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Examines the conflicting approaches of environmental and ecological economics. Integration of economics into ecological issues; Methodological basis of the two approaches; Importance of reorienting economic theories dealing with the relationship between humans and the environment.

Introduces an economic concept for ecological sustainable tourism and discusses instruments to achieve this objective. Definition of ecotourism; Economic concept of ecological sustainable tourism development; Impact amelioration measures.

Where international environmental externalities are unidirectional, the country which is generating these externalities will tend to ignore the damages inflicted on other nations, for example environmental damages of deforestation. Using the unique ecosystem of tropical rain forests (TRF) as an example, the article addresses issues of efficiency and equity, including the problems of international transfer payments from industrialized countries (IC) to developing countries (DC) as means of internalization of environmental damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]