disadvantage and intersectionality offer clear explanations of the disparities that are being illuminated and lead us to advocate for fundamental changes to reduce disparities in later life and for people across the life course. Third, a strength-based perspective highlights the assets of the older population and the opportunities for positive developments coming out of the crisis. We can capitalize on momentum to increase advance care planning, to reduce social isolation, and expand the use of on-line technology for service provision. We can bolster our arguments to support older workers, volunteers, and caregivers. The fact that these social work perspectives are so applicable to the coronavirus situation reminds us of their fundamental relevance. Gerontological social work has much to offer in our roles as researchers, educators, practitioners, and advocates during this crisis, and our foundational principles serve us well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we look toward recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, we overview challenges to be minimized, including economic setbacks, health and well-being effects, and highlighted ageism, racism, and classism. We articulate opportunities to be seized, including increased comfort with technology and online platforms; stronger family and intergenerational connections, renewed energy to combat social isolation; more respect for self-care and time management; increased awareness about the importance of advance directives; and, potentially, increased interest across disciplines to work on issues of aging society. Ongoing efforts to improve policies and programs for longer, healthier lives might now be more productive, as we communicate to consumers, public officials, and everyday citizens who may be more aware of what isn't working, what is at stake, and what might be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study explores the potential to consolidate a broad range of activity items to create more manageable measures that could be used in statistical modeling of multi-activity engagement. We utilized three datasets in the United States: Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Health and Retirement Study, and Midlife in the United States. After identifying activity items, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to empirically explore composite activity measures. Findings suggest that discrete activity items can be consolidated into activity domains; however, activity domains differ across datasets depending on availability of activity items. Implications for research and practice are further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effect of the death of a family member or friend on psychological well-being, specifically the moderating effects of first-time volunteering and social network. With the sample of 354 volunteers from the Experience Corps® (EC) programs, Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) estimated the differences in psychological well-being. Among volunteers who had experienced the death of a family member or friend, new volunteers showed significant improvement in positive affect compared to experienced volunteers. EC members gained additional social contacts through volunteering. Formal volunteering has a salutatory effect on older adults' health after the loss of family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many studies on loneliness among community-dwelling older adults; however, there is limited research examining the extent and correlates of loneliness among older adults who reside in senior housing communities. This study examines the extent and correlates of loneliness in three public senior housing communities in the St. Louis area. Data for this project was collected with survey questionnaires with a total sample size of 148 respondents. Loneliness was measured using the Hughes 3-item loneliness scale. Additionally, the questionnaire contained measures on socio-demographics, health/mental health, social engagement, and social support. Missing data for the hierarchical multivariate regression models were imputed using multiple imputation methods. Results showed approximately 30.8% of the sample was not lonely, 42.7% was moderately lonely, and 26.6% was severely lonely. In the multivariate analyses, loneliness was primarily associated with depressive symptoms. Contrary to popular opinion, our study found the prevalence of loneliness was high in senior housing communities. Nevertheless, senior housing communities could be ideal locations for reducing loneliness among older adults. Interventions should focus on concomitantly addressing both an individual’s loneliness and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One challenge for gerontology is getting more students interested in aging at an earlier point in their academic career. This study evaluated the impact of an interdisciplinary course on aging designed for first-year undergraduate students. The course aimed to expand students’ appreciation of the personal and professional relevance of aging issues, with the goal of expanding their aging-related curricular and career interests. Main outcome variables of the study included knowledge of older adults and aging, attitudes toward older adults, and anxiety about personal aging. Participants included an intervention group enrolled in the course and a control group not enrolled in the course. Compared to baseline, at the end of the semester students in the class had more knowledge about aging and more positive explicit attitudes toward older adults, but their implicit attitudes toward older adults and anxiety about aging did not change. Control students showed no changes. These findings suggest that objective knowledge of aging and explicit attitudes improve with curricular intervention, but implicit attitudes and anxiety might be more difficult to change. Gerontology education is a complex undertaking whose diverse goals must be clearly articulated in order to guide curricular interventions and incite curiosity among young undergraduate students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferguson, Missouri became the center of the nation’s attention when an unarmed African American teenager was killed by a Caucasian police officer. Civic unrest continued for weeks. The aim of this study was to learn how older adults experienced the social unrest. Ten focus groups were conducted with 73 participants. Eight themes were identified. Issues related to safety were most commonly discussed. Participants reported a breakdown in intergenerational communications and expressed a desire for more exchange. Findings are being discussed with relevant organizations to increase the involvement of older adults in on-going community development efforts and to provide opportunities for intergenerational dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the approaches, practices, and policies for supporting the productive engagement of older adults. Topics discussed include providing supportive services and financial assistance to family members, promoting federal assistance and support for older adults, and health and education of older adults.

The World Health Organization (WHO)’s Age-Friendly Community (AFC) initiative has gained worldwide momentum. Yet, measures have not been validated in regions with various levels of socio-economic development. This article used a nationally representative dataset in China to (a) analyze community-level measures within the framework of AFC and (b) compare the age-friendliness between rural and urban settings in China. Chi- square and t-tests examined the rural and urban differences. Results suggest that many AFC concepts did not apply well in developing areas. The Chinese survey measured important environmental aspects in developing regions that were missing in the WHO AFC framework. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Social isolation is a significant public health problem among many older adults; however, most of the empirical knowledge about isolation derives from community-based samples. There has been less attention given to isolation in senior housing communities. The objectives of this pilot study were to test two methods to identify socially isolated residents in low-income senior housing and compare findings about the extent of isolation from these two methods. The first method, self-report by residents, included 47 out of 135 residents who completed in-person interviews. To determine self-report isolation, residents completed the Lubben Social Network Scale 6 (LSNS-6). The second method involved a staff member who reported the extent of isolation on all 135 residents via an online survey. Results indicated that 26% of residents who were interviewed were deemed socially isolated by the LSNS-6. Staff members rated 12% of residents as havingsomeora lotof isolation. In comparing the two methods, staff members rated 2% of interviewed residents as havinga lotof isolation. The combination of self-report and staff report could be more informative than just self-report alone, particularly when participation rates are low. However, researchers should be aware of the potential discrepancy between these two methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined factors associated with motivations to volunteer among older adults and how these motivations related to the subsequent volunteer experience. Focusing on one large national program, Experience Corps (EC), the authors interviewed 510 volunteers at the time they first volunteered for EC and again after one year of service. Eighty-seven percent were females, with ages ranging from 50 to 93 years. Volunteers were asked why they volunteered for this program; open-ended responses were coded into four types of motivations. Results showed that 33% reported altruistic motives; another 36% reported a mixture of altruistic and self-oriented motives, followed by self-oriented motives (16%) and practical features of the program (15%). Motivational type was regressed on demographic antecedents as well as volunteer history and receiving a stipend. Findings showed that African Americans and males were more likely to be motivated by altruism, whereas non-African Americans were more likely to report volunteering because of practical features of the program. Women were more likely than men to report being motivated by altruistic and self-benefit motives. Thus, recruitment messages regarding the altruistic nature of the volunteer work could be targeted toward older African Americans. Further, appealing to the possibility of doing good for others while doing good for oneself may appeal to older women. In regards to outcomes, motivation type did not affect the volunteer experience, suggesting that retaining volunteers may require different programmatic efforts than recruiting, such as providing supervision and recognizing volunteers’ contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background and purpose: The accurate measurement of therapy intensity in postacute rehabilitation is important for research to improve outcomes in this setting. We developed and validated a measure of Patient Active Time during physical (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) sessions, as a proxy for therapy intensity. Methods: This measurement validity study was carried out with 26 older adults admitted to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) for postacute rehabilitation with a variety of main underlying diagnoses, including hip fracture, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and others. They were participants in a randomized controlled trial that compared an experimental high-intensity therapy to standard-of-care therapy. Patient Active Time was observed by research raters as the total number of minutes that a patient was actively engaging in therapeutic activities during PT and OT sessions. This was compared to patient movement (actigraphy) quantified during some of the same PT/OT sessions using data from three-dimensional accelerometers worn on the patient's extremities. Results: Activity measures were collected for 136 therapy sessions. Patient Active Time had high interrater reliability in both PT ( r = 0.995, p < 0.001) and OT ( r = 0.95, p = 0.012). Active time was significantly correlated with actigraphy in both PT ( r = 0.73, p < 0.001) and OT ( r = 0.60, p < 0.001) and discriminated between a high-intensity experimental condition and standard of care rehabilitation: in PT, 47.0 ± 13.5 min versus 16.7 ± 10.1 min ( p < 0.001) and in OT, 46.2 ± 15.2 versus 27.7 ± 6.6 min ( p < 0.001). Conclusions: Systematic observation of Patient Active Time provides an objective, reliable, and valid index of physical activity during PT and OT treatment sessions that has utility as a real-world alternative to the measurement of treatment intensity. This measure could be used to differentiate higher from lower therapy treatment intensity and to help determine the optimal level of active therapy time for patients in postacute and other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to increase understanding about the challenges and opportunities for graduate schools of social work to meet the educational needs of midlife and older adults. Interviews were conducted with alumni who received their MSWs when they were age 40 or older. The Alumni Office provided 170 alumni’s contact information; 61 (36%) alumni were reached and 60 (98%) agreed to participate. Most (62%) switched from the for-profit sector into the nonprofit sector after their MSW, whereas others (38%) advanced within the human and social service occupations. Volunteering and caregiving were pathways to the MSW. Graduate schools could reshape recruitment and programming to facilitate an increasing number of older students. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objectives: This study extends existing knowledge regarding the continuum between major depression (MD) and subthreshold depression (SD) by examining differences in symptomology and associative factors for a subpopulation of older adults with functional disability. Method: Our sample consisted of clients age 60 and above entering public community long term care derived from the baseline survey of a longitudinal study (315 non-depressed, 74 MD, and 221 SD). We used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule to establish diagnoses of MD, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) to assess SD, and other self-report measures to explore potential associative factors of demographics, comorbidity, social support, and stressors. Results: No differences in CES-D identified symptoms occurred between the two groups. MD and SD were both associated with lower education, poorer social support, more severe medical conditions, and higher stress when compared to non-depressed older adults. Younger age and being female were associated solely with MD; whereas, worse perceived health and more trouble affording food were associated solely with SD. The only associative factor significantly different between MD and SD was age. Those with MD were more likely to be younger than those with SD. Conclusion: Our findings of symptom profiles and associative factors lend support to the continuum notion of depression. Identification of only older adults within the community long-term care service system who meet criteria for MD would leave many older adults, who also face multiple comorbidities, high levels of stress and social isolation, and substantial depressive symptoms undiagnosed and untreated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal caregivers are a critical component of the US long-term care system, but caregivers often experience poor physical and mental health as a result of strain from the caregiving role. Engagement in community-based educational and volunteer activities contributes to older adult well-being, but previous studies have not assessed whether the effects of these types of engagement are different for older adults who are also caregivers. Using a sample of participants in educational and volunteer activities sponsored by a national nonprofit organization, we find that participants who are caregivers report more benefit from these community-based activities than their noncaregiving counterparts. Connecting caregivers to existing community-based activities may be an efficient strategy for improving caregiver well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There are hundreds of tutoring programs that utilize community volunteers being implemented across the country; however, there are few rigorous efforts to evaluate their effectiveness. This article presents findings on reading achievement from an evaluation of the New York City Experience Corps®, a program that uses older volunteers to work with students in public elementary schools. Two hundred and eighty-eight first- and second-grade students participated in a pre-test/post-test two group design with randomization to assess the impact of the program on their reading abilities. Reading was assessed using the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening (PALS) and Early Childhood Literary Assessment System (ECLAS). Results indicate that Experience Corps is effective at improving reading scores. This study provides evidence that older volunteers can be successfully utilized to tutor young readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the growth in the number of older adults and the ageist attitudes many in the health care profession hold, interventions aimed at improving health professionals' attitudes toward older adults are imperative. Vital Visionaries is an intergenerational art program designed to improve medical students' attitudes toward older adults. Participants met for four 2-hour sessions at local art museums to create and discuss art. Three hundred and twenty-eight individuals (112 treatment group, 96 comparison, 120 older adults) in eight cities participated in the program and evaluation. Participants completed pre-and postsurveys that captured their attitude toward older adults, perception of commonality with older adults, and career plans. Findings suggest that medical students' attitudes toward old adults were positive at pretest. However, Vital Visionary students became more positive in their attitudes toward older adults at posttest (p < .001), with a moderate effect size, G = .60, and they felt they had more in common with older adults at posttest (p < .001), with a moderate effect size, G = .64. The program did not influence their career plans (p = .35). Findings from this demonstration project suggest that socializing medical students with healthy older adults through art programs can foster positive attitudes and enhance their sense of commonality with older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the US population ages, the capacity of the older population grows as well, with increasing levels of health and education. Older adults are also highly motivated to stay vitally involved in productive activities of working, volunteering, and providing assistance to family members and friends. Too often, older adults face barriers and disincentives to their ongoing participation in productive roles. We argue that the productive engagement of older adults can be maximized by increasing institutional capacity - that is, increasing the abilities of businesses, non-profit organizations, educational institutions, and religious organizations to engage older adults. Through changes in policies, programs, and attitudes, we must loosen the connection between chronological age and opportunities for engagement in work and volunteer roles. Only by transforming work, education, and volunteer programs can we take advantage of the experience and human capital of our ageing society. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aging Semantic Differential (ASD) by Rosencranz and McNevin (1969) is the most widely used instrument in gerontological and geriatric education to assess the stereotypic attitudes young people have toward older adults. Polizzi (2003) updated the ASD with current adjectives and reduced the instrument to a single latent factor, attitude. We examine the validity of this major instrument and describe the strengths and shortcomings. The instrument was administered to 199 medical students that participated in a national pilot project, Vital Visionaries, funded by National Institute on Aging. Confirmatory factory analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. Qualitative data captured stereotypic attitudes young people have toward older adults. SEM indexes suggest that a one-factor structure has poor fit. Qualitative analyses suggest medical students hold multiple dimensions of stereotypic attitudes toward older adults. We suggest that the latent factor, attitude, can be assessed with fewer observed items, thereby creating room for the additional latent factors. The resulting instrument could be just as short, but offer a more comprehensive assessment of young people's stereotypic attitudes toward older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study uses the selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) model to compare older adults who have given up driving, those who still drive, and those who drive less to identify differences in the three groups. Design and Methods: This cross-sectional study of 281 older adults is part of the Naturally Occurring Retirement Community Demonstration Project. Study participants completed interviews that included questions on demographics, health and functioning, mental health, social support, and current levels of engagement in activities including current driving status. Results: Data suggest that driving retirement is a process and that a substantial number of people are in the transitional stage, where they are less functional than those who still drive and more similar to those who have retired from the road. Implications: Given the similarity of those who drive less to those who have given up driving, front-line professionals and policy makers must work together to ease the transition to driving retirement for those without adequate ability to effectively compensate for their inability to continue to drive safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how older adults access organizational volunteer roles and what socio-structural factors are associated with the access. Using the data from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002), bivariate analyses show that there are variations in access to volunteer roles across types of organizations. Results from multinomial logistic regressions indicate that education, income, age, and race are associated with the ways that older adults access volunteer roles. Voluntary organizations are advised to approach older adults directly, use current volunteers to recruit potential ones, publicize their organizational goals, and disseminate relevant information in efforts to improve access of older adults to volunteer roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In light of large variation in the quality of medical care, this study assesses the extent to which medical care for depressed elders is consistent with systematic quality standards. Method: Using the Donabedian model, we assess factors related to two quality measures: medical service fit and medical provider contact. We assessed 110 depressed older adults with comorbid conditions through practical guidelines of medical services. Results: We found large variation in the quality of medical care and differences between two quality measures. Structure (Medigap insurance and clinical factors) and process factors (medical professional visits, ER visits, and adequacy of informal care) influenced the quality of medical care. Conclusion: Emphasizing accuracy in quality measures, quality disparities by medical conditions call attention to the risky population with certain conditions targeted for closer follow-up. Appropriate medical care processes can enhance the quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a greater understanding of age differences in savings outcomes within Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). Participant data from the American Dream Demonstration (ADD) are examined for age differences in accumulated net deposits, average monthly net deposits, and deposit frequency. ADD program data are examined for savings match rates, monthly savings targets, direct deposit, and hours of financial education offered. Results indicate that, on average, older IDA participants have better savings outcomes than younger participants. Findings from this study suggest that impoverished middle-aged and older adults can save if provided an opportunity and incentives. However, success will depend on the characteristics of the programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the 11-item Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI), a community sample of 79 homebound and 127 ambulatory older adults rated their acceptance of four depression treatments for two hypothetical cases with mild-to-moderate or severe levels of depressive symptoms. The four treatments were clinic-based cognitive therapy (CT), in-home cognitive bibliotherapy (CB), antidepressant medication (AM), and regimented physical exercise (PE). Older adults had significantly less favorable attitudes toward AM than CT as a treatment for mild-to-moderate symptoms, and they were less accepting of CB than CT for severe symptoms. Concerns about becoming dependent on medication and about its side effects as well as the understanding of loneliness and isolation as causes of depression appear to have affected their scores. African American and Hispanic older adults showed attitudes that were as favorable as those of their non-Hispanic white peers toward all four types of depression treatments. Homebound older adults had less favorable attitudes toward CB than did their ambulatory peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most older adults prefer to live at home as long as possible, requiring supports and services to help them age in place. This study examines the relocation concerns of a group of older adults in a suburban naturally-occurring retirement community (NORC). Twenty-six percent of the 324 residents interviewed expressed concern about having to move in the next few years. Residents who were worried differed from those who did not worry on a number of demographic and biopsychosocial characteristics. Overall, residents present a profile of vulnerability that calls for preemptive action to help them stay in their homes. A NORC is an ideal setting in which to provide supportive services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the contribution of secondary caregivers to the elderly patients' use of informal services and use of formal services, and the adequacy of care provided to the elderly patients in the period following acute hospitalization. A sample of 149 elderly patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF) were interviewed at their home two weeks alter their hospital discharge. Nearly three quarters of the elderly patients had one or more secondary caregivers. Findings from ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses indicate that the involvement of secondary caregivers was not significantly related to elderly patients' use of informal services, formal services, or the adequacy of care. These findings may be relevant to the practice of discharge planners by suggesting that the involvement of secondary caregivers may not reduce elderly patients' need for informal services and/or formal services. Furthermore, the involvement of secondary caregivers may not improve the adequacy of care provided to the elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to review the conceptualization and measurement issues related to unmet service needs of older adults receiving home and community-based services. We summarize and synthesize the recent literature on unmet service needs to examine (1) how this concept is conceptualized and measured and (2) how this concept could be used to advance the provision of home and community-based services. The findings suggest that measures of unmet needs varied in terms of their focus (e.g., function-specific or service-specific) and sources of information (e.g., care receivers, caregivers, or professions). The findings underscore the need to further refine the conceptualization and measurement of unmet service needs and to assure the proper use of existing measures by social service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the current state of gerontological social work research and suggests future directions for the field. We review data that suggest social workers are contributing to the multidisciplinary knowledge base in aging, although their contributions to this literature are incommensurate with their involvement in interdisciplinary practice. Social workers are not adequately represented among researchers supported by public and private funds. We offer some strategies to augment initiatives already in place to increase the production of gerontological social work research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This program evaluation of a national non-profit organization focuses on the benefits of an intergenerational tutoring program for participants over the age of 55. A total of 97 older adults provided their perspectives on the extent to which participation in inter-generational tutoring benefited them in four domains: socialization (social interaction), generativity (productivity), well-being (life satisfaction), and opportunity (chance for new endeavors). Survey results indicate that older adults perceive that they benefit from their participation in intergenerational tutoring. Participants perceived the most benefit in the domain of well-being and almost as much benefit in the domain of generativity, followed by opportunity and socialization. When asked what was most beneficial about participation, most respondents mentioned interacting with new people. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss various reports within the issue on topics including best home environment for older adults in Asia, interviews with elderly people and their caregivers in South Korea, and home policies and services for older adults.

A program evaluation of OASIS, a national non-profit organization which provides educational and volunteer opportunities to people over the age of 55, focused on the benefits of participating in educational and volunteer activities. A total of 289 older adults provided their perspectives on the extent to which participation in these activities benefited them in four domains: socialization (social interaction), generativity (productivity), well-being (life satisfaction), and opportunity (chance for new endeavors). The survey results indicate that, in general, older adults perceive that they benefit from participation in these activities. Participants perceived the most benefit in the domain of opportunity, followed by well-being, and then, at the same level, socialization and generativity. Volunteers reported more benefit overall than class takers. When asked what was most beneficial about participation, most respondents mentioned interacting with new people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complications encountered in discharge planning in an acute care pediatric hospital were documented. The cases of 105 children hospitalized on selected units of an acute care, regional, pediatric hospital in the Midwest were studied. The most frequently encountered complications were financial, family unavailability and lack of cooperation, family inability/unwillingness to learn patient care, custody issues, unexpected medical developments, and transportation problems. Team differences in understanding the child's psychosocial situation and custody disputes were associated with delays in discharge. Private insurance, late referral, and lack of family availability were associated with the adequacy of the discharge plan, as rated by the discharge planner at discharge. Results show discharge planning to be a complex process, affected by family, resource, and team work issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of respite care services is to alleviate the stress placed on primary caregivers of the frail elderly. This article describes an innovative respite care program in Missouri that incor- porates a service credit system as an incentive for volunteers to participate. It also presents the findings of an exploratory study on the volunteers who participated in the program. Among other things, the study found that the volunteers' level of satisfaction with the program was extremely high and that those who were less healthy, were recipients of Supplemental Security Income, and had never done volunteer work before, took the service credit system more seriously than did others. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of respite care services is to alleviate the stress placed on primary caregivers of the frail elderly. This article describes an innovative respite care program in Missouri that incorporates a service credit system as an incentive for volunteers to participate. It also presents the findings of an exploratory study on the volunteers who participated in the program. Among other things, the study found that the volunteers' level of satisfaction with the program was extremely high and that those who were less healthy, were recipients of Supplemental Security Income, and had never done volunteer work before, took the service credit system more seriously than did others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 20-item quiz was developed to assess basic knowledge about services and programs that target older populations. The quiz was administered to older non-caregiving community dwelling adults, older adult caregivers, and undergraduate and graduate nursing students. The results indicate that, across groups, there were a number of knowledge gaps about nationwide services for older adults. These findings suggest that it may be important to develop better ways to assess knowledge of elderly services to assist in the training of health-care professionals, as well as to educate the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Manv dependent variables of interest to social work researchers are dichotomous rather than continuous, and an appropriate and powerful statistical procedure for modeling such variables is logistic regression. This paper presents the assumptions of logistic regression; the estimation procedure; the testing and interpretation of parameters; and measures of the goodness of the model. A review of recent social work research which utilizes the procedure is included. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There is little attention given to the issue of the family as a source of income for the older adult. Yet this is a topic of increasing importance with the current funding problems in the Social Security system. This article presents an empirical analysis of family contributions to the income of adults in or near retirement. Findings confirm that the within-family transfer of money is rarely a source of income for the older adult. Those who receive mone from relatives are more likely to be poor, female, and in bad health. Despite family efforts, these people are likely to remain at low income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

No abstract available for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]