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The COVID-19 pandemic significantly reshaped consumers’ criteria for selecting restaurants. This study employed a mixed-method approach to examine these changes, emphasizing the increased importance of factors such as indoor air quality, crowding, table spacing, and outdoor seating in the post-pandemic era. Despite these shifts, core attributes like food quality, cleanliness, and food safety remained consistently crucial. Demographic differences in preferences were evident across gender, age, and household income groups. Protective measures, such as requiring proof of vaccination and installing plexiglass, were the least favored by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the subaltern Muslim animated the imaginative politics and juridical contours of the Ottoman nation between 1876-1913. I discuss how the members of the ummah, the global 'Muslim nation', were called to settle and work the lands of the Ottoman Empire. In the late 19th century, the ports and provincial capitals of the empire welcomed immigrants from across the Balkans-to-Bengal axis. However, not all who landed in the Levantine shores enjoyed the entitlements of property and protection promised by the Ottoman immigration state. The provenance of immigrants, the legality of their arrival, and the racial fault lines running through the ummah each set the terms of their inclusion in or their exclusion from the Ottoman nation. Building on the 1902 Resolution to the Ottoman Immigration Law of 1857, this article further explains how the Ottoman nation was delineated by a juridical identity—Ottoman nationality—that was categorically majoritarian and contractually exclusionary because of, and not despite, its global aspirations. I argue that Ottoman sovereignty conceived in the image of a juridical ummah found its terrestrial expression in the Ottoman nation: to the categorical exclusion of non-Muslims, predominantly Armenians; the conditional inclusion of subaltern Muslims; and the tacit rejection of Black Africans. This article thus explores imaginative entanglements of law, race, and religion in the age of empires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It is necessary to identify appropriate clinical, biochemical, epidemiological and genetic biomarkers to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) disease. The study focused on not only the link between disease severity (non-intense unit care (non-ICU) versus intensive unit care (ICU) and genetic susceptibility in COVID-19 patients but also the connection between comorbidity and genetic susceptibility affecting the severity of COVID-19. Subject and methods: One hundred and sixty-two COVID-19 patients treated in the non-ICU and ICU in Kayseri City Hospital were included. All volunteers underwent a physical examination and biochemical evaluation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE p.T776T G > A(rs4343) and g.16471_16472delinsALU (also referred to as I/D polymorphism; rs1799752), angiotensin II receptor type-1 (AGTR1) c.*86A > C (also referred to as A1166C; rs5186), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1-844 G > A (rs2227631) polymorphisms were analysed as well. Results: To have ACE "ID" genotype did not change the severity of the disease (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.41–2.1, p = 0.84), but decreased the mortality risk 2.9-fold (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.1–7.0, p = 0.03). In PAI-1-844 G > A, having the "AA" genotype in the "A" recessive model increased the risk of the diabetes mellitus (DM) 2.3-fold (OR: 2.3 95%, CI: 1.16–4.66, p = 0.018). In the "G" recessive model, to have the GG genotype increased the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) 4.8-fold (OR:4.8, 95% CI: 1.5–15.5, p = 0.008). "GG" genotype in the DM group had a higher fibrinogen level compared to those with the "AG" genotype (AG:4847.2 mg/L (1704.3) versus GG:6444.67 mg/L (1861.62) p = 0.019) and "AA" genotype in the CKD group had lower platelet levels and those with "GG" had higher platelet levels (AA:149 µL (18–159) versus GG: 228 µL (146–357) p = 0.022). Conclusion: This study was shown that genetic predispositions that causes comorbidities were also likely to affect the prognosis of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients according to age at disease onset and evaluate the dose effect of the number of pathogenic or likely pathogenic exon 10 mutations of the MEFV gene on disease severity. Methods: This medical record review study was performed on 485 pediatric FMF patients with uni- or biallelic exon 10 mutations of the MEFV gene (M694V, M694I, M680I, V726A, R761H, T267I). Patients were grouped according to age at disease onset (Group 1:<6 years; Group 2:6–11 years; and Group 3:>11 years). Disease severity was assessed by the international severity scoring system for FMF (ISSF). Results: Of the patients, 294 (60.6%) were classified in Group 1, 152 (31.4%) in Group 2 and 39 (8%) in Group 3. The mean elapsed time to diagnosis was 26.7 ± 27.4 months in Group 1 and was higher than the other groups (p < 0.001). During the attack, fever was higher in Group 1, arthritis in Group 2, and chest pain in Group 3 (p < 0.001). The median ISSF score was similar in patients with uni- or biallelic mutations in Group 1 and 3 (p = 0.086, p = 0.35, respectively) but lower in heterozygous patients in Group 2 (p < 0.001). In Groups 1 and 2, mild disease severity was higher in heterozygotes, while moderate disease severity was higher in homozygotes (p = 0.034, p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The presence of pathogenic or likely pathogenic homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in exon 10 of the MEFV gene in patients with early-onset disease is associated with a more severe disease course compared to patients with heterozygous mutations. The gene dose effect of the number of mutations on disease severity is more common in children aged 6–11 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites are increasingly preferred in industrial, medical, and sporting applications due to their exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal, and physical properties, as well as their low weight and investment costs, particularly in medical, electronics, aerospace, and automotive sectors. Impact damage to composite materials is a significant design issue, necessitating a thorough understanding of how these materials break down and fail under impact loads to ensure reliable and cost-effective design. This paper uses both experimental and numerical methods to present an in-depth review of the impact properties of composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical energy transfer between the source structure and active material in piezoelectric energy harvesters is investigated here. First, an analytical prediction to improve mechanical energy transfer into the piezoelectric material is proposed and validated by tailoring the stiffness of the beam to off-the-shelf piezocomposites through numerical models and experiments. An experimental study is then presented whereby the mechanical properties of freeze cast piezocomposites are controlled by adjusting the volume fraction of piezoceramic and epoxy filler phases. This offers a new approach for tailoring the mechanical properties of piezocomposites to maximize mechanical energy transfer into the material via stiffness matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluated the mechanical characteristics of adhesive-single-bonded strap joints with varied numbers of adhesive layers subjected to flexural loads. Six samples were submitted to a 3-point bending test, three with the strap facing up and three with the strap facing down, and the failure behavior was analyzed. A 3-D finite element (FE) model was created in ABAQUS/Explicit. The adhesive layer (AF163-2K) failure was represented by cohesive zone components. It was discovered that the samples with the thickest adhesive layer obtained the highest load values. Furthermore, compared to samples with the strap facing down, those with the strap facing up demonstrated greater strength. Experiments were conducted to validate the constructed numerical model. Given that this type of configuration is one of the most commonly employed, especially in the repair of aeronautical structures, studying single-strap joints is deemed beneficial for designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Inflammasome NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is associated with neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation can be suppressed by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, decreasing neurodegenerative disorder progression. We devised a therapeutic technique that can reduce neuroinflammation induced by microglial activation, avoiding neurodegeneration. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the pharmacological effects of galantamine and wedelolactone by evaluating the response of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated N9 microglia. Methods: LPS and adenosine triphosphate were used to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in N9 microglial cells, which were pretreated with galantamine and wedelolactone. Caspase-1, NLRP3, NF-κB, and interleukin (IL)-1β levels were measured using RT-qPCR and immunostaining. Results: Combined administration of galantamine and wedelolactone rescued microglial cells from LPS-induced cell death. Furthermore, treatment with galantamine and wedelolactone led to the suppression of NF-κB expression. NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β levels were decreased by the combined treatment. Discussion and Conclusion: The concurrent administration of galantamine and wedelolactone effectively suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia. This inhibitory effect is likely linked to the NF-κB signaling pathway modulation. Therefore, this combined treatment is a potential therapeutic approach for neuroinflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWhile teaching enthusiasm is crucial in traditional classroom settings, its impact on learning processes in digital learning environments still needs to be explored. This study examines the impact of teaching enthusiasm in instructional videos on cognitive and affective learning outcomes. Two separate experiments were conducted at different times: one with 9th-grade students and another with 10th-grade students. Participants viewed instructional videos including either higher or lower levels of teaching enthusiasm, and their cognitive learning outcomes (retention and transfer), social presence, lecture engagement, and motivation were measured. The study revealed that despite the significant difference between the groups regarding perceived teaching enthusiasm, higher enthusiasm did not significantly impact learning outcomes. The study suggests that increased enthusiasm in lecture videos may not necessarily enhance cognitive and affective learning outcomes. Further studies are needed to explore how instructional enthusiasm affects learning outcomes in different situations and with various types of videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of hypothyroidism and levothyroxine (LT4) treatment on arrhythmic risk by concurrently analyzing multiple electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters such as the Index of Cardio-Electrophysiological Balance (iCEB), frontal QRS-T angle, Tpeak-Tend (Tp-e) interval/QT interval ratio, and QT dispersion (QTd). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 132 adult patients with primary hypothyroidism who had been receiving LT4 treatment, and 132 demographically matched healthy controls. The hypothyroid group was also stratified by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (subclinical <4.5 and overt ≥ 4.5). Participants underwent a series of thyroid function and ECG measurements. Results: The hypothyroid and healthy control groups were matched for age and gender (p = 0.080; p = 0.176). Participants with hypothyroidism had higher Tp-e/QT ratios, iCEB, median frontal QRS-T angle, and corrected QT dispersion (cQTd) than healthy controls (p = 0.004; p = 0.025; p = 0.004; p = 0.004, respectively). In the overt group, the Tp-e/QT ratio, iCEB, and median frontal QRS-T angles were all higher (p = 0.012, p = 0.037, and p = 0.016, respectively). Logistic regression analysis indicated that a higher iCEB score (β = 0.60, p = 0.003) was significant for the detection of arrhythmia risk. ROC analysis showed that iCEB had the highest sensitivity (0.80), moderate specificity (0.60), and AUC 0.70. Conclusion: Patients with hypothyroidism have a higher risk of arrhythmia. To assess this risk, it is important to analyze the Tp-e interval, iCEB, frontal QRS-T angle, and QTd. Differentiating between patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism can help minimize the risk of arrhythmia. iCEB is the most effective method for identifying arrhythmic risk. Using all these parameters can improve the accuracy of arrhythmic risk detection in patients with hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The upper-limb exoskeleton training program which is repetetive and task-specific therapy can improve motor functions in patients with stroke. To compare the effect of an upper-limb exoskeleton training program with Bobath concept on upper limb motor functions in individuals with chronic stroke. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to exoskeleton group (EG, n = 12) or to Bobath group (BG, n = 12). Interventions were matched in terms of session duration and total number of sessions and performed 2 times per week for 6-weeks. Primary outcome was Fugl-Meyer- Upper Extremity (FMA-UE). Secondary outcomes were Modified Ashworth Scale (elbow and wrist flexor muscles), Motor Activity Log-30 which is consist of two parts as an amount of use (AOU) and quality of movement (QOM), and The Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living (NEADL) index. Results: After 12-sessions of training, the mean (SD) FMA-UE score increased by 5.7 (2.9) in the EG, and 1.9 (1.5) points in the BG (p <.05). In total, 40% of participants (5/12) demonstrated a clinically meaningful improvement (≥5.25 points) in the FM-UE, while none of the participants reached MCID score in the bobath group. Changes in the AOU, QOM, and NEADL were significantly larger in the EG compared to BG (p <.05). 7/12 (58.33%) of participants for AOU and 5/12 (42%) of participants for QOM in the EG showed that clinically meaningful change. 5/12 of participants (42%) in the EG demonstrated ≥4.9-point increase in NEADL score. Discussion: High-intensity repetitive arm and hand exercises with an exoskeleton device was safe and feasible. Exoskeleton-assisted training demonstrated significant benefits in improving upper limb functions and quality of life in individuals after stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study examines the impacts of educational videos with human or humanoid animated pedagogical avatars (APAs) on cognitive, affective, and social learning outcomes in declarative and procedural knowledge contexts. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used, considering instructor type (human vs. humanoid APA) and knowledge type (declarative vs. procedural). The study involved 139 university students with no prior knowledge of the video content and was conducted in a human-computer interaction lab using an eye-tracking device. There were no significant differences in learning achievement, perceived lecture engagement, emotion, satisfaction, and social presence between the human and humanoid APA. However, learners showed greater visual interest in the human instructor, which influenced their interest in the learning content. Viewers of declarative knowledge videos showed more visual interest and achieved higher learning scores, while procedural videos increased lecture engagement, emotion, satisfaction, and social presence. The study suggests that humanoid APAs can effectively replace human instructors in educational videos and emphasizes the importance of considering knowledge types in video design to impact learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease, characterized by multiple organ involvement, which is seen more often in young females. Objectives: To evaluate the hearing and balance functions in SLE patients. Materials and methods: Twenty-four SLE patients, 24 healthy controls underwent pure tone audiometry (0.125–16 kHz), VNG, vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP), and video head impulse test (vHIT). Results: A statistically significant difference was determined between the control group and the SLE group at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, 12, 14, and 16 kHz frequencies. Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 37.5% of the SLE group. The pursuit test was pathological at the rate of 25% in the SLE group. No response was obtained in six SLE patients in the oVEMP test and four SLE patients in the cVEMP test. The mean posterior SCC VOR gain values were 0.64 ± 0.2 in the SLE group. A significant difference was determined between the groups with respect to posterior SCC VOR gains. Conclusions and significance: Our findings show that SLE disease may negatively affect the hearing system and the vestibular system as well. The current study is the first study to comprehensively evaluate SLE patients with VNG, VEMP, and vHIT tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an auto-immune disease characterised by muscle weakness and typical skin findings. Although peri-orbital oedema and facial swelling are compatible cutaneous findings in JDM, they are extremely rare. A 7-year-old boy who presented with peri-orbital oedema and facial swelling without muscle weakness is reported. In addition, he had cholestasis and marked cytopenia, which are uncommon in JDM, and malignancy and metabolic disorders were primarily considered in the aetiology. He had no musculoskeletal complaints other than elevated muscle enzymes on presentation but developed muscle weakness during follow-up, and a muscle biopsy was compatible with inflammatory myopathy. He responded favourably to conventional treatment and there were no physical limitations or skin findings by the 14th month of follow-up. Although patients presenting with typical clinical features are easy to diagnose, atypical skin findings are challenging for the clinician. In the presence of atypical skin and clinical findings in addition to muscle enzyme elevation, JDM should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Abbreviations: AHCE: asymptomatic hyper-CKemia; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; C: complement; CK: creatine kinase; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin; IIM: idiopathic inflammatory myopathy; JDM: juvenile dermatomyositis; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MAA: myositis-associated antibodies; MDA5: melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5; MRC: Medical Research Council; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MSA: myositis-specific antibodies; MTX: methotrexate NXP2: nuclear matrix protein 2; STIR: short tau inversion recovery; US: ultrasound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was conducted to adapt the Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire (AAMQ-13) into Turkish. Methods: The research was conducted in the pulmonology outpatient clinic of a state hospital in Nigde/Turkey. The sample consisted of 229 volunteers with asthma for at least one year. First, language and content validity were assessed. After evaluating the language validity and content validity of the questionnaire, internal consistency, split-half reliability, and construct validity were examined. Questionnaire and demographic data were analyzed using numbers, percentages, dependent and independent groups t-tests, correlation analysis. Results: The AAMQ-13-TR has a Cronbach's alpha (α) score of 0.90 (p < 0.001). It has a split-half reliability coefficient of 0.86. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) shows that the factor structure of the AAMQ-13-TR agrees well with the two-factor model of the original questionnaire. Conclusions: This study presented sources of evidence of validity of AAMQ-13-TR in Turkish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large congenital lid colobomas are traditionally repaired using 1- or 2-step vascularized flap-graft combinations. However, visual axis occlusion for weeks is a severe problem in small children and recent reports suggest that the flap pedicle does not contribute to blood perfusion. A "one-step" substitute for large lid defects has recently been reported in animals and humans, demonstrating the viability of a bilamellar autograft alone. We present an alternative "one-step" reconstructive approach in a 6-month-old infant who had a centrally-located large upper eyelid defect resulting from a congenital coloboma. The free full-thickness bilamellar autograft was harvested from the contralateral upper eyelid. The follow-up time was 48 months. Cosmetic and functional results were good, the bilamellar graft survived, and there was no graft ischemia, necrosis, or rejection. The boy developed madarosis, lid notching, and mild contour irregularity but needed no reoperation since the parent was satisfied with the surgical result. A free bilamellar eyelid autograft seems to be an outstanding alternative to both "conventional 2-step" and "modern 1-step" options for the reconstruction of large colobomatous eyelid openings, especially in young infants who cannot tolerate visual axis blockage. It is an easy, practical, fast, and effective technique that also saves cost in health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In the current research, 6-gingerol (GA)-loaded nanofiber drug delivery system were developed, and their potential usage in wound healing was evaluated. Significance: This study investigates the effectiveness of nanofibrous membranes composed of sodium alginate (SA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and 6-gingerol (GA) as delivery systems for anti-inflammatory agents in the context of wound dressings. Methods: GA-loaded SA/PVA nanofiber was prepared using electrospinning. In vitro characterization of this nanofiber included the examination of comprehensive in vitro characterization, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, cytotoxicity, a scratch tes and in vivo skin test. Results: GA was extracted from Zingiber officinale, and its successful isolation was confirmed through analyses such as H-NMR, C-NMR. Then GA was electrospuned into the SA/PVA nanofibers, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed that the fiber diameters of the formulations ranged between 148 nm and 176 nm. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant studies demonstrated that the effectiveness of GA increased with higher doses; however, this increase was accompanied by decreased cell viability. In vitro release studies revealed that GA exhibited a burst release within the first 8 h, followed by a controlled release, reaching completion within 24 h. Within the scope of in vitro release kinetics, release data are mathematically compatible with the Weibull model with high correlation. The scratch test results indicated that TB2 (%1 GA) promoted epithelialization. Furthermore, it was determined that TB2 (%1 GA) did not cause any irritation. Conclusions: As a result, TB2 shows promise as a formulation for wound dressings, offering potential benefits in the field of wound care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate primary school teachers’ perceptions of the concepts of intergenerational space (ISP), intergenerational solidarity (ISO), intergenerational knowledge sharing (IKS), and intergenerational learning (ILE); to uncover the nature of the relationships among these phenomena; to determine the level of implementation of these variables in primary schools; and to explore the relationship between these variables. In this research, an exploratory mixed method was employed, comprising a qualitative phase followed by a quantitative phase. The purpose of using this method was to first establish a model based on teachers’ perspectives and then to generalize this model through quantitative research methods. The data from the qualitative phase were analyzed using content analysis, and the quantitative data were analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. By evaluating the results of the qualitative and quantitative data together, a “First Step to Generation-Friendly School Model” was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicide residue levels were analyzed in agricultural soils of Batak plain and health risk assessments were made for relevant pesticides. Herbicide contamination levels were analyzed with the use of Quick-Easy-Cheap-Efficient-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS)-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) procedure. Herbicide-free soil samples were spiked at two different levels. Overall recovery of the method was 87.32%. Present findings were parallel to SANTE recovery limits. About 50% of collected samples from the study sites contained herbicides at different concentrations. Totally, eight herbicides were detected, and herbicide concentrations ranged between 1.085 and 1724.23 μg kg−1. Metolachlor had the highest concentration (1724.23 μg kg−1) in a sample taken close to the pesticide waste disposal area. Six herbicides were detected at different concentrations in the same sample. Persistent herbicides (terbuthylazine and pendimethalin) were detected in 35 samples. Risk assessments revealed that hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were less than 1. The greatest HQ values were identified for terbuthylazine as 2772.48 × 10−7 and 20793.61 × 10−7 for adults and children, respectively. The HI for all herbicides were 3916.05 × 10−7 for adult and 29370.39 × 10−7 for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing a writing topic poses a particularly serious challenge for young learners. Topic selection affects all other steps of the writing process. Therefore, the writing topic should be related to a subject that the student knows about, is interested in, and can produce content on. Basing writing on students' immediate environment and experiences will contribute positively to their writing process. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of writing activities based on immediate environment and experiences on the development of narrative and informative text writing skills. The study is designed as a multiple probe model, which is one of the single- subject research designs. The study group consists of two primary school students (one girl and one boy). A 14-week program was implemented that required writing based on immediate environment and experiences. The data of the study were collected using the Story Elements Evaluation Scale and the Informative Text Rating Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, graphical representation, and effect size calculation method. According to the results obtained, writing activities based on the immediate environment and experiences have a significant effect on improving the students' ability to write narrative and informative texts, as well as their development of story elements and informative text elements. However, it was also concluded that it does not affect the external structure of the text and its language and expression. Considering these results, writing teachers are strongly encouraged to conduct writing activities related to their students' immediate environment and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new sesquiterpene glucosides, 1α,6β,9β-trihydroxy-eudesm-4(15)-en-1,6-O-β-diglucopyranoside (1) and 1α,6β,9β-trihydroxy-eudesm-3-en-1,6-O-β-diglucopyranoside (2) were obtained along with the 1α,6β,9β-trihydroxy-5,10-bis-epi-eudesm-3-en-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), chlorogenic acid (4), luteolin 7-O-rutinoside (5) and luteolin 7-O- glucoside (6) from the whole plant parts of Lecokia cretica. Their structures were determined on the basis of 1 D, 2 D NMR and HRMS analyses. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of compounds 1-3 against human lung cancer cells (A549) and normal human lung cells (BEAS-2B) was determined using the MTT colorimetric assay. All the tested eudesmane derivatives were found to be inactive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high cost and potential toxicity associated with the common commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy are major concerns against its continued use in the biomedical industry. Low-cost, less toxic titanium alloys have been developed as a possible alternative to Ti-6Al-4V. Because of the various wear processes that take place in the human body, it is imperative to have a good understanding of the wear properties and wear resistance of these alloys. This study, therefore, investigated the resistance to wear of the low-cost Ti-3Fe, Ti-4.5Al-1V-3Fe, and Ti-4.5Al-1V-3Fe alloys under dry sliding conditions in contrast to the common commercial alloy, Ti-6Al-4V. The findings revealed that among the tested alloys, Ti-3Fe exhibited the lowest resistance to wear as it displayed the highest coefficient of friction (0.55) and wear rate (5.55E-06 mm3/Nm). The Ti-4.5Al-1V-3Fe alloy demonstrated superior wear resistance compared to the rest of the alloys, including Ti-6Al-4V, as it had the lowest wear rate (4.27E-06 mm3/Nm) and wear volume (0.0026 mm3). Overall, the experimental alloys displayed very similar wear resistance to Ti-6Al-4V, making them promising commercial alloys that can replace Ti-6Al-4V in bioimplant applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews influencer marketing (IM)-research in the tourism and hospitality (H&T) field to provide a state-of-the-art of the past, present, and future of IM-research. It identifies research themes, theoretical underpinnings, and methodologies utilized in IM-research. Seventy-five studies are examined through co-citation, bibliographic coupling and content analysis based on the TCCM (theory/context/characteristics/methodology) framework. Co-citation analysis reveals that IM-research focused on travel blogs, vlogs, celebrity endorsement, influencer authenticity. An assessment of recent studies through bibliographic coupling indicates a partial shift toward the study of more contemporary issues. This field-discipline-focused hybrid-review contributes to literature and practice by presenting the past, present, and future of IM-research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the role of the brain-sparing effect (BSE) on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in fetal growth restriction (FGR). In this retrospective study, 127 pregnant women were divided into two groups considering the cerebroplacental ratio (CPR): FGR with abnormal CPR group (n = 74) and the appropriate for gestational age with normal Doppler group (n = 53). CPR was computed using the pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) to quantitate the waveforms [middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI/umbilical artery (UA) PI and MCA RI/UA RI: a result <1 was taken into account as abnormal]. ROP screening results of newborns were recorded from electronic files. After adjusting for co-variants, BSE was not related to ROP (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23–4.95). Gestational age at delivery <30 weeks (aOR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.04–6.93) and birth weight <1500 g (aOR, 5.15; 95% CI, 1.15–25.2) were independently associated with ROP. Preeclampsia, emergency cesarean section birth, or 48 h completion after the first steroid administration were not associated with ROP. Gestational age at delivery <30 weeks and birth weight <1500 g are independent risk factors for ROP in FGR whereas the BSE is not a risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delays have commonly been a serious problem. This study aims to evaluate, criticize, and synthesize the literature on the causes of delays in construction. A total of 70 journal articles from 33 countries focussing on identifying the causes of delays were critically analysed. The main findings of this study are that the questionnaire survey is the most commonly used data collection method, the project phases at which the causes of delays are identified is not clearly stated in the majority of the reviewed articles, there is no agreement on the classification of causes of delays, the number of causes of delays studied by researchers greatly varies, the term 'delay' is not clearly defined in the majority of the articles, there is no standardized terminology for the causes of delays, key variables such as type of project, project delivery system and contract type are mostly ignored, and the location of the project is an important variable to consider when identifying the causes of delays. The findings of this study provide researchers, practitioners, and construction professionals with a detailed reference, which can assist them in better understanding the causes of delays, taking the necessary proactive actions, and improving the overall project performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the connectedness among several regional FinTech indices and analyses the impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the dynamic spillovers. We employ the time-varying parameter vector autoregression and time-frequency connectedness network approach using data spanning from 2 September 2021 until 4 April 2022. We find that the returns and volatility spillovers among FinTech indices burst with the outbreak of the invasion. During this invasion, Asia-Pacific and Japan FinTech appeared to be the largest recipients of the spillovers. In contrast, Europe and North America FinTech appeared to be the largest transmitters of spillovers. The short-term effect among regional FinTech indices is stronger than the long-term relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate adverse events (AEs) in pediatric patients with rheumatologic diseases being treated with approved or off-label biologic agents (BAs). This observational, retrospective, multicenter study was conducted from 2010 to 2022 in patients under 18 years of age with rheumatic diseases who were receiving interleukin-1 antibodies (Anti-IL1), interleukin-6 antibodies (Anti-IL6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (anti-TNF). Efficacy, AEs, and timing of AEs were collected from electronic medical records. Three hundred and fifteen BAs were prescribed to 237 patients. Fifty AEs occurred in 44 patients (18.6%). Anti-TNF exposure was present in 8 (72.2%) of 11 patients with latent tuberculosis (TB) and in all 7 patients with herpes infections. Four of 6 patients (66.7%) with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and 7 of 8 patients (87.5%) with local skin reactions were on Anti-IL1. The cutoff value for latent TB development was determined as 23.5 months by ROC analysis (AUC: 0.684 ± 0.072, p = 0.038, 95% CI: 0.54–0.82). In patients who used BA for 23.5 months or more, the risk of latent TB was 5.94-fold (p = 0.024, 95% CI: 1.26–27.97). Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) occurred in 2 patients on anakinra, and anaphylaxis occurred in 1 patient on anti-IL6. There were no cases of malignancy or death in any patient. The physician should be vigilant for latent TB in patients exposed to BA for more than 2 years. While local skin reactions are more prevalent in patients receiving anti-IL1, severe skin reactions such as DRESS may also occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the security dilemma, which was developed in the 1950s based on inter-state wars, was applied to civil wars to explain the cause of intra-state conflicts after the end of the Cold War. These applications have criticized for violating the key components emphasized by the original theory. The flaws of the literature have led to the generalization that the security dilemma cannot be applied to civil wars. This study, which opposes this generalization, claims that the process evolved into civil war in 2014 among the opposition groups that played a role in the overthrow of the Gaddafi regime can be explained by the concept of the security dilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate Cancer (PC) is a global health concern affecting men worldwide. Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to the initiation of early-stage PC lesions. Additionally, inflammation has long been acknowledged as a factor in the development of PC. We aimed to examine the biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in PC patients before and after surgery. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Urology Outpatient Clinic of Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital. A total of 150 individuals were included in the study, divided into five groups: 50 Healthy controls, 25 patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), 25 patients with Low-Risk Prostate Cancer (LRPC), 25 patients with Medium-Risk Prostate Cancer (MRPC), and 25 patients with High-Risk Prostate Cancer (HRPC). Measurements of Total Oxidant Status (TOS), Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), Total Thiol (TT), and Native Thiol (NT) were performed using photometric methods. Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) and Disulfide (DIS) levels were calculated mathematically. Levels of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Presepsin were determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Compared to the healthy control group, the results indicated a statistically significant increase in both oxidative stress and inflammation levels. In the groups receiving both pharmaceutical therapy and surgical treatment (PC), a significant decrease in oxidative stress and inflammation levels was observed. Consequently, it is suggested that the assessment of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers should be incorporated in the pre- and postoperative monitoring of patients with PC. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) levels are found to be statistically lower in all PC groups, indicating a correlation between oxidative stress and the progression of PC. Levels of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) were found to be higher before and after surgery in PC groups, and their variation correlated with tumor grade and size. Post-surgery, a decrease in presepsin levels is associated with a reduced likelihood of sepsis in PC patients. Reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation levels postoperatively suggest the effectiveness of surgical intervention in mitigating these factors. The potential for personalized medicine to decrease PC mortality is highlighted by better understanding the functional relationship coordinating inflammatory signatures in the tumor microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds have been generally utilized as food and alternative medicine in different countries. They are specifically used as a raw material for wine, cheese, soup, tea, noodles, etc. In addition, seaweeds are potentially good resources of protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, essential fatty acids and dietary fiber. The quality and quantity of biologically active compounds in seaweeds depend on season and harvesting period, seaweed geolocation as well as ecological factors. Seaweeds or their extracts have been studied as innovative sources for a variety of bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, carrageenan, fucoidan, etc. These secondary metabolites have been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-obesity and anti-tumour properties. They have been used in pharmaceutical/medicine, and food industries since bioactive compounds from seaweeds are regarded as safe and natural. Therefore, this article provides up-to-date information on the applications of seaweed in different industries such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetics, dermatology and agriculture. Further studies on innovative extraction methods, safety issue and health-promoting properties should be reconsidered. Moreover, the details of the molecular mechanisms of seaweeds and their bioactive compounds for physiological activities are to be clearly elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement industry is responsible for a significant portion of global carbon dioxide emissions leading to global warming and climate change. A substantial part of these emissions is due to burning fossil fuels to supply heat to the kiln at a high temperature. Concentrating solar collectors can be used for preheating the air supplied to the kiln or directly preheating the ingredients in the pre-calciner before feeding them into the kiln. Based on an existing cement plant's available energy audit, a MATLAB model of the plant with its sub-processes has been developed. After verifying the model results by checking against the available energy audit's mass and energy balances, the model is used to identify the possible solar hybridization paths and other energy-saving approaches. Considering the year-round solar resources in the region where the plant is located and other possible locations, it is shown that there are hybridization paths leading to significant carbon dioxide emission savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise capacity is a significant determinant of mortality for cancer patients, so knowing the possible determinants of exercise capacity will produce physical and psychological benefits for individuals with cancer cachexia. To investigate the relationship between exercise capacity on peripheric and respiratory muscle strength, physical activity, fatigue and quality of life in subjects with cancer cachexia. The study included 31 patients diagnosed with cancer cachexia. Functional capacity was assessed by 6-Minute Walk Test, hand grip strength and proximal muscle mass by hand dynamometer, respiratory muscle strength by the Maximum Expiratory Pressure and Maximum Inspiratory Pressure measurements, physical activity by International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form, fatigue by Brief Fatigue Inventory, and quality of life by EORT-QLQ-C30. The relationship between functional capacity and continuous independent variables was determined using Spearman's or Pearson's tests. A strong positive correlation was observed between exercise capacity and expiratory muscle strength (r = 0.75, p < 0.001), activity level (r = 0.68, p < 0.001), and quality of life global health status (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). Conversely, a strong negative correlation was found between exercise capacity and fatigue severity (r = −0.64, p < 0.001). Higher exercise capacity in cancer cachexia patients is linked to reduced fatigue, improved respiratory muscle strength, increased physical activity levels, and enhanced quality of life. When designing rehabilitation programs or exercise interventions for individuals with cancer cachexia, it is crucial to assess their exercise capacity and tailor the programs accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of ethics-related research in shaping the intellectual structure of hospitality-literature through a two-step method. The intellectual structure of the most-cited ethics-related references was revealed by co-citation analysis. Content analysis was made to reveal each cluster’s main themes. A database comprising 9664 references from seven hospitality journals, spanning 60 years, was analyzed. The analysis uncovered four thematic clusters, indicating that organizational citizenship behaviors and environmental-ethics are the predominant topics in the hospitality-ethics literature. The previous studies heavily focused on examining relationships and their practical implications. The study adopted a novel approach to bibliometric analysis that has never been used in hospitality ethics-reviews. The results of the concept-discipline-focused hybrid-review provide a comprehensive understanding of the knowledge domain and indicate research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of techniques involving Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been becoming increasingly important in educational settings. This study aims to reveal the recent trends in research into artificial intelligence in special education by using the systematic review method. Across the 29 studies published between 2008 and 2020 that are reviewed here, the majority are articles on quantitative research carried out in the United States. In terms of learning content, most of the studies are about skill development, focusing on cognitive and affective factors. Moreover, the research was carried out in school settings with learners from various backgrounds. The purposes for and methods of using AI were examined and it was found that software-based methods are more common. The primary disability type examined in the articles covered in this review were disorders on the autism spectrum. There is a tendency toward technical models rather than educational models. ANN and SVM are the most used technical theoretical infrastructures. This study yielded interesting results both on the evolution of AI in special education over the years and on its future development. This paper ends with suggestions developed in light of these studies for the use of artificial intelligence in special education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has prompted tourists to look for vacation options where they can feel safer. Hence, repurchasing behaviour gains importance regarding vacationing. Another widely accepted effect of COVID-19 is on people's psychological outcomes, such as decreased subjective vitality. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the interrelationships among tourists' fear of COVID-19, intention to repurchase a vacation and subjective vitality. Based on data from 654 tourists from all over Turkey and using the AMOS-SEM and PROCESS macro, the findings show (i) a positive relationship between the intention to repurchase a vacation and subjective vitality, (ii) negative associations between the fear of COVID-19 and repurchase intention, and fear of COVID-19 and subjective vitality. However, the results provide no significant evidence regarding the mediator role of the intention to repurchase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review user-generated video (UGV)-research in hospitality and tourism (H&T), provide an overview of its current-state, and suggest ways forward. We adopted a systematic literature review methodology and reviewed 66 articles with TCM (theory/context/methodology) framework. UGV-research focuses on (i) destination image perception, (ii) short-form videos and travel live-streaming, (iii) behavioral intentions, and (iv) crisis management. Theoretical development is diverse, given the descriptive nature of research questions, but it is still in its infancy. The context varies by H&T setting, type of social media platform, population, and country. Research methods and techniques range from traditional analysis to advanced machine learning or artificial intelligence-based quantitative approaches, predominantly qualitative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mothers who are in more sensitive and in a different state in the postpartum period may think that the COVID-19 pandemic will affect the health of their babies. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the COVID-19 fears of mothers in the postpartum period and their mother-infant bonding and breastfeeding self-efficacy levels. This descriptive study included 258 mothers who had given birth at a state hospital in Turkey. The data were collected an information form, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale, the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale and analyzed. It was found that the mothers had moderate COVID-19 fear levels, they did not experience mother-infant bonding problems, and their breastfeeding self-efficacy levels were high. There was a negative relationship between the COVID-19 fear scores and breastfeeding self-efficacy scores. It may be recommended to provide education programs the relationships between breastfeeding, mother-infant bonding, and COVID-19 on mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Dunaliella salina and Porphyridium cruentum biomass were encapsulated by using a spray-dryer (SD) and combined D-optimal method. The independent variables were SD inlet temperature (170–190 °C), maltodextrin (25–75%, w/w, in dm), and microalgae biomass (25–75%, w/w, in dm). Prior to spray drying, P. cruentum and D. salina were cultivated in a pilot scale tubular photobioreactor and than harvested using a conical plate centrifuge. Significant models were determined for the effects of independent variables on total carotenoids, chlorophyll-a, crude protein, moisture contents and encapsulation yield (EY), water activity, average particle size, wettability, hygroscopicity, L* and C* properties for both microalgae species (p <.05). Due to the low EY (11.1–33.1%), we recommend encapsulation and drying of P. cruentum biomass with alternative methods to SD. The extracellular, as well as the cell wall and storage polysaccharides released into the culture medium of these microalgae are possible reasons for the low EY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored the relationship between undergraduate students' digital literacy and self-regulation in online interaction (student-content, student-teacher, student-student). Investigating this relationship can facilitate identifying areas for improvement of support programmes and provide insights for effective online teaching and learning practices. The researchers collected data from 195 undergraduate students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Canonical correlation results indicated a significant and positive correlation (Rc =.41), meaning that having a positive attitude and high technical knowledge and skills regarding digital technologies can help students manage online teacher, peer, and content interactions. Moreover, the study identified that the digital literacy scale's technical variable contributes to the correlation more than the attitude variable. This result implies that developing technical knowledge and skills might be more critical to promoting self-regulation in online interaction. Based on these results, the implications for online education and recommendations for supporting self-regulation in student interactions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aesthetic and clinical care of the feet includes reducing nail thickness and removing calluses which are perfomed by high-speed nail drill machines. These micromotors diffuse skin material, nail dust, and pathogenic fungi into the air, some of which are then inhaled and causes an occupational risk to workers. This study examines occupational risks of inhaling organic dust in the working environment of Podologists (PDL) through their erythrocyte morphologies. Chalder Fatigue Scale was used to determine fatigue symptoms of the participants related to occupational exposures. 25 PDL and 26 control subjects were compared. Peripheral smear technique was used to identify erythrocyte morphologies. The results demonstrated that physical, mental, total fatigue levels, and erythrocyte anomaly amounts of the individuals in the PDL group were higher (p <.05). Findings also revealed that fatigue effectively formed Hypochromic, Stomatocytes, Dacrocytes, Elliptocytes, Spherocytes, and Ovalocytes. This study aims to increase awareness of podologists' occupational risks.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to evaluate Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the healing of incisional wounds following ovariohysterectomy in rats, by means of subjective histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. A total of 72 female Wistar rats were categorised into four treatment groups (Group I; sacrification 4 hours following only one LLLT application, Group II; sacrification 7 days following only one LLLT application, Group III; sacrification 4 hours after two LLLT applications, and Group IV; sacrification 7 days after two LLLT applications). Each group was further divided into four different doses subgroups (Group Control [C, off mode LLLT application], L1 [1 J/cm2], L3 [3 J/cm2], and L6 [6 J/cm2]), with equal representation in each subgroup. Ovariohysterectomy was employed using two 2-cm-length midline abdominal incisions in the left and right sides of line alba. The Group C was assigned to the left side incision to each rat in the study. After irradiation, the tissue was subjected to histopathological analysis to determine the extent of mononuclear cell infiltration, edoema, and epithelialization. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pCNA) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Group L1 and L3 significantly decreased mononuclear cell infiltration compared with Group C in all treatment groups (p < 0.05). Group L3 significantly decreased edoema compared with Group C in all groups except for treatment Group I (p < 0.05). Group L2 and L3 significantly increased epithelization in treatment Group IV (p < 0.05). Moreover, Group L2 and L3 significantly increased pCNA in all groups, while L2 and L3 significantly decreased iNOS expression in treatment Group II, III, and IV (p < 0.05). However, no statistical difference was found between subgroups of treatment Group I in iNOS expiration (p > 0.05). The results of the current examination demonstrated that LLLT can modulate mononuclear cell infiltration and edoema, and improve epithelization, as well as increase pCNA expression, whereas decrease iNOS expression during the wound healing process, therefore enhancing wound healing following ovariohysterectomy in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the group-theoretical analysis of nonlinear optimal control problems called the optimal growth model with the environmental asset and capitalist decision model of endogenous growth, which are expressed in terms of the current and present value Hamiltonian functions. The first-order conditions for optimal control problems based on Pontryagin’s maximum principle are considered. In addition, Lie point symmetries and their relation with the Prelle-Singer, λ-symmetries, adjoint symmetries, Darboux polynomials, and Jacobi’s last multiplier approaches are studied by analyzing the coupled nonlinear first-order ordinary differential equations corresponding to the first-order conditions. For both current and present Hamiltonian cases, the first integrals and the corresponding analytical (closed-form) solutions and graphical representations for the optimal control problems are represented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the ancient water collection and storage systems near the Karahantepe Neolithic Site, located 500 m to the north, utilising unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The utilisation of DEM allowed for the examination of the cisterns, pools, and channels in the region. The hydrological analysis gave a comprehensive understanding of the water flow patterns. The findings showed that the channels leading to the cisterns followed a meandering slope and culminated in pools, which could be sedimentation ponds. The study emphasised the benefit of utilising UAV technology in archaeology and inferred that the water collection and storage system in the region was deliberately constructed by ancient civilisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, geopolitical risk (GPR) has been a crucial factor in investment decisions and stock markets. Therefore, we explore the research on the GPR by employing bibliometric and scientometric analytical techniques. We find 366 scientific contributions in December 2021 from the Scopus database by searching 'Geopolitical risk' in abstracts, keywords, and titles. Our findings show that GPR research has gained momentum in the last three years. Specifically, the journal Defence and Peace Economics has one of the highest numbers of research and citation on GPR. Authors in Asia also dominate the GPR literature. Overall, this study contributes to the literature by presenting the existing research that may give new insights for prospective studies in GPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the tendency to use natural compounds has been increasing due to the upsurge in antibiotic resistance. For this reason, studies are carried out especially with plants having traditional uses. Cotinus coggygria is a plant whose aerial parts are used in traditional medicine. While there are studies on leaves and branches of C. coggygria, there are not many studies on fruits. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiquorum sensing activities of C. coggygria fruit and to elucidate its phenolic profile by using HPLC-DAD. As a result of this study, it was determined that methanol extract was more active than acetone extract in terms of antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiquorum sensing activities, and methanol extract was rich in chlorogenic acid. This result showed that the methanol extract was more active than the acetonic one in terms of biological activities and that the methanol extract was rich in chlorogenic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the perception levels of teachers' intergenerational knowledge sharing and intergenerational learning and to reveal the relationship between these variables. This study is a descriptive research which uses the relational screening model. The sample of the study consists of 464 teachers chosen by disproportionately stratified sampling in public primary, secondary and high schools in the Gebze district of Kocaeli province, Turkey, during the 2018–2019 academic year. The data were gathered via the Intergenerational Knowledge Sharing scale and the Intergenerational Learning scale. Arithmetic mean, standard deviation, regression, and correlation analyses were applied to the data. As a result of the study, a positive high-level relationship was found to exist between intergenerational knowledge sharing and intergenerational learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults have been negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. They started to use the balcony as a socialization tool by rediscovering its usage purposes. The study revealed the socialization tools and habits of older adults concerning the use of balconies during the COVID-19 pandemic in two stages. In the first stage, studies including socialization activities of older individuals in their residences during COVID-19 were analyzed using Scopus, and keywords were identified. In the second stage, the word codes were determined as socialization tools searched using the Google search engine to better understand the use of the pandemic and balcony. The search was conducted on sample photographs that had been published on online news sites and had a place in the world literature. Thus, 4 socialization tools for the use of balconies and 11 new usage habits under them were identified in the new normal period of COVID-19. The study's goal is to provide a wider perspective on the concept of the balcony not only as an extension of the residence but also as an effective and versatile space for the socialization of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]