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AbstractFaba bean is susceptible to several foliar fungal diseases: ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae), alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria sp.), chocolate spot (Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis fabae), anthracnose (Colletotrichum lentis) and stemphylium blight (Stemphylium spp.). Under conducive conditions these diseases can cause significant economic losses. Visual diagnosis based on the appearance of lesions on faba beans is problematic, especially as they progress. The purpose of this study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the causal organisms of these diseases. Five pairs of primers, AFF7/AFR7 for A. fabae, BCF1/BCR1 for B. cinerea, BFF2/BFR2 for B. fabae, ClF2/ClR2 for C. lentis and Stem_F_S/Stem_R_S for Stemphylium spp. were developed. The previously developed primer pair aagpf1/aagpr1 was used to detect Alternaria sp. The primers were tested for specificity to their target pathogen and primer pairs AFF6/AFR6, aagpf1/aagpr1, BCF1/BCR1, BFF2/BFR2 and ClF2/ClR2 identified their target pathogens. The primer pair Stem_F_S/Stem_R_S identified S. beticola, S. botryosum, S. eturmiunum and S. vesicarium. Identification of pathogens with primers was evaluated using DNA from mycelia and from infected faba bean leaves generated through artificial inoculations under controlled conditions and collected from the field. A multiplex PCR assay with six primer pairs allowed for detection of the target pathogens to the species level for five pathogens, and to the genus level for species causing stemphylium blight. This assay enables quick diagnosis of leaf spots on faba bean, and minimizing time and effort needed to identify the primary cause of the infection through traditional isolation procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic interplay between pathogens and host immune system determines the outcome of fungal infections. This study investigates the role of Ubp5 in modulating host defenses during Cryptococcus neoformans H99 infections. Ubp5 deletion significantly reduces both pulmonary invasion and extrapulmonary dissemination, resulting in prolonged survival and decreased fungal burdens in mice. Attenuated virulence is closely associated with enhanced host immune responses, rather than diminished pathogen fitness alone. Histopathological and leukocyte analyses revealed a shift towards protective adaptive immune responses in ubp5Δ-infected lungs, characterized by lymphocyte-dominated inflammatory infiltration and an increased Th1/Th17 cytokine response. Under host-associated conditions, ubp5Δ mutants exhibited morphological changes, including distorted shapes and cell wall heterogeneity, alongside defects in key virulence factors such as the polysaccharide capsule and melanin. These changes likely promote exposure of immunostimulatory cell wall components, enhancing host immunity. Additionally, Ubp5 deletion resulted in a significant reduction in intracellular ribosomal particles in C. neoformans, which likely impairs protein synthesis, contributing to reduced growth and pathogenic fitness in vivo. These findings underscore the pivotal role of Ubp5 in maintaining cryptococcal virulence and suggest that targeting Ubp5 could enhance host immunity against cryptococcosis by promoting protective immune responses and limiting fungal dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In 2022, the World Health Organization published a report encouraging researchers to focus on Candida spp. to strengthen the global response to fungal oral infections and antifungal resistance. In the context of innovative research, it seems pertinent to investigate the antifungal potential of natural extracts of plants and the methodology involved in the recent reports. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the current state of in vitro research on the evaluation of the ability of plant extracts to inhibit Candida spp. Material and methods: A bibliographic search has been developed to on a 10-year period to identify which plant extracts have an antifungal effect on the Candida spp. found in the oral cavity. Results: A total of 20 papers were reviewed and fulfilled all the selection criteria and were included in the full data analysis. Discussion: Plants have been tested in a wide range of states - whole extracts, extraction of particular components such as flavonoids or polyphenols, or even using the plant to synthesize nanoparticles. Of forty-five plants tested, five of them did not show any effect against Candida spp., which weren't part of the same family. There is a wide range of plant that exhibit antifungal proprieties. Conclusion: Many plants have been tested in a wide range of states - whole extracts, extraction of components such as flavonoids or polyphenols, or even using the plant to synthetize nanoparticles. The combination of plants, the addition of plants to a traditional antifungal and the interference with adhesion provided by some plants seem to be promising strategies. Nonetheless, on contrary to drugs, there is a critical lack of standardization on methodologies and protocols, which makes it difficult to compare data and, consequently, to conclude, beyond doubts, about the most promising plants to fight Candida spp. oral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tavaborole (TAV), a benzoxaborole derivative, is an FDA-approved antifungal agent for treating onychomycosis, a common and persistent fungal infection of the toenails. Objective: This study aimed to develop a robust stability-indicating HPTLC method to determine TAV in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) using a comprehensive approach that includes risk assessment, and Analytical Quality by Design. Methods: The critical method parameters influencing the HPTLC results were screened using a Plackett-Burman screening design followed by its optimization using a central composite optimization design. The developed method was validated as per ICH recommendation. Results: Optimized method utilized pre-coated aluminum-backed HPTLC plates using 10 µL/band injection volume, and the plate was developed using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (75:25:1%v/v/v) in twin trough chamber pre-saturated for 20 mins with vapors of 10 mL of mobile phase. The separated components were detected at a wavelength of 221 nm. The developed HPTLC method resulted in a retardation factor of 0.49 ± 0.04 for TAV. Validation results revealed the HPTLC method's specificity (peak purity ≥ 0.999), linearity over a concentration range of 2–10 μg/band, sensitivity (LOD 0.21 μg and LOQ 0.64 μg), accuracy (99.68 − 101.43%w/w), and precision (%RSD < 2.0). Conclusion: The developed robust stability-indicating HPTLC method was successfully implemented for the sustainable testing of the TAV in the NLC formulations and stability testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal trunk diseases are of major concern for tree fruit, nut, and grape growers throughout the world. These diseases include Eutypa dieback of grape, caused by Eutypa lata, band canker of almond, caused by Neofusicoccum mediterraneum and Neofusicoccum parvum, and twig and branch dieback of walnut, caused by N. mediterraneum, Botryosphaeria dieback of grape, caused by Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata, N. mediterraneum, and N. parvum, and esca of grape, caused by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum. Given the common occurrence of mixed infections, and the similar wood symptoms at the macroscopic level, species-specific detection tools are needed. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiling can be an effective and inexpensive diagnostic tool. FAME analyses were conducted on pure cultures of multiple isolates per species to characterize profiles and assess whether this technique could result in consistent identification. FAME profiles were dominated by oleic acid (18:1 ω9c) and palmitic acid (16:0), with less abundant FAMEs in different ratios for each species and isolates within species. Canonical discriminant analyses revealed which minor FAMEs were most variable, with a total of 20 different FAMEs that can explain 69.01% of profile variance in the first two canonicals. Using these analyses, samples were self-tested and correctly sorted 97.18% of the time. Within species, canonical discriminant analyses were able to separate isolates further, often by original geographic location or by host plant species. These results further suggest that potential novel species, subspecies, or races may be present among the isolates analyzed, demonstrating the capacity of FAME profiling to have a role in discovering cryptic species and accurately identifying fungal pathogens in conjunction with other molecular techniques and genomic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are nonsystemic, protective fungicides used all over the world to protect fruits, vegetables, and herbs from several fungal infections. Hence, it is very important to detect and quantify their residue in food. In this work, a rapid and sensitive protocol has been validated for the determination of DTCs subclasses, ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) and propylenebisdithiocarbamate (PBDC) fungicides in fruits, vegetables, and herbs. The method was based on the decomposition of EBDC and PBDC in an alkaline medium followed by methylation into dimethyl ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC-dimethyl) and dimethyl propylenebisdithiocarbamate (PBDC-dimethyl), respectively. This was followed by applying citrate buffer acetonitrile-based QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation technique. The method validation was performed according to the European quality control guidelines (SANTE/12682/2019). The precision and trueness of the method were determined from recovery experiments on six replicates of spiked blank samples at 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg for each commodity. The mean recoveries of EBDC-dimethyl and PBDC-dimethyl ranged from 79–119% and 74–120%, respectively. The RSD value for both analytes was in the range of 2–20. The only exception was PBDC-dimethyl in fennel matrix at 0.01 mg/kg. The limit of quantification of the method was 0.01 mg/kg with the exception of PBDC-dimethyl in fennel, which was 0.05 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternaria is a fungal genus that can cause opportunistic human infection in immunocompromised hosts. While the majority of clinical manifestations are cutaneous or subcutaneous infections, there are reports of oculomycosis, which is most commonly present as keratomycosis or endophthalmitis.Here, we present a rare case of Alternaria dacryocystitis with cutaneous fistula in a diabetic patient. The patient was referred with a non-healing medial canthal wound and an initial biopsy report showing "ruptured hair follicle;" re-examination of the biopsy specimen with fungal stains led to the diagnosis of alternariosis. The patient underwent surgical debridement and systemic antifungal treatment, with complete resolution of the infection. In order to initiate prompt treatment and prevent invasive disease, fungal infection should be considered in an immunocompromised patient with chronic dacryocystitis and cutaneous fistula or a nonhealing medial canthus wound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long admired for their illusionistic images, Italian intarsia panels also foregrounded the biological and ecological properties of wood, incorporating its filaments, fungal infections, and even woodworm pathways into depictions of landscapes, still lifes, and saintly figures. Drawing on visual, material, and textual evidence, much of it produced outside of Italy's traditional artistic centers, I show how Italian intarsia makers were designing from wood, provoking new ways of thinking about the human relationship to the arboreal world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview of predisposing factors and clinical-microbiological profile of neonatal corneal ulcer. Methods: The literature search was undertaken in PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases on published papers from inception to May 31, 2023. The included articles were independently assessed for methodological quality using a Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Weighted analysis was utilized, assigning a weight of one to each case report and a weight equivalent to the sample size for the case series/original studies. Result: We included 34 relevant case reports/series and one original study. Seventy-four neonates were enrolled with a boy-to-girl ratio of 1.3:1 and a median age of 17 days (1–27 days). Prematurity and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) care (21.6%), congenital horizontal tarsal kink (13.5%), neonatal herpes infection (13.5%), congenital entropion (5.4%), and jaundice (5.4%) were the most common potential risk factors and coexisting conditions. Microbiology evaluation showed positive results in 53.8% (21/39 cases). Viral and bacterial infections were the most common cause, followed by fungal infections. Herpes virus (18.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.9%%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (6.7%) were the most prevalent causative agents. Negative microbiology was significantly more common in neonates with structural abnormalities (14.9%) compared to others (6.8%) (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Based on the findings of reported studies, this systematic review has increased awareness of the risk factors and etiologies that lead to developing corneal ulcers in neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurological and cardiovascular illnesses, cancers, metabolic disorders, and microbial infections result in deaths of millions of people globally. Recent researches have intensely been directed at evaluating the therapeutic potential of herbal plants as alternative medicines. One such species is chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), from the Asteraceae family. It elicits protective properties against inflammation and oxidative stress, bacterial and fungal infections, cancers, ulcers, neuropathologies, etc. The present review focuses on various medical/ethnomedicinal uses of chamomile. Moreover, we emphasize on the therapeutic actions of constituents from chamomile, along with their underlying mechanism(s). Literature was systematically searched on electronic databases using keywords; "Matricaria chamomilla/chamomile" in combination with "medicinal," and "therapeutic." Our analyses of the retrieved articles indicate tremendous therapeutic potential of chamomile, and establish it as an alternative multimodal herbal medicine. The individual active constituents (e.g., geraniol, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, umbelliferone, rutin) were also found to elicit significant beneficial properties in various disorders. Collectively, chamomile and its bioactive seem to hold great promises as miraculous herbal drugs with multiple medical uses. In conclusion, based upon its beneficial antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, Matricaria chamomilla is strongly implicated in protection against skin photo-damage, aging, neuropathologies and cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most fungal bone and joint infections (arthritis) are caused by Mucormycosis (Mucor indicus). These infections may be difficult to treat and may lead to chronic bone disorders and disabilities, thus the use of new antifungal materials in bone disorders is vital, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, such as those who have contracted coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Herein, we reported for the first time the preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N/CQDs) and a nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (N/MC) using a quick micro-wave preparation and hydrothermal approach. The structure and morphology were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and surface area analyser. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), disc diffusion tests, minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and antifungal inhibitory percentages were measured to investigate the antifungal activity of N/CQDs and N/MC nanostructures. In addition to the in vivo antifungal activity in rats as determined by wound induction and infection, pathogen count and histological studies were also performed. According to in vitro and in vivo testing, both N/CQDs with small size and N/MC with porous structure had a significant antifungal impact on a variety of bone-infecting bacteria, including Mucor infection. In conclusion, the present investigation demonstrates that functional N/CQDs and N/MC are effective antifungal agents against a range of microbial pathogenic bone disorders in immunocompromised individuals, with stronger and superior fungicidal activity for N/CQDs than N/MC in vitro and in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus melanose, caused by Diaporthe citri, is one of the most economically significant fungal diseases in China. Given that the application of fungicides is the main technique used for the control of citrus melanose, many studies have focused on enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the use of fungicides for the control of this economically significant disease. Here, we developed a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol for monitoring citrus melanose via detection of suspected infected leaves and airborne conidia of D. citri. A primer pair and TaqMan probe targeting D. citri were designed to amplify a region of the fungal β-tubulin gene. The limits of detection and quantification of our TaqMan qPCR method were 159.57 and 683 copies/μL, respectively. The method detected the DNA equivalent to 47 conidia when fungal conidia were cultured in vitro. To evaluate the feasibility of our TaqMan qPCR method, symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples, airborne conidia samples were collected from a citrus orchard and tea garden, respectively. D. citri was detected in leaves with citrus melanose symptoms in an orchard; airborne fungal conidia of D. citri were also detected. These findings suggested that this novel TaqMan qPCR method could be used to detect D. citri both in vivo and in vitro. Our methodology could be applied as an alternative method for monitoring the changes in the incidence of D. citri in orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riverine fungi have the capacity for both pathogenicity, pertinent for countries with elevated immunosuppressed individuals, and bioremediation potential. The purpose was (i) to screen for the presence of clinically relevant riverine fungi and associations with anthropogenic influence, and (ii) the acclimatisation of environmental communities toward potential bioremediation application. Communities were harvested from polluted rivers in Stellenbosch, South Africa, and mycobiomes characterised by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The remainder of the biomass was inoculated into continuous bioreactors with filtered river water or sterile minimal medium. Seven weeks later, the mycobiomes were re-sequenced. At least nine clinically relevant species were detected, including agents of mycoses belonging to the genus Candida. The occurrence of genera that harbour opportunisticstrains was significantly higher (P = 0.04) at more polluted sites. Moreover, positive correlations occured between some genera and pollution indices, demonstrating the potential of fungi for addition to water quality indicators. Despite biomass increase, almost all pathogens were undetectable after seven weeks, demonstrating less resilience in conditions mimicking rivers. Thus, when screening riverine biomes for bioremediation potential, ambient reactors select against human pathogens. This indicates a transient introduction of allochthonous opportunistic species into rivers due to insufficient sanitation, and the potential of bioremediation strategies that selects for environmental rather than pathogenic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of venetoclax (VEN) with hypomethylating agents (HMAs) improves survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and may cause neutropenia requiring combined antifungal therapy or prophylaxis. The inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity by azole antifungal agents leads to elevated blood concentrations of VEN. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of venetoclax plus azacitidine (AZA) with azoles in newly diagnosed AML patients. The primary endpoints included complete remission (CR), complete remission with incomplete blood cell recovery (CRi), composite CR (CRc, CR + CRi), blood cell recovery time and incidence of infections. The CRc was 50.0% in the azole group and 56% in the nonazole group (p > 0.05). In the azole group, the median recovery times for patients with ANC >500 cells/mm3 and ANC >1,000 cells/mm3 were 19 and 25 days, respectively. For the nonazole group, the corresponding times were 16 and 19 days (p < 0.05). In the azole group, the median durations for patients with a PLT >50,000/mm3 and >100,000/mm3 were 18 and 20 days, respectively. For the nonazole group, the corresponding times were 16 and 19 days (p > 0.05). The incidences of fungal and bacterial infections were not significantly different (30.8% vs 26.1% and 50.0% vs 56.0%) (p > 0.05). The cost-effectiveness ratio of the azole group is lower. There was no significant difference between VEN + AZA with or without azole in terms of efficacy, infection, or partial hematological toxicity. However, the combination of azoles may prolong the neutrophil recovery time. Azole combination could reduce the amount of venetoclax and improve health economics. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: The combination of venetoclax (VEN) with hypomethylating agents (HMAs) improves survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and may cause fungal infections due to neutropenia requiring combined antifungal therapy or prophylaxis. Azole antifungal agents may lead to elevated blood concentrations of VEN, which may cause severe neutropenia. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of venetoclax plus azacitidine (AZA) with azoles in newly diagnosed AML patients. The composite complete remission rate was 50.0% in the azole group and 56% in the nonazole group (p > 0.05). In the azole group, the median recovery times for patients with ANC >500 cells/mm3 and ANC >1,000 cells/mm3 were 19 and 25 days, respectively. For the nonazole group, the corresponding times were 16 and 19 days (p < 0.05). In the azole group, the median durations for patients with a PLT >50,000/mm3 and >100,000/mm3 were 18 and 20 days, respectively. For the nonazole group, the corresponding times were 16 and 19 days (p > 0.05). The incidences of fungal and bacterial infections were not significantly different (30.8% vs 26.1% and 50.0% vs 56.0%, respectively) (p > 0.05). The cost-effectiveness ratio of the azole group is lower. There was no significant difference between VEN + AZA with or without azole in terms of efficacy, infection, or partial hematological toxicity. However, the combination of azoles may prolong the neutrophil recovery time. Azole combination could reduce the amount of venetoclax and improve health economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucormycosis hand infection in poorly controlled diabetic presented as rapidly progressive swelling, redness, pain, and necrosis unresponsive to antibiotics. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive surgery, antifungals, and diabetes management were critical, highlighting the need for early recognition and treatment of mucormycosis in diabetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractJuglans regia L. is vulnerable to pests and fungal diseases affecting its production. Biological control could diminish pest damage and reduce pesticide use. Thus, this research evaluated the impact of chitinolytic bacteria on the incidence of fungi and fruit flies associated with J. regia L. from San Nicolás de los Ranchos, Puebla, Mexico. Chitinolytic bacteria from genera Bacillus, Peribacillus, Pseudomonas, and Serratia were applied to J. regia L. plants, reducing the foliar damage caused by fungal infection and the number of fruit flies. Also, the size and dry mass of the fruits increased, demonstrating their potential for biological control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spf1 is an important P-type ATPase in Candida albicans, which functions as an endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump to maintain calcium homoeostasis. The deficiency of Spf1 attenuates the virulence of C. albicans. However, its impact on immune response remains to be investigated. This study discovered that deletion of SPF1 resulted in a reduction of endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contacts, an important structure mediating material and information exchange. This effect was attributed to the reduced plasma membrane localisation of the crucial endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane tethering proteins Ist2 and Tcb1/3. The reduction of the contacts led to a decrease in secretion of the virulence factors phospholipase, secreted aspartyl protease (SAP), candidalysin, and the cell wall-anchored protein Hwp1 during infection. Immunofluorescence staining and quantitative PCR assays further showed that the SPF1 deletion led to a remarkable decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting the alleviation of the fungus-induced inflammatory response. Ultimately, the regulatory role of Spf1 in immune response significantly weakened the infectivity of C. albicans, and increased the survival rate of the hosts. This finding elucidated the role of fungal calcium pump-governed endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contacts in regulation of immune response. It also makes it possible to regulate the host’s immune response via control of SPF1 expression and functions, providing a theoretical basis for treating fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The utility of two disease-severity indices, namely bronchiectasis severity index (BSI) and FACED score in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) remains unknown. Objective: To correlate the BSI and FACED scores with immunological parameters (serum IgE [total and A. fumigatus-specific], A. fumigatus-specific IgG, blood eosinophil count), and high-attenuation mucus on chest computed tomography in ABPA. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the correlation between BSI and FACED scores and correlate the BSI/FACED scores with the bronchiectasis health questionnaire (BHQ) and Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Methods: We included treatment-naïve ABPA subjects with bronchiectasis in a prospective observational study. We computed the BSI and FACED scores for each subject before initiating treatment. The subjects also completed two quality-of-life questionnaires (BHQ and SGRQ). Results: We included 91 subjects. The mean (standard deviation) BSI and FACED scores were 3.43 (3.39) and 1.43 (1.27). We found no correlation between BSI or FACED with any immunological parameter or high-attenuation mucus. There was a strong correlation between BSI and FACED scores (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). We found a weak correlation between BSI and BHQ/SGRQ and FACED and SGRQ. Conclusion: We found no correlation between BSI and FACED with immunological parameters in ABPA. However, we found a significant correlation between BSI and FACED and a weak correlation between SGRQ and BHQ. ABPA likely requires a separate disease-severity scoring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dithiocarbamate fungicides have been widely used in agricultural practices due to their effective control of fungal diseases, thereby contributing to global food security and agricultural productivity. In this study, the inhibitory potency of eight compounds on human and rat aromatase (CYP19A1) activity was evaluated. The results revealed that zineb exhibited the highest inhibitory potency on human CYP19A1 (IC50, 2.79 μM). Maneb (IC50, 3.09 μM), thiram (IC50, 4.76 μM), and ferbam (IC50, 6.04 μM) also demonstrated potent inhibition on human CYP19A1. For the rat CYP19A1, disulfiram (IC50, 1.90 μM) displayed the strongest inhibition followed by maneb (2.16 μM), zineb (2.54 μM), and thiram (6.99 μM). These dithiocarbamates acted as mixed/non-competitive inhibitors of human and rat CYP19A1. Dithiothreitol (DTT), a reducing agent, partially rescued thiram-mediated inhibition when incubated at the same. Moreover, positive correlations were observed between log P, topological polar surface area, molecular weight, and heavy atoms and IC50 values. 3D-QSAR analysis revealed the hydrogen bond acceptor and donor play critical roles in the binding of dithiocarbamates to human CYP19A1. In silico analysis showed that dithiocarbamates bind to the haem binding site, containing Cys437 residues. In conclusion, some dithiocarbamates potently inhibit human and rat CYP19A1 via interacting with haem-binding Cys437 residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive fungal infections are a major health threat with high morbidity and mortality, highlighting the urgent need for rapid diagnostic tools to detect antifungal resistance. Traditional culture-based antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) methods often fall short due to their lengthy process. In our previous research, we developed a whole-slide imaging (WSI) technique for the high-throughput assessment of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Building on this foundation, this study expands the application of WSI by adapting it for rapid AFST through high-throughput monitoring of the growth of hundreds of individual fungi. Due to the distinct "budding" growth patterns of fungi, we developed a unique approach that utilizes specific cell number change to determine fungi replication, instead of cell area change used for bacteria in our previous study, to accurately determine the growth rates of individual fungal cells. This method not only accelerates the determination of antifungal resistance by directly observing individual fungal cell growth, but also yields accurate results. Employing Candida albicans as a representative model organism, reliable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole inhibiting 100% cells of Candida albicans (denoted as MIC100) was obtained within 3h using the developed method, while the modified broth dilution method required 72h for the similar reliable result. In addition, our approach was effectively utilized to test blood culture samples directly, eliminating the need to separate the fungi from whole blood samples spiked with Candida albicans. These features indicate the developed method holds great potential serving as a general tool in rapid antifungal susceptibility testing and MIC determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucormycosis is a serious fungal infection caused by fungi in the order of Mucorales. Orbital mucormycosis occurs more frequently in rhino-orbital, sino-orbital, and rhino-orbito-cerebral forms of the disease, while isolated orbital mucormycosis is much less common. Herein, we present four cases of immunocompetent children who developed primary cutaneous mucormycosis, which subsequently invaded and progressed to orbital mucormycosis following direct traumatic injury caused by pecking from Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna). Given the low prevalence of orbital mucormycosis in healthy children, an unknown source of infection and delayed diagnosis followed by late therapeutic interventions could result in life-threatening conditions and serious sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in soils and is a beneficial element for plant growth, particularly for gramineous plants such as rice, corn, and wheat. In Japan, soil Si availability and its relationship with Si in plants have been mainly focused on paddy soils and rice. Although Si has also been reported to benefit wheat production via enhanced phosphorous uptake and resistance to diseases, there is little study on Si availability in agricultural soils related to wheat production in Japan. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the soil available Si and its relation to other soil properties in upland fields, (2) evaluate Si concentration and its distribution in winter wheat, (3) clarify the relationship between the soil available Si and the Si concentration in wheat, and (4) identify suitable methods to determine available Si for agricultural soils. Surface soil and wheat samples were collected from 40 growers' field along four different river terraces including lowland, low terrace, middle terrace, and high terrace of the Tokachi district in 2020 and 2021. Soil available Si was evaluated by three methods using acetate buffer and phosphate buffer solution. The soil available Si contents in agricultural soils varied from field to field considerably, and were remarkably larger in the fields located on the middle and high terraces compared to the lowland and the low terrace, suggesting the effects of soil parent materials and pedogenic factors, particularly volcanic ashes and amorphous clay minerals. The mean Si uptake by winter wheat was 13.4 g m−2 and comparable to N and K uptake and greater than P. Winter wheat mainly stores Si in culms, leaves and husks, and the highest mean concentration of Si in above-ground part of winter wheat was 27.6 g kg−1 in husks. The high Si concentration in the husk may be related to enhancing plant physical protection to preharvest sprouting and fungal diseases. Among three methods, the acetate buffer solution method could be the most promising method to determine soil Si availability in agricultural soils of the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal infections pose a significant challenge in numerous developing nations and worldwide, necessitating urgent solutions. Oral administration of antifungal medications often leads to severe adverse reactions. Hence, employing topical delivery systems is preferred to ensure efficient dermal delivery of antifungal agents while minimizing side effects. Furthermore, the incorporation of penetration enhancers into nanocarriers loaded with antifungal agents has demonstrated enhanced efficacy in combating mycotic infections. Consequently, ultra-deformable penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs) were developed to explore this promising approach. In this study, Labrasol® and Transcutol® were used as penetration enhancers in formulating ultra-deformable PEVs containing the antifungal agent Fluconazole (FCZ). The PEVs underwent comprehensive characterization, including measurements of particle size (PS), charge, and entrapment efficiency (EE%). The results revealed that the size of tested PEVs ranged from 100 to 762 nm. All particles exhibited a negative charge, with a minimum zeta potential (ZP) of −38.26 mV, and an intermediate entrapment efficiency (EE%) that reached approximately 40%w/w. Ex-vivo studies demonstrated the ability of PEVs to deliver FCZ to the dermis while minimizing transdermal delivery. The selected formula was tested in-vivo using candidiasis-induced rat model and showed a superiority in its antifungal effect against Candida Albicans compared to the drug control. Stability studies were executed for the selected formula, and revealed good stability shown by the insignificant change in the PS, ZP& EE% over a six-month period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Aotearoa New Zealand (AoNZ), where pastoral agriculture is vital to the economy, reports of pasture plant species failing to persist in long-term pastures, particularly in northern regions, are increasingly common. The underlying cause of this decline in pasture persistence remains elusive. Soil-borne diseases are a potential contributing factor affecting root function and consequently, plant growth and performance. Despite their potential significance, little is known about the soil-borne diseases affecting pastoral species and cultivars. The detrimental effects of fungal soil-borne pathogens on global agroecosystems are well documented. Mitigating these impacts requires a comprehensive understanding of their distribution, abundance, and host relationships. This review summarises pasture pathology research in AoNZ, and the current and future challenges influencing fungal pathogens are discussed. This review concludes that a more comprehensive understanding of soil-borne pathogens affecting AoNZ pastures is required to mitigate impacts and future disease-risk. Furthermore, it advocates for a multidisciplinary approach, in collaboration with commercial partners and farmers, to develop effective mitigation strategies and decision-tools for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection of the nails, predominantly caused by dermatophytes and is a notoriously difficult condition to treat. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare, in vitro, the efficacy of different applied ozone dosages against the main fungi that cause onychomycosis. Dermatophyte fungi Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28,188) and Microsporum gypseum (ATCC 24,102) were incubated at 28 °C for 14 days. Treatments were divided into nine experimental groups according to applied ozone dosages: Control Group 0 mg/m2: fungi were cultured but received no treatment; cultured fungi that received ozone therapy for 157, 314, 471, 628, 785 943, 1100 and 1257 mg/m2. The main results indicate that topical ozone therapy effectively reduced the germination percentage of T. rubrum and M. gypseum in all experimental periods, achieving a complete eradication with a treatment time of 628 and 1257 mg/m2, respectively. In conclusion, ozone therapy used topically with an applied ozone dosage of 628 mg/m2 for T. rubrum and 1257 mg/m2 for M. gypseum promoted antifungal action on the main dermatophytes responsible for critical complications of onychomycosis. Therefore, ozone therapy can be proposed as an adjuvant for dermatological treatments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral fungal infections pose a threat to human health and increase the economic burden of oral diseases by prolonging and complicating treatment. A cost-effective strategy is to try to prevent these infections from happening in the first place. With this purpose, biomaterials with antifungal properties are a crucial element to overcome fungal infections in the oral cavity. In this review, we go through different kinds of biomaterials and coatings that can be used to functionalize them. We also review their potential as a therapeutic approach in addition to prophylaxis, by going through traditional and alternative antifungal compounds, e.g., essential oils, that could be incorporated in them, to enhance their efficacy against fungal pathogens. We aim to highlight the potential of these technologies and propose questions that need to be addressed in prospective research. Finally, we intend to concatenate the key aspects and technologies on the use of biomaterials in oral health, to create an easy to find summary of the current state-of-the-art for researchers in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing occurrence of invasive fungal infections and the limited efficacy of modern antifungal medications, it is crucial to disseminate information regarding the potential sources of nosocomial mycoses through the One Health approach. This study investigated the presence and antifungal susceptibility of fungi in biofilm and water samples obtained from the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) of hospitals. The positivity rate for fungi in biofilm and water samples was 41% and 9%, respectively, with Aspergillus species, a significant causative agent of nosocomial mycoses, being the predominant fungi identified. Analysis of antifungal susceptibility test revelead a comparable resistance profile between some isolated species from the DWDS and those reported for certain clinical samples. While further research is required to determine the specific contribution of waterborne fungi to nosocomial fungal infections, our results emphasize the importance of controlling biofilm formation within DWDSs, particularly in high-risk hospital wards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal infections present a challenge when it comes to topical treatment failure thereby necessitating the need for more effective topical delivery systems. Essential oils have demonstrated noteworthy antifungal activity; however, their volatility limits therapeutic use for skin conditions. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils alone and in combination. Thereafter, antifungal nanoparticulate formulations were designed using three essential oil combinations against Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans. The antifungal activity was investigated using the broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The formulations were prepared by forming nanoparticles (polymer-based and composite lipid-polymer-based systems), with the preferred formulation encapsulating the essential oil combinations. Characterisation of the formulations was performed with a Zeta-sizer and using attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The in vitro antifungal activity of the three nanoparticulate formulations was then determined, where a significant (p = 0.002) increase in the average antidermatophyte activity could be observed for all three formulations. The combination of A. sativum and C. martinii displayed the lowest MIC value across all three reference strains (MIC values 0.06-0.38 mg mL-1) and the formulation maintained the antifungal activity with MIC values ranging 0.08-0.36 mg mL-1. A successful combination of essential oils with antifungal activity was achieved thereby emphasising an effective nanoparticulate formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is a dicotyledonous woody shrub species widely cultivated to produce a beverage made from its leaves. Brown blight is a destructive foliar fungal disease that reduces tea production and degrades quality, resulting in lower market value. Typical brown blight symptoms observed in three commercial tea plantations in Malaysia were characterized as brownish to black lesions on young leaves. The lesions expanded with age, becoming darker and developing into necrotic cells. A total of 45 fungal isolates were isolated from brown blighted tea leaves and identified as Colletotrichum camelliae. Morphological characteristics coupled with universal spacer region and multigene phylogenetic relationships using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (tub2) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) were used to accurately identify fungal isolates. The results of the pathogenicity test revealed that C. camelliae was responsible for causing brown blight disease of tea. This study highlights the occurrence of C. camelliae which causes tea brown blight in Malaysia. These findings may assist in disease monitoring, strict quarantine and effective control management of diseased tea plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a co-precipitation method, which was further functionalized with chitosan (CS). The composite was investigated for binding with Nystatin (Nyst), a polyene polyhydroxy antifungal widely used in management of mucocutaneous fungal infections. The structure of the Fe3O4/CS/Nyst composite was characterized by different physicochemical techniques. Transmission electron microscope analysis revealed the Fe3O4/CS/Nyst composite with a mean diameter of ∼10–20 nm in a monodispersed spherical form. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the binding of CS on Fe3O4 NPs and also the loading of Nyst on the nanostructure. The UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy demonstrated the Nyst drug loading by 22% capacity. The antifungal activity of the Fe3O4/CS/Nyst was evaluated against Candida species and Aspergillus fumigatus, which demonstrated excellent activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 2 to 16 μg/mL. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the toxicity of compounds which did not reveal any toxic effect on the adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells. Regarding remarkable antifungal activities and low toxicity of this magnetic nano-compound, it could be a good candidate for target therapy of mucocutaneous and local fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have suggested that BTK inhibitors (BTKis) might increase infectious disease (ID) risk. Systematic analysis of this topic as derived from RCTs and clinical practice is needed. Areas covered: An extensive Medline, Embase, and Cochrane search of peer-reviewed sources reporting on ID morbidity in patients on BTKis was performed (1 January 2014 - 31 December 2013). Contribution of intrinsic immune defects in indolent B-cell lymphomas to this morbidity was carefully considered. Expert opinion: Patients with indolent B-cell lymphomas display a wide range of innate and adaptive immune defects. In addition, BTKi use is linked with an increased signal of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and pneumonias, mainly grade 1–2. These agents also increase the risk of rare invasive fungal infections (IFIs), mainly due to Cryptococcus and Aspergillus spp. with a peak within several months after the start of therapy. More than half of these IFIs are fatal. Research suggests a similar ID risk across 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations of BTKis, all causing B-cell dysfunction due to BTK inhibition, along with off-target functional neutrophil/macrophage alterations. Expanding the knowledge base on ID morbidity in patients on BTKis would facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment, and improve clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. Areas covered: We describe epidemiology, causes and risk factors of IFD in allogeneic HSCT discussing prophylaxis and treatment in various HSCT phases. We present the most recent studies on this thematic area, including novel data on currently available antifungals, i.e. formulations, dosing, safety, efficacy and therapeutic drug monitoring. Finally, we present the most recent relevant recommendations published. Literature search included PubMed, Scopus, and clinicaltrials.gov between January 2014 and April 2024. Expert opinion: The antifungal agents employed for prophylaxis and therapy should be predicated on local epidemiology of IFD. Fluconazole prophylaxis remains a first-line choice before engraftment when the main pathogen is Candida spp. After engraftment, prophylaxis should be with mold-active agents (i.e. triazoles). For candidiasis, echinocandins are suggested as first-line treatment, whereas aspergillosis responds well to mold-active azoles and liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB). For mucormycosis, treatment of choice includes L-AmB and isavuconazole. Choice between fever-driven and diagnostics-driven strategies remains equivocal. Open research topics remain: 1) optimization of tools to ensure prompt and accurate IFD diagnosis to avoid unnecessary exposure to antifungals, drug interactions and cost; 2) refinement of treatment for resistant/refractory strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Productivity of faba bean is highly constrained by an emerging and destructive faba bean gall (FBG) disease caused by the fungus Physoderma. Field surveys were conducted to assess the spatial and temporal distribution as well as intensity of FBG disease and determine the association of biophysical factors with FBG disease epidemics in Ethiopia, during 2018 and 2019. A total of 783 fields were assessed across 14 districts. FBG disease was present in all surveyed districts with variable incidence and severity. The highest mean FBG disease severity was recorded in Sinan district (64%) and Ankober district (45%) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. The associations of independent variables with disease incidence and severity were analyzed using the logistic regression model. District, altitude (≥2700 m), poorly drained soil, high weed and crop density, flowering stage, manure application, and early or late planting showed a significant association (P < 0.0001) with FBG disease incidence and severity. FBG disease was found as a major production constraint in all survey districts. Therefore, proper soil drainage, weed managements, adjusting crop density, recommended planting time along with tolerant varieties should be targeted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising prevalence of fungal infections is a significant and growing public health threat, and this risk is further underscored by our incomplete understanding of why organs like the kidney are so susceptible to systemic candidiasis. To combat the high mortality of such infections, we urgently need to advance our understanding of fungal pathogenesis and how it articulates with human immune response. Now, a recent landmark study has illuminated a crucial role of the complement system in the response to candidiasis and determined the stepwise local response of phagocytes within the kidney during infection. These fundamental discoveries provide crucial insights that can be leveraged to improve the care and outcome for patients with fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCandida albicans stands as the foremost prevalent human commensal pathogen and a significant contributor to nosocomial fungal infections. In the metabolism of C. albicans, alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1) is one of the important enzymes that converts acetaldehyde produced by pyruvate decarboxylation into ethanol at the end of glycolysis. Leveraging the foundational processes of alcoholic fermentation, Adh1 plays an active role in multiple biological phenomena, including biofilm formation, interactions between different species, the development of drug resistance, and the potential initiation of gastrointestinal cancer. Additionally, Adh1 within C. albicans has demonstrated associations with regulating the cell cycle, stress responses, and various intracellular states. Furthermore, Adh1 is extracellularly localized on the cell wall surface, where it plays roles in processes such as tissue invasion and host immune responses. Drawing from an analysis of ADH1 gene structure, expression patterns, and fundamental functions, this review elucidates the intricate connections between Adh1 and various biological processes within C. albicans, underscoring its potential implications for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocontrol, which uses antagonistic microorganisms to manage plant diseases, holds promise for reducing postharvest losses but faces challenges due to varied pathogen responses. In response, biocontrol mixtures were proposed to enhance the antagonistic effect. This study evaluates the efficacy of chitosan and extracellular glucanase (EG) from Wickerhamomyces anomalus, both individually and combined, against Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The maximum inhibition of mycelial growth by chitosan for these fungi was 90.25% at 3 mg/mL, 14.2% at 5 mg/mL, and 56.28% at 3 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, chitosan significantly inhibited spore germination across all fungi. While W. anomalus cells prevented mycelial filament association, EG alone had minimal impact on mycelial development but inhibited spore germination in a concentration-dependent manner. Combining EG with chitosan enhanced spore germination inhibition, notably achieving 98.18%. The biocontrol mixture effectively protected fruit under laboratory-controlled conditions, suggesting a robust biocontrol strategy for postharvest fungal disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the clinical effect of antifungal medications for treating deadly fungal infections there is an increasing demand for novel treatments. Exploration of multiple-drug targeting in antifungal therapeutics is the need of the present era. In this pursuit, we identified potent antifungal compounds that were directed towards the multiple virulent targets in Rhizopus arrhizus. Quinoxaline di-N-oxide and piperazine derivatives were identified to exhibit antifungal activities. 03 bioactive compounds were identified from the docking results and antifungal activity. Furthermore, these compounds which were combined with the alkaline extract of M. olifera to make the aqueous phase, an oil phase containing cinnamon oil or clove oil and a combination of surfactants was made to prepare a bioactive composite emulsion. A significant antimycotic activity was seen for the bioactive composite emulsion when compared with the clinically used antifungal drugs. Our results indicate the synergy and potentiation of antimycotic drugs based on integrative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document discusses a retrospective analysis comparing outcomes of patients with FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with idarubicin-based induction, with and without midostaurin, between 2010 and 2022. The study found that the addition of midostaurin did not improve response rates or survival compared to standard induction therapy. Patients in the midostaurin group had a lower proportion of favorable-risk karyotype and a higher proportion of intermediate-risk karyotype. The study highlights the need for further investigation into the benefits of midostaurin in combination with different anthracyclines for AML treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Sporotrichosis, a subacute or chronic mycosis caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex, is commonly seen in tropical or subtropical parts of the world, especially in individuals who are in contact with cats or engage in gardening activities. Sporotrichosis generally presents with skin ulceration at the site of inoculation and follows a lymphocutaneous pattern; however, it can present in various confounding ways. Here, we present a case of disseminated sporotrichosis in an immunocompromised patient who did not seem to have any of the commonly associated risk factors and initially presented with a left nasolacrimal duct obstruction caused by lacrimal sac sporotrichosis, but then was found to have monoarticular involvement of his knee also secondary to disseminated sporotrichosis. Thorough clinical and microbiological evaluation, as well as multidisciplinary work, can lead to correct diagnosis and treatment of sporotrichosis, especially for atypical presentations in immunocompromised individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We establish an accurate and rapid diagnostic method for pathogen detection in infectious uveitis using nanopore metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods: In eight patients with suspected infectious uveitis, we prospectively compared the accuracy and time taken for pathogen identification between conventional diagnostic methods, such as cultures and PCR, and nanopore metagenomic NGS. Results: All causative pathogens were identified using nanopore sequencing, while only five of the eight patients were confirmed positive for a specific pathogen using conventional methods. The overall sampleto- answer turnaround time of nanopore sequencing was much shorter than that of conventional methods in the bacterial and fungal infection (mean, 17 h vs. 4d, respectively; P = .028). The pathogens could be detected even when the quantity or quality of DNA was not optimal. Conclusion: Nanopore metagenomic NGS is a promising diagnostic tool that can rapidly and accurately identify the causative pathogen in infectious uveitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limiting postharvest losses of fruit from fungal attack is a major priority. While synthetic chemical fungicides are efficacious, the development of chemical resistance and consumer concerns are driving reinvestigation of natural antimicrobial agents. This review emphasizes the control of postharvest decay in citrus fruits with the use of some most common essential oils (EO), the efficacy of EOs in combating fungal infection in both in vitro and in vivo models, and the mode of action of EOs along with the potency of photochemical by-products that have also been investigated as antifungal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the global status and genetic diversity of Microsporidia infection in different birds. An online search was conducted in international databases from 1 January 1990 to 30 June 2022. A total of 34 articles (including 37 datasets) were included for the final meta-analysis. The pooled global prevalence of Microsporidia infection in birds was 14.6% (95% CI: 11.6–18.1). The highest prevalence of Microsporidia was found in wild waterfowl which was 54.5% (28.1–78.6). In terms of detection methods, the pooled prevalence was estimated to be 21.2% (95% CI: 12.1–34.4) and 13.4% (95% CI: 10.3–17.3) for using microscopic and molecular detection methods, respectively. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was the most common pathogen (24/31; 77.42% of the studies) according to PCR-based methods, and genotype D was the highest reported genotype (nine studies). In conclusion, designing strategies for the control and prevention of Microsporidia infection in birds should be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the link between skin disorders and Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms. Study cases were taken from a pre-conceptional care program where patients with poor obstetric history were evaluated in terms of systemic disorders including skin diseases. This retrospective cohort (n = 472) consisted of 110 (23.3%) and 362 (76.7%) women with or without skin disorders, respectively. For ease of analysis, the history of skin diseases was classified into seven categories: (1) acne/rosacea/other acneiform disorders; (2) fungal disease; (3) pruritis/xerosis; (4) psoriasis vulgaris; (5) acrochordons and other benign skin growths; (6) urticaria/dermatitis; and (7) viral diseases. In this retrospective cohort of 472 women, we explored the impact of MTHFR A1298C and C677T polymorphisms on skin disorders. Despite similar allelic frequencies, our findings revealed a statistically significant association between the presence of MTHFR polymorphisms and skin disorders (p =.027). Subgroup analysis indicated significantly higher rates of MTHFR polymorphisms in patients with psoriasis vulgaris (p =.033) and acrochordons (p =.030), highlighting their potential relevance in specific skin disorder subtypes. The increased prevalence of psoriasis and acrochordons among women with MTHFR deficiency underscores the complex relationship between genetic factors and dermatological health. Our findings emphasized the critical role of MTHFR polymorphisms not only in poor obstetric history but also as significant contributors to skin disorders. This dual association highlights the importance of comprehensive preconception counseling, especially customized for women affected by skin disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdery mildew is a prevalent fungal disease that affects various Veronica spp. (Plantaginaceae), caused by species in the genera Podosphaera and Golovinomyces (Erysiphales). There have been recent taxonomic changes in these groups and ongoing disease occurrence on a range of Veronica species previously unrecognized as hosts; however, the pathogen found in Korea remains unidentified. This study aimed to identify the causative agent of powdery mildew on Veronica spp. in Korea through molecular phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) sequences of rDNA and morphological examination. Our study identified Golovinomyces bolayi as the sole pathogen affecting all nine Veronica species in Korea and confirmed that G. cichoracearum s. str., which was previously identified as the pathogen, was not the causal agent. These results expand the known host range of G. bolayi, including the addition of five Veronica species in Korea: V. hederifolia, V. kiusiana var. glabrifolia, V. longifolia, V. polita, and V. serpyllifolia. Notably, V. kiusiana has been added as a new global host of powdery mildew. These findings substantially enhance our understanding of the taxonomy of powdery mildew pathogens on Veronica species and provide valuable insights into their evolutionary host expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungicides are specifically used for controlling fungal infections. Strobilurins, a class of fungicides originating from the mushroom Strobilurus tenacellus, act on the fungal mitochondrial respiratory chain, interrupting the ATP cycle and causing oxidative stress. Although strobilurins are little soluble in water, they have been detected in water samples (such as rainwater and drinking water), indoor dust, and sediments, and they can bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Strobilurins are usually absorbed orally and are mainly eliminated via the bile/fecal route and urine, but information about their metabolites is lacking. Strobilurins have low mammalian toxicity; however, they exert severe toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are the main mechanisms related to the genotoxic damage elicited by toxic compounds, such as strobilurins. These mechanisms alter genes and cause other dysfunctions, including hormonal, cardiac, neurological, and immunological impairment. Despite limitations, we have been able to compile literature information about strobilurins. Many studies have dealt with their toxic effects, but further investigations are needed to clarify their cellular and underlying mechanisms, which will help to find ways to minimize the harmful effects of these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South American vine Araujia hortorum (Apocynaceae) was introduced as an ornamental species in several countries and has since become an invasive weed in many of them. In New Zealand it has been targeted for classical biological control, and this motivated field surveys for fungal pathogens in its native range in Argentina. A disease was frequently encountered in the field causing extensive damage to foliage, as well as stems and fruits. The fungus found in association with the symptoms was identified as Pseudocercospora fumosa. A detailed description of the fungus and the disease is provided. Pathogenicity tests were conducted, and Koch's postulates fulfilled. Host range tests were conducted on species within the Apocynaceae. Four of these, belonging to the same subtribe as A. hortorum, were found to be susceptible to the disease, while others less related ones were not. Pseudocercospora fumosa was observed to be able to cause severe disease on its host and to be highly specific. It is therefore proposed as a potential biological control agent against A. hortorum in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advancements, invasive fungal infections (IFI) still carry high mortality rates, often exceeding 30%. The challenges in diagnosis, coupled with limited effective antifungal options, make managing IFIs complex. Antifungal drugs are essential for IFI management, but their efficacy can be diminished by drug–drug interactions and pharmacokinetic variability. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), especially in the context of triazole use, has emerged as a valuable strategy to optimize antifungal therapy. This review provides current evidence regarding the potential benefits of TDM in IFI management. It discusses how TDM can enhance treatment response, safety, and address altered pharmacokinetics in specific patient populations. TDM plays a crucial role in achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes in IFI management, particularly for certain antifungal agents. Preclinical studies consistently show a link between therapeutic drug levels and antifungal efficacy. However, clinical research in mycology faces challenges due to patient heterogeneity and the diversity of fungal infections. TDM's potential advantages in guiding Echinocandin therapy for critically ill patients warrant further investigation. Additionally, for drugs like Posaconazole, assessing whether serum levels or alternative markers like saliva offer the best measure of efficacy is an intriguing question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reports of resistance to antifungal agents used for treating onychomycosis and other superficial fungal infections are increasing. This rise in antifungal resistance poses a public health challenge that requires attention. This review explores the prevalence of dermatophytes and the current relationship between dermatophyte species, their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for terbinafine (an allylamine) and itraconazole (an azole), and various mutations prevalent in these species. The most frequently isolated dermatophyte associated with resistance in patients with onychomycosis and dermatophytosis was T. mentagrophytes. However, T. indotineae emerged as the most prevalent isolate with mutations in the SQLE gene, exhibiting the highest MIC of 8 µg/ml for terbinafine and MICs of 8 µg/ml and ≥ 32 µg/ml for itraconazole. Overall, the most prevalent SQLE mutations were Phe397Leu, Leu393Phe, Ala448Thr, Phe397Leu/Ala448Thr, and Lys276Asn/Leu415Phe (relatively recent). Managing dermatophyte infections requires a personalized approach. A detailed history should be obtained including details of travel, home and occupational exposure, and clinical examination of the skin, nails and other body systems. Relevant testing includes mycological examination (traditional and molecular). Additional testing, where available, includes MIC evaluation and detection of SQLE mutations. In case of suspected terbinafine resistance, itraconazole or voriconazole (less commonly) should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised hosts is difficult to diagnose, and current tools for diagnosis or monitoring of response to antifungal treatments have inherent limitations. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has emerged as a promising tool for pulmonary pathogen detection with high sensitivity. This study presents a novel ddPCR panel for rapid and sensitive identification of pulmonary fungal pathogens. First, a ddPCR method for detecting three fungal genera, including Pneumocystis, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus, was established and evaluated. Then, the clinical validation performance of ddPCR was compared with that of qPCR using 170 specimens, and the 6 specimens with inconsistent results were further verified by metagenomics next-generation sequencing, which yielded results consistent with the ddPCR findings. Finally, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the efficiency of ddPCR. While the qPCR identified 16 (9.41%) cases of Aspergillus and 6 (3.53%) cases of Pneumocystis, ddPCR detected 20 (11.76%) Aspergillus cases and 8 (4.71%) Pneumocystis cases. The AUC for Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Pneumocystis was 0.974, 0.998, and 0.975, respectively. These findings demonstrated that the ddPCR assay is a highly sensitive method for identifying pathogens responsible for invasive fungal pulmonary infections, and is a promising tool for early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burden of fungal infections on human health is increasing worldwide. Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus are the top three human pathogenic fungi that are responsible for over 90% of infection-related deaths. Moreover, effective antifungal therapeutics are lacking, primarily due to host toxicity, pathogen resistance, and immunodeficiency. In recent years, nanomaterials have proved not only to be more efficient antifungal therapeutic agents but also to overcome resistance against fungal medication. This review will examine the limitations of standard antifungal therapy as well as focus on the development of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]