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Introduction: The co-occurrence of mental disorder symptoms is common in people who use substances. It is unclear whether patterns of comorbidity in a population-based sample of adults are consistent with prior work. The study goal was to identify this comorbidity structure and evaluate its stability over time. Methods: Using Waves 1, 2, and 3 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, this study applied latent class analysis to identify comorbid substance use, internalizing and externalizing mental disorder symptoms, and their stability over time. Results: A four-class solution was identified for Wave 1 as: (1) low symptom (N = 23,571, 72.9%), (2) internalizing (N = 4,098, 12.7%), (3) externalizing (N = 2,691, 8.3%), and (4) comorbid (N = 1,960, 6.1%). Similar latent profiles emerged across the three waves specifically where the low symptom class was largest (65.5% to 72.9%), and the comorbid class was smallest (6.1% to 8.2%). However, the composition of the classes changed in Wave 3 with low comorbid (N = 5,400, 20.6%) and substance use (N = 1,524, 5.8%) classes emerging. Overall, when individuals transitioned from preceding to subsequent wave, they typically transitioned into the low symptom class. Conclusion: The comorbidity structure of substance use behaviors, including cigarette and e-cigarette use, and mental disorder symptoms in a population-based sample of U.S. adults was characterized by four classes. Psychiatric comorbidity may vary in severity within a population and by specific sociodemographic factors. When comparing the latent classes over three years of data, the results suggest that the comorbidity structure may change as participants age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Long-acting injectable buprenorphine (LAIB) is a new treatment for opioid use disorder. Drawing upon new materialism and the concept of social capital, this article provides a focused analysis of how LAIB affects, and is affected by, patients' relationships with other people. Methods: Data derive from a longitudinal qualitative study. Twenty-six people (18 males; 8 females) initiating LAIB were recruited from England and Wales (2020/2021) and interviewed up to six times each over a year (125 interviews in total). Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded. Coded relationship data were summarized in Excel and analyzed via Iterative Categorization. Results: Core significant others who did not use substances offered participants important support with LAIB. Children and grandchildren provided motivation for LAIB, whilst other family relationships could be supportive and unsupportive. Participants wanted to avoid friends, peers and associates who might offer them substances, but valued sharing experiences with others in similar circumstances. Whilst some participants were unconcerned when treatment staff did not contact them, others were angry and upset. Those who did not continue LAIB or were lost from the study were more isolated at recruitment. Meanwhile, participants who remained on LAIB described increased sociability over time. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with ideas relating to new materialism (LAIB is part of an interacting network of material and non-material factors) and social capital (those with supportive relationships benefited more from LAIB). Interpersonal relationships need to be considered as part of routine care and should be reviewed with patients throughout the treatment journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Continuing care' refers to the provision of co-ordinated care and support overtime. Currently, little is known about continuing care programs for young people who complete alcohol and other drug treatment. This paper analyses data from an interview-based study that aimed to identify the generative mechanisms underpinning an innovative continuing care program for young people. Researchers recruited 11 current and former program clients aged 17 to 25 years and nine program staff. Analysis identified five generative mechanisms of the program that supported participants to manage their substance use over the long term, namely person-centred counselling; relationship stability; safety and inclusion; situated mode of ordering continuing care; and organizational memory. Participants reported that the best continuing care for young people is holistic, includes regular and sustained contact, employs an innovative approach to intervention, establishes links with community services and other support structures, and provides care within a safe, person-centred, and situated framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One type of genotype-environment interaction occurs when genetic effects on a phenotype are moderated by an environment; or when environmental effects on a phenotype are moderated by genes. Here we outline these types of genotype-environment interaction models, and propose a test of genotype-environment interaction based on the classical twin design, which includes observed genetic variables (polygenic scores: PGSs) that account for part of the genetic variance of the phenotype. We introduce environment-by-PGS interaction and the results of a simulation study to address statistical power and parameter recovery. Next, we apply the model to empirical data on anxiety and negative affect in children. The power to detect environment-by-PGS interaction depends on the heritability of the phenotype, and the strength of the PGS. The simulation results indicate that under realistic conditions of sample size, heritability and strength of the interaction, the environment-by-PGS model is a viable approach to detect genotype-environment interaction. In 7-year-old children, we defined two PGS based on the largest genetic association studies for 2 traits that are genetically correlated to childhood anxiety and negative affect, namely major depression (MDD) and intelligence (IQ). We find that common environmental influences on negative affect are amplified for children with a lower IQ-PGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite efforts to increase diversity in NASPAA-accredited MPA programs, men continue to hold most faculty positions, even though women represent the majority of the MPA student body and earn doctoral degrees at similar rates to men. Previous research suggests this imbalance may stem from unequal workloads, perceptions of institutional climate, and personal responsibilities. To investigate these issues, this study compiled a novel dataset examining gender differences among public administration faculty, focusing on factors that influence job satisfaction and retention for women. Findings reveal significant gender disparities in both personal and professional responsibilities. However, workplace environment factors, such as perceived support from colleagues and administrators, along with a sense of professional efficacy, are the primary drivers of job satisfaction and retention among women faculty. The authors recommend fostering a supportive workplace culture, recognizing women's contributions, and implementing gender equity policies to address the "leaky pipeline" in public administration faculty representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertisers are increasing their spending on product placements in TV programs, often with other integrated marketing communications (IMC) elements. This study uses 12 versions of an informational TV program to investigate whether too much product placement in the presence of IMC elements has a negative effect on TV program evaluation. The research reveals that combining placement and IMC presence has interactive, not additive, effects on brand recognition and recall, persuasion knowledge, and program evaluations. IMC elements, particularly a billboard seen before a product placement, have a "hedonic contamination" effect, worsening evaluation of an informational TV program featuring blatant product placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-reported histories of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are prevalent among post-9/11 veterans. Both are associated with subjective and often overlapping symptom complaints, but variably with objective neuropsychological test performances. These outcomes are seldom explored in relation to lifetime mTBI burden. This cross-sectional study examined associations of PTSD and lifetime mTBI with subjective (persistent symptoms after concussion and cognitive complaints) and objective (performances across five cognitive domains) measures among 46 veterans. Within this sample, 20 veterans had Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) confirmed PTSD (PTSD+), whereas 26 demographically-similar participants did not meet criteria (PTSD−). The Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime (BAT-L) yielded total mTBI scores ranging from 0 to 8. Regressions showed PTSD was associated with increased subjective symptoms/cognitive complaints, along with reduced verbal fluency, visuospatial memory, and processing speed performances. Lifetime mTBI burden was associated with subjective symptoms, but not with objective cognitive test performance, after controlling for PTSD. No significant interactions were observed. Exploratory correlations suggested that all PTSD symptom clusters were generally associated with the subjective and objective measures. However, fewer significant associations emerged within the PTSD+/− groups separately, with each group yielding somewhat different patterns of relationships. PTSD and increasing mTBI burden are consistently associated with negative subjective symptoms, including cognitive complaints. Each condition likely explains some degree of unique variance in symptom reporting. PTSD is associated with poorer objective cognition on some tasks, including processing speed, executive functioning, and learning/memory. Implications are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health issues are prominent among gender minorities; however, research examining these issues among college campuses is limited, and has often overlooked individuals who identify outside of transgender or cisgender identities. Our findings indicated that transgender participants reported the highest rates and frequencies of non-suicidal self injury, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempt compared to cisgender peers; followed closely by gender-expansive participants. Gender minority participants reported higher rates of family distress and social anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online learning has the potential to improve best practice in substance use treatment by facilitating access to high-quality resources. A user-centered design (UCD) approach can identify the needs, motivating factors, and working contexts of learners. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify ways of improving online learning for people working in substance use treatment services in England. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 substance use professionals in England and 14 other professionals working in the field. Participants were asked about their training needs, working contexts, and current use of online resources. Data were analyzed according to the principles of UCD via Iterative Categorisation. Results: Participants reported "unmet needs" for training in therapeutic relationships and advanced therapeutic techniques. They enjoyed training that demonstrably improved the quality of life for people who use drugs and that provided career and personal development opportunities. Participants completed many mandatory online courses that were short and unpopular. Access to training was limited by time and financial constraints, with online training partially addressing these barriers. Conclusion: If online learning is to be optimized, the needs of substance use professionals must be accommodated; however, online learning that meets the needs of substance use professionals does not always match the best evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depot buprenorphine can potentially address many limitations of other forms of opioid replacement therapy (ORT). This paper builds upon the concept of the 'informed patient' to explore individuals' decisions to initiate injectable depot buprenorphine. Data derive from a qualitative study of 26 people with opioid use disorder who were recruited from drug treatment services in England and Wales and interviewed within 72 hours of starting injectable depot buprenorphine treatment. Interviews were conducted by telephone, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed via Iterative Categorization. Participants' decisions to initiate treatment were underpinned by receiving sufficient information to trust depot buprenorphine; current treatment not meeting their personal needs or goals; frequently uncritical perceptions of depot buprenorphine; and restricted access to depot buprenorphine making recipients feel grateful. Overall, participants said they had enough information and knowledge to decide they wanted depot buprenorphine. However, dissatisfaction with current ORT, desire for better treatment, and depot buprenorphine's limited availability seemed to hinder informed decision-making. Whilst pharmaceutical products cannot solve the complex life problems often associated with opioid use disorder, we need to increase access to all ORT forms so that patients do not feel they have to rush into any medication without adequate preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Biodiversity offsetting' aims to address the residual negative environmental impacts of human development. It's goal is to achieve No Net Loss (NNL), and preferably a Net Gain of biodiversity attributes between development and offset sites. Biodiversity offsetting suffers from a lack of 'proof of concept', as little work has been done to critically test the ecological efficacy of offsetting practices. Offsetting of stream ecological functions was investigated in Aotearoa New Zealand, via review of regulatory documentation for 76 offsets and field assessments of 14 offset sites. Field results indicated some functions, including fish passage connectivity, respond rapidly post-offset enhancement whilst others exhibit recovery lags (such as fish spawning habitat provision). However, most offsets were considered unlikely to achieve NNL due to failures in practice and process. Factors included inadequate consideration for restoration uncertainty, inappropriate monitoring conditions, insufficient data and inequivalent trade-offs. Key linkages between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, particularly regarding floodplain connectivity, were poorly considered in offset implementation. Thus, development may be occurring based on inadequate regulatory processes, and poorly evaluated ecological outcomes. These findings join a growing body of evidence which indicates that, in the context of a global biodiversity crisis, offsetting is not achieving its purpose of NNL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) are commonly used to estimate causal influences between two variables with repeated assessments. The lagged effects in a CLPM depend on the time interval between assessments, eventually becoming undetectable at longer intervals. To address this limitation, we incorporate instrumental variables (IVs) into the CLPM with two study waves and two variables. Doing so enables estimation of both the lagged (i.e., "distal") effects and the bidirectional cross-sectional (i.e., "proximal") effects at each wave. The distal effects reflect Granger-causal influences across time, which decay with increasing time intervals. The proximal effects capture causal influences that accrue over time and can help infer causality when the distal effects become undetectable at longer intervals. Significant proximal effects, with a negligible distal effect, would imply that the time interval is too long to estimate a lagged effect at that time interval using the standard CLPM. Through simulations and an empirical application, we demonstrate the impact of time intervals on causal inference in the CLPM and present modeling strategies to detect causal influences regardless of the time interval in a study. Furthermore, to motivate empirical applications of the proposed model, we highlight the utility and limitations of using genetic variables as IVs in large-scale panel studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research intends to investigate the effects of three-dimensional institutional distances, namely regulatory, normative, and cognitive distances, on the partner match and governance mechanisms in cross-sector and cross-border collaborations. We chose a major cross-border reconstruction project donated by Hong Kong SAR to Sichuan Province as the research setting regarding the explicit institutional differences, although both belong to China. Based on archival data and in-depth interviews with personnel in charge of project supervision and management from both partners, we gain further insights into the governance mechanisms for a successful cross-sector and cross-broader partnership. We investigate the institutional distances between HKSAR and mainland China partners in regulatory, normative, and cognitive aspects during reconstruction. We reveal the patterns of partner match and various effective governance mechanisms that partners utilize to manage institutional distance, including cooperative roles, regulatory rules, project supervision, assessment, and formal and informal communications. We introduce an institutional distance between partners as an important contingency and a constraint on the partner match (structure and governance) and the governance mechanisms used to manage the cross-border collaborative process, including business and non-business partners. The concept of institutional distances should help cross-sector partners with institutional differences better understand the differences and importance of mutual understanding and efficient governance mechanisms. Our findings provide practical governance mechanisms for managing cross-sector collaborations, such as government agencies and firms, especially in cross-border settings. We propose a cross-border partner governance model for future researchers to investigate the effects of institutional distance on partnership governance structure and mechanisms. We extend the B2B partnership governances by incorporating the non-business actors into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-prescribed substance use (NPSU) during the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) is a recognized phenomenon. The use of non-prescribed substances is associated with discontinuing treatment and drop-out can occur within the early weeks of treatment, before benefit from treatment occurs. Recent developments in treatment include long-acting, slow-release depot buprenorphine injections. This article focuses on NPSU during the first month of treatment with depot buprenorphine, addressing the frequency with which it occurs, the substances used, and reasons for use. Methods: 70 semi-structured interviews (held at three time-points) were conducted with 26 patients initiating depot buprenorphine as part of a longitudinal qualitative study. Analysis prioritized content and framework analyses. Findings: 17/26 participants self-reported NPSU at various times during the first month of treatment. NPSU typically involved heroin, crack-cocaine and some use of benzodiazepines and/or cannabis. Participants' reasons for heroin use were connected to their subjective accounts of opioid withdrawal symptoms, the management of pain, and experimentation (to test the blockade effect of buprenorphine). Frequency of heroin use was typically episodic rather than sustained. Participants associated crack-cocaine use with stimulant-craving and social connections, and considered their use of this substance to be difficult to manage. Conclusions: Patients' initial engagement with treatment for OUD is rarely examined in qualitative research. This study highlights how NPSU amongst patients receiving new forms of such treatment continues to be a challenge. As such, shared decision-making (between providers and patients) regarding treatment goals and NPSU should be central to the delivery of depot buprenorphine treatment programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study sought to provide a more nuanced understanding of the significant issues experienced by young adult survivors of child-maltreatment (CM) prior to seeking counseling services. More specifically, we examined differences between survivors of CM and participants with no CM histories related to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt, and scores on the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms (CCAPS). In our sample of N = 2604 post-secondary students seeking counseling services, CM histories were significantly associated with higher frequencies of NSSI, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt. Further, results indicated that survivors of CM reported significantly higher mean scores on all CCAPS subscales and were more likely to report scores that were considered "elevated" when compared to peers with no reported CM history. Implications for college counseling centers and college mental health providers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large body of literature has examined the cause and treatment of aggressive behavior in prisons, but heterogeneity in the outcome measures used has led to difficulties comparing outcomes across studies. This systematic review aims to identify a Core Outcome Set for measuring aggression in prisons. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they measured aggressive behavior in adult male prisoners, described original research, and were in English. A systematic search of Medline, PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Cochrane databases to 7 March 2022 was conducted. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 method. The titles and abstracts of 19,619 records were screened, with 641 reports identified for full-text examination. From these reports, 283 studies with a total of 1,402,931 prisoners were included. These studies were predominantly published from 2000 onwards, published in North America, used a cross-sectional design, and included a single method to measure aggressive behavior. The studies most commonly used self-report and official records of misconduct, with staff report and mixed methods less common. Official records of misconduct and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire were identified as possible candidates for inclusion into a Core Outcome Set, but caveats exist around the specificity and sensitivity of these measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general method is introduced in which variables that are products of other variables in the context of a structural equation model (SEM) can be decomposed into the sources of variance due to the multiplicands. The result is a new category of SEM which we call a Products of Variables Model (PoV). Some useful and practical features of PoV models include the estimation of interactions between latent variables, latent variable moderators, manifest moderators with missing values, and manifest or latent squared terms. Expected means and covariances are analytically derived for a simple product of two variables and it is shown that the method reproduces previously published results for this special case. It is shown algebraically that using centered multiplicands results in an unidentified model, but if the multiplicands have non-zero means, the result is identified. The method has been implemented in OpenMx and Ωnyx and is applied in five extensive simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Generalized multi-adaptive regression splines (MARS) and genetic expression programming (GEP)-based equations were developed to estimate Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) in coastal regions. Following existing regression-based ETo retrieval equations, five climatic data configurations were used to train, validate, and test the MARS and GEP models (hereafter called MARS1–MARS5 and GEP1–GEP5). The performances of the MARS and GEP models with each of the five input configurations were assessed. The generalized MARS1–MARS5 and GEP1–GEP5 models could estimate ETo accurately in regions other than their training region. In addition, MARS1 performed better than MARS2–MARS5. Similarly, GEP1 outperformed GEP2–GEP5, implying that input configuration 1 contains the most important information about ETo. The results also show that MARS can estimate ETo more accurately than GEP. The findings indicate that MARS1–MARS5 and GEP1–GEP5 improved ETo values compared with the corresponding traditional equations. Finally, sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of each input variable on ETo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women receiving treatment for opioid use disorder have low levels of contraception use and high rates of unintended pregnancies, abortion and children being adopted or fostered. This paper aims to understand the relationship between contraceptive choice and power amongst women receiving Opioid Replacement Therapy (ORT). During 2016/17, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 40 women (aged 22–49 years) receiving ORT in the South of England. Data relating to the latent concept of power were inductively coded and analysed via Iterative Categorisation. Power manifested itself through six interconnected 'fields': i. 'information about fertility and contraception'; ii. 'access to contraception'; iii. 'relationships with professionals and services'; iv. 'relationships with male partners'; v. 'relationships with sex work clients'; and vi. 'life priorities and preferences'. Each field comprised examples of women's powerlessness and empowerment. Even when women appeared to have limited power or control, they sometimes managed to assert themselves. Power in relation to contraceptive choice is multi-faceted and multi-directional, operating at both individual and structural levels. Informed decision-making depends on the provision of clear, non-judgemental information and advice alongside easy access to contraceptive options. Additional strategies to empower women to make contraceptive choices and prevent unplanned pregnancies are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new bottom-up white-box building stock energy modelling approach is presented in this paper. The model is a physics simulation-based stock model that can be used to compare the base case building stock with technological variations for comparative assessments. The model accuracy is compared to known stock data for a variety of categories, including end-use, energy source and building type. The model predicts the energy use of a building stock in a Canadian region with good agreement across all categories, with the total energy consumption of the model within 1.5% of the real stock energy use. Our analysis shows that modelling a sufficiently large sample of stock is required to reduce the expected deviation for lesser-represented portions of the stock. A case study illustrates how the model can be applied to compare different heating system distributions, in order to assess their impact on greenhouse gas emissions and peak electricity demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates benefits to psychophysiological wellbeing from walking in urban green space compared to other built settings. This study builds on research in older adults extending the protocol to healthy adults (n = 40, mean age = 42 years) exploring the impacts of walking in varying environmental conditions on psychophysiological outcomes (mood, working-memory and heart rate variability (HRV)). Participants undertook a short (20–30 minute) walk in both an urban green and gray setting, one week apart, with varying levels of air pollution and heat. Walking in the urban green setting increased positive mood and HRV (suggesting positive impact on physiological stress) and decreased self-reported stress and arousal. Thermal sensation in the urban green setting was lower compared to the urban gray setting. Our results build on evidence that there are potential beneficial effects of urban green settings with respect to heat and particulate matter (PM2.5). These results show psychophysiological benefits of short walks within urban green settings, during the pandemic, which has implications for public health and how we engage with our local environments for physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social epigenomics is an emerging field in which social scientist collaborate with computational biologists, especially epigeneticists, to address the underlying pathway for biological embedding of life experiences. This social epigenomics study included long-term childhood cancer survivors enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort. DNA methylation (DNAm) data were generated using the Illumina EPIC BeadChip, and three social determinants of health (SDOH) factors were assessed: self-reported educational attainment, personal income, and an area deprivation index based on census track data. An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) was performed to evaluate the relation between DNAm at each 5'-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3' (CpG) site and each SDOH factor based on multivariable linear regression models stratified by ancestry (European ancestry, n = 1,618; African ancestry, n = 258). EWAS among survivors of European ancestry identified 130 epigenome-wide significant SDOH–CpG associations (P < 9 × 10−8), 25 of which were validated in survivors of African ancestry (P < 0.05). Thirteen CpGs were associated with all three SDOH factors and resided at pleiotropic loci in cigarette smoking–related genes (e.g., CLDND1 and CPOX). After accounting for smoking and body mass index, these associations remained significant with attenuated effect sizes. Seven of 13 CpGs were associated with gene expression level based on 57 subsamples with blood RNA sequencing data available. In conclusion, DNAm signatures, many resembling the effect of tobacco use, were associated with SDOH factors among survivors of childhood cancer, thereby suggesting that biologically distal SDOH factors influence health behaviours or related factors, the epigenome, and subsequently survivors' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to examine how decisions are made and who is involved in decision-making regarding provision of adjustments for students with special educational needs in Australian mainstream schools. A total of 107 stakeholders were interviewed across 22 schools. Participation in decision-making varied, with students the least likely to be involved. There was variation in the degree and nature of collaboration and the degree to which decisions were subject to review. The focus of decision-making processes also varied, with some schools focusing on funding and resource allocation and others on broader support considerations. Schools used a range of formal and informal levels of decision-making but the degree to which they agreed on factors that underpinned decisions (values, legal considerations, etc.) was variable and sometimes limited. Possible explanations for the observed patterns of decision-making are offered, practical implications considered and directions for future research outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Multiple Errands Test (MET) is a naturalistic assessment of executive function. Strategy use during the MET can provide useful information for the development of a cognitive profile and intervention plan in patients with brain injury. However, while observed external strategy use in the MET is well-documented, information about internal strategy use and reference data with healthy controls is limited. Contextual influences on strategy selection in this real-world assessment are also not well understood. This qualitative descriptive study explored the internal and external strategies used during MET performance by cognitively intact adults. Strategies were categorized as planning, checking, and problem solving. When planning, participants simplified and familiarized themselves with MET requirements before developing an action plan. They checked their performance by asking for help and using cues in the physical environment. When problems arose, these were solved through self-talk, comparing alternatives, applying context and modifying their plan. Results highlighted that individuals employ both visible and hidden strategies during the MET. This suggests that reflective discussions with patients following cognitive task engagement may be important, to uncover and understand strategy use, both to inform analysis of performance and guide strategy training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroautophagy is a highly conserved eukaryotic cellular pathway involving the engulfment of macromolecules, organelles, and invading microbes by a double-membrane compartment and subsequent lysosomal degradation. The mechanisms that regulate macroautophagy, and the interaction of its components with other cellular pathways, have remained unclear. Here, we performed proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) on 39 core human macroautophagy proteins, identifying over 700 unique high confidence proximity interactors with new putative connections between macroautophagic and essential cellular processes. Of note, we identify members of the OSBPL (oxysterol binding protein like) family as Atg8-family protein interactors. We subsequently conducted comprehensive screens of the OSBPL family for LC3B-binding and roles in xenophagy and aggrephagy. OSBPL7 and OSBPL11 emerged as novel lipid transfer proteins required for macroautophagy of selective cargo. Altogether, our proximity interaction map provides a valuable resource for the study of autophagy and highlights the critical role of membrane contact site proteins in the pathway. BioID: proximity-dependent biotin identification; GO: gene ontology; OSBPL: oxysterol binding protein like; VAPA: VAMP associated protein A; VAPB: VAMP associated protein B and C [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Take-home naloxone (THN) is provided to non-medically trained people to reverse potential opioid overdoses. There is an increasing range of effective intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) naloxone devices and this paper explores the types preferred by people who use opioids, using consumer behaviour literature to interpret the findings. Data derive from two unconnected qualitative studies involving audio-recorded semi-structured interviews. Study 1 was conducted in the United States (n = 21 users of non-medical/illicit opioids). Study 2 was conducted in Australia (n = 42 users of non-medical/illicit or prescribed opioids). Most participants preferred IN naloxone. Preferences were based on the ease, speed, safety and comfort of each device and underpinned by accounts of overdose revivals as being very rushed and frightening situations. Preferences related to complex interactions between the naloxone device ('product'); the knowledge, skills, experience and attitudes of the lay responder ('consumer'), and when, where and how naloxone was to be used ('usage situation'). THN programs should offer choice of device when possible and nasal naloxone if resources permit. Asking people which devices they prefer and why and treating them as valued consumers of naloxone products can generate insights that improve future naloxone technology and increase THN uptake and usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study cross-validated the word choice test (WCT) in a diverse neuropsychiatric sample and examined the effect of increasing verbal memory impairment severity on WCT performance. Data from 147 clinically referred patients (113 valid/34 invalid) who completed the WCT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and four independent criterion PVTs were analyzed. RAVLT memory impairment bands used were: ≥37T (normal memory); 30T–36T (below average scores/mild impairment); and ≤29T (extremely low scores/severe impairment). WCT and RAVLT were moderately correlated. The invalid group had significantly worse performance on the WCT and RAVLT. For the overall sample, the WCT yielded an area under the curve (AUC) =.79, with 62% sensitivity/93% specificity at a cut-score of ≤41. When the sample was subdivided by memory impairment severity, the severe impairment group had significantly lower WCT scores than the normal group. Moreover, the WCT retained moderate classification accuracy among the normal memory (AUC =.85) and mild memory impairment (AUC =.76) groups, with sensitivities of 65% and 62% (≥91% specificity) at their respective optimal cut-scores of ≤44 and ≤42. In contrast, the WCT had low classification accuracy among those with severe memory impairment (AUC =.66), with only 15% sensitivity/95% specificity at the optimal cut-score of ≤30. The WCT is generally useful for detecting invalid neuropsychological test performance, although, its classification accuracy was diminished among patients with severe memory impairment. Therefore, while the WCT remains a viable option for performance validity assessment, neuropsychologists should carefully consider its use when this level of severe memory impairment is known or suspected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluation of the dietary fat consumption in athletes following vegan diets is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the intakes, availability, and uptake of physiologically relevant fatty acids into whole blood, and consequently the Omega-3 Index (O3I) of endurance athletes following vegan and omnivorous dietary patterns. Materials: Males aged 18 to 55 years, engaging in four hours of training/week and following a vegan (>6months) or omnivorous dietary pattern were eligible to participate. A 7-day food and training diary was collected and an incremental ramp running protocol used to determine peak aerobic capacity. A finger prick blood sample was collected to determine the whole blood fatty acid profile and O3I. Participants were grouped as following a vegan or omnivorous diet matched for age, training volume and peak aerobic capacity. Results: The vegan group (n=12) consumed significantly less dietary total fat (122.2 g/day vs 84.1 g/day p=0.007), saturated fat (43.74 g/day vs 18.42 g/day p<0.0001), monounsaturated fat (49.6 g/day vs 35.64 g/day p=0.039) and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) compared to the omnivorous group (n=8). Between group differences in whole blood fatty acid concentrations were observed including; linoleic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, n-6:n-3 and AA:EPA ratios. O3I in both groups were suboptimal (vegan: 4.13%, omnivorous: 5.40%) in terms of cardiac risk. Conclusion: Male endurance athletes should ensure their dietary LC n-3 PUFA intakes, particularly EPA and DHA fatty acids are sufficient to optimize their O3I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of New Public Management (NPM) reform on customers' perceptions of service quality. This study uses a mixed methods research design. For quantitative data, we use a structured questionnaire and for qualitative data a single, longitudinal, explanatory case study. The case study and survey research findings integrate well and suggest that NPM reform under the right circumstances can result in tangible improvements in service quality, even in the short term. However, NPM reform should not be perceived as a silver bullet that can overcome overnight all inculcated Weberian bureaucratic weaknesses of the public sector that have built up over many years. This research provides significant contribution to new knowledge relating to the impact of NPM on customer perception of service quality, and in particular relating to a Small Island Developing states (SIDs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted non-essential in-person research activities that require contact with human subjects. While guidelines are being developed for ramping up human subjects research, one component of research that can be performed remotely is participant screening for lower limb function and gait impairments. In this commentary, we summarize evidence-supported clinical assessments that have potential to be conducted remotely in a safe manner, to make an initial determination of the functional mobility status of persons with neurological disorders. We present assessments that do not require complex or costly equipment, specialized software, or trained personnel to administer. We provide recommendations to implement remote functional assessments for participant recruitment and continuation of lower limb neurorehabilitation research as a rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic and for utilization beyond the current pandemic. We also highlight critical research gaps related to feasibility and measurement characteristics of remote lower limb assessments, providing opportunities for future research to advance tele-assessment and tele-rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is limited discourse surrounding the safe operational planning of UAVs within complex multi-stakeholder urban environments. This paper conceptualises a methodology for prototyping a decision support system for urban UAV flight operations planning. The proposition is based on integrating urban 3-dimensional data with the physical factors of UAV flight operations. A simulated, holistic understanding of UAV usage in urban space emerges, enabling better informed decisions by planners around safe flight operations. The feasibility, applicability and benefits of the decision support system and associated policy implications for urban planners and UAV users are discussed scoping further development of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving nutritional status is fundamental to addressing challenges in child health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and a priority for international organisations such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Despite the global consensus that child growth is a key indicator of child nutrition and health, the development of low-cost, accurate and child-friendly growth measurement devices that are fit for purpose in LMICs remains elusive. Recognising these limitations, UNICEF recently published a Target Product Profile (TPP) calling for the development of new state-of-the-art height and length measurement devices. The purpose of this review was to examine current growth measurement devices in relation to this UNICEF TPP requirement and set the stage for the development of new devices. The findings show that there is a gap in the product market for accurate portable length and height measurement devices. In particular, our review indicates that devices in current use generally lack capabilities for automated data recording and transfer of data to a central database, and are often not child-friendly. We conclude that future innovations in length and height measurement devices should focus on addressing these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of paid relationships is key for effective support, yet little is known about how people receiving and providing support understand and experience the relationship. This paper reports on recent research that explored the role of relationships with paid support workers in strengthening the rights and wellbeing of young people with cognitive disability in Australia. The research used photo-rich participatory methods with 42 pairs of young people and their support workers and drew on Honneth's recognition theory to specifically explore experiences of being valued, respected and cared about in their work together. The findings point to the importance of these connected aspects of recognition in paid support relationships, highlighting both the presence and absence of these, as well as experiences of misrecognition. The implications of recognition for strengthening support need close consideration in an international context characterised by personalisation of support, resource constraints and inquiries into poor practice. Relationships are key to good quality support. We wanted to know whether and how paid support relationships between young people with cognitive disability and support workers in Australia contribute to feeling valued, respected and cared about. Young people felt valued when the worker noticed what they did and found ways to help them achieve what they wanted to do. They felt respected when they could make decisions about choices and control over their lives. They felt cared about when they felt personal warmth, they were listened to, they felt their views mattered and they trusted each other. When young people felt harmed, they felt it deeply. The worker often did not intend to cause harm with their words or actions. The careless harm sometimes was from unequal power in the relationship. The inequality sometimes took away the voice of the young person. Sometimes the support worker also felt like their voice could not be heard. The research is important because how we feel about being with another person is key to how we know who we are. It develops the self-esteem, self-respect and self-confidence of the young person and the support worker. Knowing this matters for improving the quality of personal support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) methodology, we describe our first cycle of a project using an ice-cream oral nutritional supplement (ONS ice-cream) to address malnutrition in older patients. A Scandishake-based® (Nutricia) vanilla flavored ice-cream was developed and piloted on a cohort of orthopedic patients over 3 days. All suitable patients were offered 100 g ice-cream portions (240 kcal/per portion). Acceptability and energy intake were our primary outcomes. Over 3 days, the ONS ice-cream was accepted in 77% (n = 27, median age, 75 years, IQR 12.5) of the times offered. Among these patients the average energy intake per day including the ONS ice-cream was 1006 kcal, a 41% increase in energy intake compared to an initial nutritional survey among the older orthopedic patients (714 kcal, p = 0.010). When surveyed 84% (n = 16) of patients stated they would have the ONS ice-cream again. An ONS ice-cream intervention to improve energy intake in older adults is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research to date has supported the use of multiple performance validity tests (PVTs) for determining validity status in clinical settings. However, the implications of including versus excluding patients failing one PVT remains a source of debate, and methodological guidelines for PVT research are lacking. This study evaluated three validity classification approaches (i.e. 0 vs. ≥2, 0–1 vs. ≥2, and 0 vs. ≥1 PVT failures) using three reference standards (i.e. criterion PVT groupings) to recommend approaches best suited to establishing validity groups in PVT research methodology. Method: A mixed clinical sample of 157 patients was administered freestanding (Medical Symptom Validity Test, Dot Counting Test, Test of Memory Malingering, Word Choice Test), and embedded PVTs (Reliable Digit Span, RAVLT Effort Score, Stroop Word Reading, BVMT-R Recognition Discrimination) during outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. Three reference standards (i.e. two freestanding and three embedded PVTs from the above list) were created. Rey 15-Item Test and RAVLT Forced Choice were used solely as outcome measures in addition to two freestanding PVTs not employed in the reference standard. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses evaluated classification accuracy using the three validity classification approaches for each reference standard. Results: When patients failing only one PVT were excluded or classified as valid, classification accuracy ranged from acceptable to excellent. However, classification accuracy was poor to acceptable when patients failing one PVT were classified as invalid. Sensitivity/specificity across two of the validity classification approaches (0 vs. ≥2; 0–1 vs. ≥2) remained reasonably stable. Conclusions: These results reflect that both inclusion and exclusion of patients failing one PVT are acceptable approaches to PVT research methodology and the choice of method likely depends on the study rationale. However, including such patients in the invalid group yields unacceptably poor classification accuracy across a number of psychometrically robust outcome measures and therefore is not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like their global counterparts, e-learning platforms are an indispensable technology in many Asia Pacific tertiary institutions. Despite its widespread adoption, e-learning is still being criticized as merely mirroring traditional classroom formats but in digital forms. If tertiary institutions in Asia Pacific wish to harness e-learning and be globally recognized, they need to first overcome such criticisms by understanding what drives students' satisfaction. Drawing on the community of inquiry (COI) model, this study attempts to determine the factors that underpin students' satisfaction with their e-learning experience. Surveying students from a Malaysian university, this study shows that while cognitive presence and social presence influence e-learning satisfaction directly, teaching presence is mediated by cognitive and social presence. Furthermore, two environmental factors, content quality and perceived ease-of-use, moderate the relationships among the three presences and e-learning satisfaction. We argue that this extended and more comprehensive model would help educators better understand e-learning's use as an effective pedagogical platform. We discuss the implications of the findings for higher education institutions and offer directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke can result in disabling impairments, affecting functional mobility, balance, and gait. Individualized in-patient rehabilitation interventions improve balance and gait in patients with stroke. Rhythmic pairing of personally-selected music with rehabilitation interventions can be a practical form of personalized therapy that could improve functional outcomes. Objective: To describe an in-patient rehabilitation intervention that rhythmically paired patient-selected music with rehabilitative interventions for a patient with acute stroke. Case Description: The patient was a 48-year old male who sustained a right thalamic hemorrhagic stroke eight days prior to admittance to the in-patient rehabilitation facility. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Balance), Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment-Gait portion (POMA-G) (Gait), and Functional Independence Measure® (FIM) Motor were completed on Day 1, Day 4, and Day 16 (Discharge) during the patient's in-patient rehabilitation stay. Outcomes: From intake to discharge, balance, gait and functional mobility significantly increased by 35, 9, and 31 points, respectively. Likewise, the patient reported positive attitudes toward the novel intervention. Conclusion: Incorporating patient-selected music with in-patient physical rehabilitation may be a feasible intervention for patients with acute stroke. Further research with an adequate sample size that randomly assigns patients to music and control conditions is necessary to confirm the promising findings from this case report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will describe an approach to curriculum reconciliation that aspires to be the first step towards recognising that Indigenous ways of knowing have equal value and status as the dominant institutional systems of knowledge. Specifically, curriculum reconciliation is considered in the context of building knowledge-based relationships between disciplinary knowledges and the relevant Indigenous knowledges in science, medicine and health. Approaches to cultural education in the tertiary sector will be explored and consideration will be given to the particular challenges inherent in science, medicine and health education for curriculum reconciliation. The constraints of academic systems, as evidenced in the literature, will be acknowledged with the aim to provide guidance for curriculum reconciliation in science, medicine and health education that endeavours to establish the intrinsic value of Aboriginal knowledge relative to Country, to be understood alongside, not as an alternative to, or in opposition to, 'Western' scientific and/or medical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article present an conversation between Aboriginal fire practitioners, Mick Bourke and Amos Atkinson and non-Indigenous researcher, Timothy Neale who discusses about issues of cultural fire management; conduct burns on public land; and wildfires.

As global urbanisation continues to increase, we need to understand how urban environments contribute to maintenance of public health across different geographic regions. Current public health and environmental psychology research to this end is geographically constrained, deficient in direct cross-cultural comparisons between populations. This exploratory study applies a standardised analysis framework to health and wellbeing metrics of cities in the UK, Sweden, Estonia, Kenya and Thailand. This allows for comparison between geographically diverse cities to understand their role on citizens' health. We assessed demographics, subjective stress and wellbeing, relationships between green and public spaces and features of the local environment on health in 659 adult participants across six study locations. The results indicate regional differences in stress and wellbeing and show correlations with living close to, and engaging with, green and/or public spaces. Issues regarding noise, air pollution and traffic congestion were reported as having an impact on personal wellbeing. We discuss the impact that diverse properties of green space may have had, as well as cross-cultural considerations between the impacts of the local environments. This exploratory research provides a base for future cross-cultural research using mixed-methods and multi-disciplinary approaches to explore socio-economic and infrastructure dimensions of urban spaces and their impact on health and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional American football games are recorded in digital video with multiple cameras, often at high resolution and high frame rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a videogrammetry technique to calculate translational and rotational helmet velocity before, during and after a helmet impact. In total, 10 football impacts were staged in a National Football League (NFL) stadium by propelling helmeted 50th percentile male crash test dummies into each other or the ground at speeds and orientations representative of concussive impacts for NFL players. The tests were recorded by experienced sports film crews to obtain video coverage and quality typically available for NFL games. A videogrammetry procedure was used to track the position and rotation of the helmet throughout the relevant time interval of the head impact. Compared with rigidly mounted retroreflective marker three dimensional (3-D) motion tracking that was concurrently collected in the experiments, videogrammetry accurately calculated changes in translational and rotational velocity of the helmet using high frame rate (two cameras at 240 Hz) video (7% and 15% error, respectively). Low frame rate (2 cameras at 60 Hz) video was adequate for calculating pre-impact translational velocity but not for calculating the translational or rotational velocity change of the helmet during impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing electricity smart meter data sets lack sufficient details on building parameters to evaluate the impact that home characteristics can have on electricity consumption. An extensive, open-source virtual smart meter (VSM) data set with corresponding building characteristics is provided. The methodology used to develop the VSM data is presented in detail. The data set consists of a variety of homes representative of a subset of the Canadian single-family home building stock. The building characteristics cover a wide range of values that are based on probability distributions developed using a segmentation and characterization process. The resulting framework and VSM data set can be used by researchers to develop classification models, verify load disaggregation algorithms, and for a variety of other purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have used the latent differential equation (LDE) model to estimate the parameters of damped oscillation in various phenomena, but it has been shown that correct, non-zero parameter estimates are only obtained when the latent series exhibits little or no process noise. Consequently, LDEs are limited to modeling deterministic processes with measurement error rather than those with random behavior in the true latent state. The reasons for these limitations are considered, and a piecewise deterministic approximation (PDA) algorithm is proposed to treat process noise outliers as functional discontinuities and obtain correct estimates of the damping parameter. Comprehensive, random-effects simulations were used to compare results with those obtained using a state-space model (SSM) based on the Kalman filter. The LDE with the PDA algorithm (LDEPDA) successfully recovered the simulated damping parameter under a variety of conditions when process noise was present in the latent state. The LDEPDA had greater precision and accuracy than the SSM when estimating parameters from data with sparse jump discontinuities, but worse performance for diffusion processes overall. All three methods were applied to a sample of postural sway data. The basic LDE estimated zero damping, while the LDEPDA and SSM estimated moderate to high damping. The SSM estimated the smallest standard errors for both frequency and damping parameter estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worrying trends in terms of human health and planetary health are receiving increasing global concern. City leadership, planning and development all place the constraints on urban behaviours and lifestyles, usually accelerating the problems. It is imperative that human health and environmental impacts become core foci in urban policies around the world. Changing our trajectory will require concerted action. Cities & Health aims to be part of that change; it is dedicated to supporting the flow of knowledge, in all directions, to help make this happen. We support better communication between researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, communities, and decision-makers in cities. This is the primary purpose of this City Know-how section of the journal. 'Research for city practice' disseminates lessons research, allowing researchers to explain new knowledge and key messages arising from their studies for city leaders, communities, and the professions involved in city policy and practice. 'City shorts' provide glimpses of what is being attempted or achieved 'on the ground' and 'case studies' are where you will find evaluations of interventions. Lastly, 'Commentary and debate' extends the conversations we are having to develop and mobilise important and innovative thinking. We invite you to join these conversations. In order to strengthen communities of interest, we would like to include many and varied voices, including those from practitioners, politicians and policy-makers and researchers who are supporting health and health equity in everyday urban lives. Whether you are a just starting out on your journey, or an old hand, we would love to hear from you! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurourbanism looks to understand the relationship between urban environments and mental well-being and is well placed to assess the role of these environments on the urbanised and ageing global population. This study builds on research using mobile electroencephalography (EEG) to understand the impact of urban environments (busy, quiet and green urban spaces) on brain activity. Ninety-five older participants aged over 65 years undertook one of six walks in an urban neighbourhood, transitioning between two distinct environmental settings. This study explores changes in alpha (associated with relaxation) and beta (associated with attention) brain activity recorded during walking in differing urban environments. Neural activity significantly varies as participants walk between urban busy and green settings, with reduced levels of low beta activity in the green setting, suggesting attention changes consistent with Attention Restoration Theory. Levels of alpha activity significantly varied between the urban busy and the urban quiet settings, with increases in the urban busy setting. There were no significant differences in EEG activity between the urban green and urban quiet settings, suggesting that the magnitude of environmental contrast between the urban busy context and other urban settings is an important factor in understanding the effects of these spaces on brain activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address a multi-product capacitated lot-sizing problem with pricing. The objective is to maximise profit. The problem extends the multi-product capacitated lot-sizing problem (CLSP) found in the literature to include price as a decision variable, demand as a function of price, setup time, and more general holding costs. We present a heuristic procedure that can be used to solve large problem instances quickly with good solution quality. The results of computational testing are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies that compare the Economic Order Quantity formula and similar models against their more correct net preset value (NPV) counterpart formulations have shown that the difference in discounted cost is relatively small, even in extreme cases. In this paper, we perform a similar comparison between traditional and NPV formulations of finite horizon, discrete-time economic lot sizing problems. Surprisingly, and in sharp contrast to earlier studies, we find that the traditional and NPV models can yield substantially different discounted costs and inventory policies. The results are extended to the currently emerging, similar models with pricing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]