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Bioactive compounds (BCs) provide numerous health benefits by interacting with one or more components of living tissues and systems. However, despite their potential health benefits, most of the BCs have low bioaccessibility and bioavailability, hindering their potential health-promoting activities. The conventional encapsulation techniques are time-consuming and have major limitations in their food applications, including the use of non-food grade chemicals, undesired sensory attributes, and storage stability issues. A cutting-edge, new technique based on 3D printing can assist in resolving the problems associated with conventional encapsulation technologies. 3D food printing can help protect BCs by incorporating them precisely into three-dimensional matrices, which can provide (i) protection during storage, (ii) enhanced bioavailability, and (iii) effective delivery and controlled release of BCs. Recently, various 3D printing techniques and inks have been investigated in order to create delivery systems with different compositions and geometries, as well as diverse release patterns. This review emphasizes the advances in 3D printing-based encapsulation approaches, leading to enhanced delivery systems and customized food formulations. HIGHLIGHTS: Conventional techniques for encapsulating bioactive compounds (BCs) are summarized. Potential applications of 3D food printing for encapsulating BCs are discussed. Extrusion-based 3D food printing can enhance the stability/bioavailability of BCs. Hydrogels are promising materials for 3D food printing-based encapsulation. Future prospects for integrating 3D printing with encapsulation are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of Octogen (HMX) in the application of microscale explosive transfer sequence charges. In this paper, we designed and formulated four kinds of explosive inks with different solid contents using submicron HMX as the main explosive and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous solution / fluorocarbon resin (FEVE) ethyl acetate solution emulsion as the binder system, studied the effect of solid content on the rheological properties of explosive inks, conducted micro loading studies using a direct ink writing molding platform, The morphology, safety performance and explosion transmission performance of the microscale printed molding samples were tested and analyzed. The results show that the ink containing 90 wt.% HMX explosive has the largest n value, has good printability, smooth surface of the molded sample, consistent, uniform particle dispersion inside the line; HMX crystalline type is still β type; critical impact energy and critical friction of the printed sample compared to the raw HMX increased by 114% and 100% respectively, critical impact energy compared to CL-20-based explosive ink printed sample increased by 67%, indicating that the printed samples have a high safety under the Mechanical Sensitivity. The detonation velocity of the printed sample is 6902 m·s−1 at a charge cross-section size of 1 mm × 1 mm. The critical detonation thickness of the printed sample is 1 × 0.095 mm, Can be stable under the corner of not more than 120 ° detonation.The results of the study show that HMX as the main charge can improve the wide applicability of direct-written explosive ink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the types of inks and their formulations for digital printing of wool, silk, cotton, and polyester. The innovative artificial inks were constituted by a fusion of reactive dye, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and Tween-80 surfactant, five Perylene acid dye inks were synthesised based on Acid red 27, also polyvinyl alcohol and waterborne polyester have been utilised for disperse dye ink formulation. Likewise, sustainable inks were prepared from curcumin and tannic acid incorporating triton x-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate, additionally dye molecules were encapsulated in a sonicator by an eco-friendly process of mini-emulsion polymerisation with styrene-co-butyl acrylate copolymers. The herbal inks constituted from bio indigo for blue ink, quebracho red for red ink, the flame of the forest for yellow ink and the mixture of three to derive black ink is included herein. Overall, greater colour values, fastness properties and print quality were acquired on the textile substrate inkjet printed with new quebracho red herbal inks. The review offers several novel ink formulations including those that are UV-curable, blue light curing or self-curable inks along with a critical analysis. The pre-treatment requirements, ink formulation, fabric composition, mechanism of printing and the desired end results are interdependent. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for more eco-friendly and simplified ink formulations for digital printing of textile substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigment printing using screen technology has certain problems associated with the limited use of domestic raw materials. The expansion of the range of printing inks fills the need for small-circulation production of textile products with original artistic and color design and the use of modern printing equipment. In this work, the possibility of using new aqueous polyurethane dispersions as binders in pigment printing was explored for the first time. This will expand the range of thickeners through the use of polyurethane dispersions, ensuring the production of strong and elastic polymer films during low-temperature processing. Such dispersions are environmentally friendly products, since toxic solvents are not used. We propose the application of new polyurethane thickeners in compositions with polyurethane dispersions as a rheological modifier. The rheological parameters of printed compositions and the physical and mechanical properties of films of polyurethane dispersions were determined and it was found that the dispersions used are capable of forming a soft and plastic film. This confirms the suitability of these film-forming preparations for use in pigment printing. The new binders based on polyurethane dispersions make possible to create effective printing compositions, to improve the quality of prints and to impart improved performance properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has attracted more attention in food industry because of its potential advantages, including the ability to create customized products according to individual's sensory or nutritional requirements. However, the production of high-quality 3D printed foods requires the availability of edible bio-inks with the required physicochemical and sensory attributes. Starch, as one of the important sources of dietary energy, is widely used in food processing and is considered as one kind of versatile polymers. It is not only because starch has low prices and abundant sources, but also because desirable modified starch can be obtained by altering its physicochemical properties through physical, chemical and enzymatic methods. This article focuses on the utilization of starch as materials to create food-grade bio-inks. Initially, several kinds of commonly used 3D printers are discussed. The factors affecting the printing quality of starch-based materials and improvement methods are then reviewed, as well as areas where future researches are required. The applications of 3D printed starch-based materials in food industry are also introduced. Overall, starch appears to be one kind of useful substances for creating edible bio-inks that can be utilized within 3D food printing applications to create a wide variety of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt ferrite (CFO), barium titanate (BTO) core-shell nanoparticles (CFO:BTO NPs) exhibit multiferroic properties through the magnetoelectric effect. Inkjet printing is a direct-write, additive manufacturing technique for fabrication of electronic components and devices. Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSP) are a practical tool to understand solution and dispersion behavior of materials in a mixture. This work applies HSP analysis to improve CFO:BTO NPs synthesis and guide the ink formulation process. The estimated HSP values for CFO:BTO core-shell NPs (dD = 15.5, dP = 11.9, dH = 23, r = 4.6), CFO (dD = 15.9, dP = 10.6, dH = 22.5, r = 4.9), and BTO (dD = 16.6, dP = 9.7, dH = 15.4, r = 5.8) are analyzed. Limits and considerations of the HSP are discussed and results are combined with solvent thermal and fluid properties to develop ink formulations for multi-functional, multi-material inkjet printing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of UV digital inkjet printing onto melamine-faced board (MF) has attracted increasing attention as an efficient and environmentally benign surface decoration method. However, the interface bonding between UV coating and melamine-formaldehyde surface is weak, resulting in poor printing durability. In this study, the MF surface is grafted with 3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl isocyanate (ICPTES) via a urea cross-linking process, and then condensed with γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane (KH570) to improve its compatibility with the polyacrylate-based UV ink. A combination of physical (surface polishing) and chemical (dual-silane treatments) activations of MF surface enhances its interface bonding strength with UV coating up to 2.24 MPa, 966.7% and 119.6% higher than those of the untreated and the conventional adhesion promotor treated surface, respectively. FTIR results confirm that effectual chemical bonds are established between MF surface and UV coating by the ICPTES and KH570 dual-silane treatments. SEM imaging shows that a seamless connection between MF and UV coating forms. Thus, MF surface modified by silane is a facile and effective strategy to enhance the adhesion of UV digital ink and this printing method shows enormous potentials in a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The printing ink on the plastic surface will greatly reduce the quality of recycled plastic products. In this work, quaternary ammonium-modified waste cooking oil (WCOEQ) was fabricated using waste cooking oil, epichlorohydrin, and trimethylamine aqueous solution as raw materials, through ring-opening esterification and quaternary amination reaction. The synthesis conditions of WCOEQ were optimised, and the structure and properties of WCOEQ were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and 1H NMR. Furthermore, WCOEQ had excellent emulsifying performance, low kraft point, low critical micelle concentration value, good foaming, and stability, which could effectively reduce the surface tension of water, showing application potential in the field of plastic deinking. Importantly, compared with the waste cooking oil without deinking effect, the WCOEQ had an excellent deinking performance on the ink on the plastic surface, and the deinking efficiency could be improved by increasing the concentration of the deinking agent, the deinking temperature, and prolonging the pre-soaking and stirring time. The results of atomic force microscope, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, optical photos, and Leica microscope showed that the roughness changed significantly and the ink molecules were gradually peeling off. This work highlighted the potential of quaternary ammonium-modified waste cooking oil for excellent removal of printing inks on the plastic surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The printing ink on the plastic surface greatly reduces the quality of recycled plastic products. In this work, quaternary ammonium-modified waste cooking oil (WCOQE) was fabricated, using waste cooking oil, epichlorohydrin and trimethylamine aqueous solution as raw materials, by ring-opening esterification and quaternary amination reaction. The synthesis conditions of WCOQE were optimized, and the structure and properties of WCOQE were characterized by FTIR, zeta potential and 1H NMR. Furthermore, WCOQE had excellent emulsifying performance, low kraft point, low CMC value, good foaming and stability, which could effectively reduce the surface tension of water, showing application potential in the field of plastic deinking. Importantly, compared with the waste cooking oil without deinking effect, the WCOQE had an excellent deinking performance on the ink on plastic surface, and the deinking efficiency could be improved by increasing the concentration of deinking agent, the deinking temperature, and prolonging the pre-soaking and stirring time. The results of AFM, EDS, optical photos and Leica microscope showed that the roughness changed significantly, and the ink molecules were gradually peeling off. This work highlighted the excellent potential of quaternary ammonium-modified waste cooking oil for the removal of printing inks on the plastic surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we synthesized a series of poly butyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid-2-acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonic acid (PBAS) with different molecular weight and monomer molar ratios by 1,1-diphenylethene (DPE) method on industrial scale. The PBAS was applied as a dispersant for waterborne TiO2 paste to prepare waterborne inkjet ink. The successful synthesis of PBAS was confirmed by FTIR and 1H-NMR. To evaluate the printability and storage properties of pastes and inks, we characterized the particles, particle distribution, the storage modulus, viscosity, precipitation coefficient, and delamination height. The method creatively used in our study to characterize the printing smoothness of the ink in the industrial practical application was the filter rate of ink. We also proposed a method of using soft and hard precipitation to characterize the precipitation situation. The results of the experiment indicated that compared with commercial dispersants, PBAS5/6 had excellent performance in printing flow and anti-settling performance. This paper demonstrates the optimum dispersibility of PBAS was obtained when the molecular weight was 8500, the acid value was 100 mg KOH/g, and the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) content was 20%. This fruitful work pointed out the great prospects of industrial synthetic water-based dispersants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvents and humectants are utilized in vast amounts in the textile digital print industry. This poses dire consequences to the environment and human health. The instigated study experimented with eco-friendly pre-treatment to prepare wool and cotton fabrics for digital printing with herbal inks. A factorial experiment was designed to study the quality of printing affected by various factors (variables). The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were any significant differences among the variables. Contradictory to the hypothesis the herbal pre-treatment with guar gum was deducted to be more substantial than guar gum-glycerol pre-treatment for both wool and cotton fabrics on digital printing with herbal inks. The commercially pre-treated fabric was implemented as a reference. The ANOVA one-way test reported a p-value of 0.014 indicating the effect of pre-treatment on the color values gained as statistically significant. Also, the Standard Deviation of 1.12 was manifested with Herbal pre-treated fabrics and an SD of 1.02 was noted with Commercial pre-treated fabrics, implying that the estimated data is trustworthy. Before herbal pre-treatment, the plasma surface modification is recommended for future work as it would impel the subsequent herbal pre-treatment & resultant fabric properties required for digital printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thousands of intentionally added substances can be used in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Some of them can be transferred to foodstuffs through a phenomenon called migration, arising concerns on the potential adverse health effects derived from the exposure to chemicals that have not yet been assessed for their risks to humans. The large number of the substances concerned and the lack of prioritisation strategies hamper the work of control authorities, since it is not clear which substances should be monitored as first priority. In this study, a hazard prioritisation strategy is proposed. An inventory listing more than 6,000 substances used in inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging was compiled and filtered using several exclusion criteria aimed to set apart those substances for which there is no apparent need for further evaluation or because fall into one of the exclusion categories of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. Additionally, substances with a molecular weight >1,000 Da were removed. Approximately 2,300 substances were retained, for which a comprehensive hazard profiling was conducted based on the general scheme for the application of the TTC approach. First, structural alerts for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity were investigated. If a substance was neither genotoxic nor belonging to the chemical classes of organophosphates and carbamates, the Cramer classification was used. Furthermore, the substances were searched for their presence in three so-called 'Substances of Concern' lists and RASFF notifications. Groups of high, medium and low priority substances were established, resulting in 1,660 substances classified as high and medium priority. A panel of five experts evaluated these substances with respect to their relevance for further risk evaluations. By applying this hazard prioritisation strategy, 696 substances were identified as 'Very High Priority Substances' (VHPS) for which further assessments should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the fabrication of flexible all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) by using 3D direct-ink-writing (DIW) technique. The conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) ink was printed by layer-by-layer fashion on flexible substrates. The MSC electrodes exhibit smooth surface and low sheet resistance. The flexible MSC fabricated by 3D DIW exhibits the areal capacitance per electrode of 31.6 mF cm−2, gravimetric capacitance of 15.6 F g−1, an energy density of 0.36 µWh cm−2, and power density of 80 µW cm−2. The flexible MSC shows high cyclic and bending stability. We believed that the optimized 3D DIW fabrication has potential for roll-to-roll 3D printing flexible all-solid-state MSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Paper Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Much has been written about the crisis of print newspapers, but with more attention paid to issues of production and distribution rather than reception. Furthermore, the scholarship on contemporary print newspaper reception has been limited by a focus on the information dimension and on countries in the Global North. To help overcome these limitations, in this paper we ask two questions that inquire into the reception of print newspapers in the contemporary media environment, and do so within a country from the Global South. Drawing upon an analysis of 158 semi-structured interviews conducted in the City of Buenos Aires and other parts of the country, we find that people continue reading print newspapers not solely, or even primarily, for the information contained in their pages, but for dynamics that tie together news content with materiality, routinization, and larger practices of incorporation of this media artifact into their daily lives. These dynamics are partly shaped by distinctive aspects of the Argentine context, including business strategies, family rituals, urban patterns, and a culture of nostalgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Interest in additive manufacture has grown significantly in recent years, driving a need for printable materials that can sustain high strains and still fulfill their function in applications such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine field, food engineering and field of aerospace, etc. As an emerging and promising technology, 3Dprinting has attracted more and more attention with fast manipulation, reduce production cost, customize geometry, increase competitiveness and advantages in many hot research areas. Many researchers have done a lot of investigations on printable materials, ranging from a single material to composite material. Main content: This review focuses on the contents of printable edible inks. It also gathers and analyzes information on the effects of printable edible ink material properties on 3D print accuracy. In addition, it discusses the impact of printing parameters on accurate printing, and puts forward current challenges and recommendations for future research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D food printing, or the use of food materials in additive manufacturing, has been a topic of interest to the commercial sector for the past decade. Recently, there has also been increased attention from the academic field, with a considerable volume of research being published. Most of these studies have focused on developing food inks for extrusion-based printing beyond conventional materials such as chocolate, resulting in a much wider range of printable and edible materials. The formulations of these materials are of particular interest, as they determine the rheological and mechanical properties of food inks, thereby affecting the final quality of the printed food. This article reviews the current status and possible directions in food ink research across five categories, namely confectionery, dairy, hydrogels, plants, and meat. The roles of additives in these inks are then discussed, followed by the remaining challenges and potential opportunities in 3D food printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon black (CB) particles were firstly encapsulated by γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MEMO) using a sol-gel method and then grafted with sodium 3-Mercapto-1-propanesulfonate (MPS) via thiol-ene click reaction. Morphology characterization reveals that modified CB particles have a core-shell structure. Element composition and chemical status derived from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results prove the grafting of MPS molecules. Moreover, the crystal structure and thermal behavior of modified CB particles were characterized by Raman spectra and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves, respectively. The modified CB particles exhibit excellent self-dispersing ability in aqueous media and the dispersion has high thermal and centrifugal stability. This research provides a new insight into the preparation of inkjet printing ink with excellent stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017 Princeton University Library's Department of Rare Books and Special Collections acquired a 1483 Venetian edition of the Opera of Horace, preserved in a late fifteenth century German binding. The binding contained previously undetected vellum binding waste fragments derived from an early Gutenbergian edition of the Ars minor of Aelius Donatus. Extensive portions of the printed fragments were attached to each of the wooden boards and remained hidden beneath the book's paper pastedowns. In the paper conservation laboratory of the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, the pastedowns were subsequently safely lifted from the boards via Gore-Tex damp packs to confirm the presence of unique remnants from an otherwise lost mid-fifteenth century Mainz edition of the Ars minor, a Latin grammar manual. The Ars minor was printed with the same typeface used around 1455 to print the Gutenberg Bible. The fragments featured black oil-based printing ink and a large Gothic two-line initial letter A printed in blue ink. The design of the typeface of the initial letter A mirrored the work of Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer, one-time partners of Gutenberg. The pair produced the Mainz Psalter (1457), the first book printed in more than one color. The printing inks of the Ars minor were subsequently analyzed in the paper conservation laboratory in situ noninvasively by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and fiber optic Raman spectroscopy. The analysis found amounts of copper and lead, in addition to amber resin and linseed oil, in the black oil-based printing ink. The copper-lead aspect of the Ars minor's black printing ink formulation appeared to be the same basic recipe composition conceived by Johannes Gutenberg for printing with movable metal type. Indigo (indigotin) and lead white (basic lead carbonate) were identified as the components in the blue printing ink of the two-line initial letter A, and vermilion (mercury sulfide) in manually rubricated red ink. The Ars minor represents a very important find of a previously unknown early Gutenbergian work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report that the addition of a small amount of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) into an aqueous dispersion of colloidal particles suppresses the coffee-ring effect when the dispersion dries on a solid substrate, as revealed by the computational analysis of experimental time-series images and by particle image velocimetry. The addition of CNFs is much more effective than the increase of colloidal particle concentration at the same weight percentage; it is also more environment friendly than the use of typical molecular surfactants. This finding is promising for the fabrication of metamaterials from colloidal dispersions and for ink printing in electronics, where CNFs can also serve as a substrate for flexible devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In printing, the most important element is to obtain the correct substrate and ink combination. Transparent white and opaque white are used for the lightening of printing inks, but they are also an important component for the mixing of inks. The primary objective of this study was to assess the result of using transparent and opaque white in mineral oil-based offset printing inks on the rheological and printability properties of these inks as well as the ideal mixing ratios in terms of print quality. Transparent and opaque white were added into the standard offset magenta ink variable ratios. Differences in ink viscosity, tack, and flow (rheological) values affect such parameters as adhesion, transferability, and printing stability in these inks. Prints were made on matt-coated papers of the same grammage with these inks, and contact angle, solid ink density, color strength, and print gloss values of these ink films were measured. Color differences () of inks in comparison to the standard ink were calculated and the effects of transparent and opaque white on the rheological and printability properties of the ink were presented. Finally, the ideal mixture ratios of transparent and opaque white into the ink were determined in terms of print quality and recommendations were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, the modified Hummers method was employed for preparing graphene oxide, which was reduced to graphene by using different reducing agents later. Meanwhile, various techniques have been performed to investigate the structure of the as-made graphene oxide and graphene. The paper aimed at improving the electrical conductivity of graphene. This work has paved the way for the future application in electrically conductive printing ink, and provided various effective measures for characterising graphene oxide and graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet light printing inks are considered safer than the classical inks; however, despite being on the outer surface of the packaging material, their components can migrate into foodstuffs and can give rise to contamination. Photoinitiators are a part of the formulation of printing inks, being an important class of migrant, for which there have been more than 100 incidents of contamination of packaged food with photoinitiators reported through Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) alerts in the European Union. In this review the process of photo-polymerisation is explained in depth to provide an insight into the complexity of the process, and the diversity of potential contaminants together with their degradation products. The critical factors affecting the migration process itself are reviewed, together with analytical methods and the current legislation in the European Union and other parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay explores the concept of materiality in relation to the history of U.S. journalism. It warns of the potential disadvantages of romanticizing materiality as theory, approach, and method based on the views of several individuals including Finn Brunton and Gabriella Coleman. It also examines the problem of ink rub-off and newspapers in the 1960s.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo[a]pyrene (BP), are detectable in certain consumer products, including newspapers. We investigated the release of PAHs from newspapers and the fate and effects of BP in human skin models. The migration and penetration of BP into the dermal layers was shown using pig skin. Upon treatment thestratum corneumwas gradually removed by tape strips and all samples were subsequently analyzed. BP could be detected in newspapers at levels of up to 52 μg/kg via LC-APPI-MS/MS. We also could show that PAHs such as BP are able to penetrate from the surface into deeper layers of the skin. In addition, the migration of different PAHs including BP from newspapers into a sheet of polyethylene as skin simulant was demonstrated. We further report on the biotransformation of BP in various three-dimensional human skin models and cultures of human keratinocytes or fibroblasts (5). The metabolic profiles observed by means of LC-APCI-MS/MS contained seven major BP follow-up products (i.e., 3- and 7-phenol, 1,6- and 7,8-dione, 7,8-, and 9,10-diol, 7,8,9,10-tetraol) and thus resembled the profiles detected in human skinex vivo. In the frame of these studies, we also confirmed the genotoxicity of BP and its metabolites in the skin models via comet assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses Océanie, an edition of 60 oversized silk-screened linen wall panels that developed from a collaboration between the artist Henri Matisse and textile designer Zika Ascher. From 1940, until his death in 1954, Matisse was occupied with cutting shapes from paper he arranged on surfaces to form the decorative body of work of his last years. Two groups of Tahitian inspired cut-outs, pinned to the walls of his studio, were used as templates for the Océanie textile panels, le Ciel and la Mer. Thirty signed and numbered copies of each design were produced. This paper identifies the components and the specific condition problems inherent in the production of the Matisse silkscreened panels and discusses the treatment that evolved while conserving successive panels, including preliminary surface cleaning, stain mitigation, humidification and flattening, printing ink consolidation, tear repair, retouching, and an engineered mounting/display system. Previously unpublished historical records and current analytical testing override a plethora of anecdotal or outdated information about the origins of the linen cloth, the dye-stuff, the preparation layer, the printing ink, the division of the edition between Ascher and Matisse, and the signing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three hundred and fifty foodstuffs packaged in printed paper/board were purchased from UK retail outlets. Solvent extracts of all foods and associated quality assurance samples were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the presence and concentrations of 20 printing ink compounds: benzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone, 2-methylbenzophenone, 3-methylbenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxybenzophenone, 4-phenylbenzophenone, methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 4-isopropylthioxanthone, 2,4-diethyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 2-methyl-4′-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone, 4-(4-methylphenylthio)benzophenone, ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, 2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate,N-ethyl-p-toluene-sulphonamide, triphenyl phosphate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) fumarate. The presence of one or more of the compounds benzophenone, 4-phenylbenzophenone, methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 4-(4-methylphenylthio)benzophenone, ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate and triphenyl phosphate was confirmed in some food samples. Analysis of the associated packaging material was also carried out to confirm whether or not it was likely that the occurrence of these compounds in the foods was due to migration from the printed paper/board packaging. With the exception of triphenyl phosphate, detected in one foodstuff, all the packaging material contained the substance(s) found in the food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral oil hydrocarbons present in printing inks and recycled paper migrate from paper-based food packaging to foods primarily through the gas phase. Migration from two commercial products packed in recycled paperboard, i.e. muesli and egg pasta, was monitored up to the end of their shelf life (1 year) to study the influence of time, storage conditions, food packaging structure and temperature. Mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOSH and MOAH, respectively), and diisopropyl naphthalenes (DIPN) were monitored using online HPLC-GC/FID. Storage conditions were: free standing, shelved, and packed in transport boxes of corrugated board, to represent domestic, supermarket and warehouse storage, respectively. Migration to food whose packs were kept in transport boxes was the highest, especially after prolonged storage, followed by shelved and free-standing packs. Tested temperatures were representative of refrigeration, room temperature, storage in summer months and accelerated migration testing. Migration was strongly influenced by temperature: for egg pasta directly packed in paperboard, around 30 mg kg−1of MOSH migrated in 8 months at 20°C, but in only 1week at 40°C. Muesli was contained into an internal polyethylene bag, which firstly adsorbed hydrocarbons and later released them partly towards the food. Differently, the external polypropylene bag, containing pasta and recycled paper tray, strongly limited the migration towards the atmosphere and gave rise to the highest level of food contamination. Tests at increased temperatures not only accelerated migration, but also widened the migration of hydrocarbons to higher molecular masses, highlighting thus a difficult interpretation of data from accelerated simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urania®flexographic printing ink was modified with the commercially available hyperbranched polymer Boltorn H2004. The surface tension of the printing inks was measured and the rheology behaviour of the printing inks was assessed. The flow curves (shear stress vs. shear rate) for the printing inks exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour. Modified flexographic inks were laboratory printed on three different plastic films: polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate. The impact of a small amount of hyperbranched polymer on printing ink colour was examined by optical density, total colour difference ΔE∗(CIEL∗,a∗,b∗) and the gloss of the printed film. In general, the addition of the hyperbranched polymer improved the colour fastness and hardness resistance. The influence of the hyperbranched polymer on the rheological properties, optical density, CIE LAB coordinates and colour fastness is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper offers an examination of the invention and development of James Watt's system for copying documents. This was the first technological innovation in the reproduction of documents in the industrial revolution. It spread rapidly and became used in all parts of the world and by all types of administration. It was replaced eventually by new copying technologies and by new systems of filing. This study examines the technical difficulties faced by Watt (paper standards, the chemistry of the ink, making and distributing the presses). It is based primarily on Watt's correspondence in the Birmingham City Archives, and refers to the proceedings of the Lunar Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel models are developed and previously published simple models characterizing the spreading of probe liquids and inks on solid surfaces are evaluated with water and ethylene glycol. The aim is to determine the most appropriate models which would be suitable to describe liquid and ink spreading on both chemically and structurally heterogeneous paper surfaces. The surface energy and its components (Lifshitz–van der Waals, acid and base) for the paper samples have previously been characterized at semi-equilibrium conditions. The equilibrium work of adhesion and work of spreading is found to be linearly related to the maximum print tack force of model inks. The dynamic spreading are found to be determined by coupled spreading mechanisms, being related both to the surface structure and surface chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To attain an improved knowledge about ink–paper coating adhesion during offset printing, we have developed a laboratory procedure to measure adhesion failure between ink and coated paper during ink setting. This paper describes the technique and a special case where two ground calcium carbonate (GCC)-based coatings have been printed, one normal coating containing the delivered amount of dispersing agent already present in a typical GCC slurry and another coating made from the same GCC slurry but with excess additional free dispersant in the form of sodium polyacrylate. The areas where the ink–paper coating adhesion had failed at the pull-off points after tack testing were characterized by determining white spots in the retained print using image analysis. The white spots represent areas where ink has detached from the coating after contact with a rubber coated cylinder. This area is referred to as ink–paper coating adhesion failure area (IPCAFA). A minimum in IPCAFA at the point of maximum in tack force was found for both coatings where the print was applied onto dry coating. When the coatings, however, were pre-damped, IPCAFA increased on the normal coating over a short time period, independent of the dampening level. For the coating with excess dispersant, on the other hand, the higher dampening level strongly increased the IPCAFA. The strong impact of excess dispersing agent in this work may be explained by a number of related effects, including increased polarity of the coating surface, an associated moisture layer and an effective reduction of fine pores due to water-swelling polyacrylate that blocks these pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linting is the process where small particles are removed from the surface of newsprint during offset printing. The buildup of these particles on the offset printing blanket is one of the major quality issues in offset printing. In this study, we apply Weibull statistics to particle size distribution of lint collected after both sheet-fed, printing either 1500 or 3000 copies, and web-fed printing trials, printing 23 000 copies. Weibull statistics has previously been applied successfully to the distribution of strength of paper samples. The lint data were obtained by washing lint from the blanket, filtering, imaging using a microscope and then analysing the images to measure the particles. To analyse the data we used the lint particle size as the independent variable. The results showed that particle size distribution of lint collected after printing 1500 or 3000 sheet-fed copies could be very well fitted with a Weibull distribution, with R2 values 0.98 or higher. The Weibull distribution power term ranged from 1.52 to 1.26. The Weibull distribution power term gives the shape of the distribution of bonding strength of lint particles to the sheet surface as well as the response of the surface to a change in the force applied by the ink to remove particles as lint. The fits were much poorer for the lint collected after the web-fed trials, with Weibull power term ranging from 1.17 to 0.47. The differences between the sheet and web-fed trials were due to the preferential movement of smaller lint particles off the blanket during the much longer runs of the web-fed trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important concern when developing new inks containing novel, bulk, solid-state additives is to ensure consistency during the printing process. In particular, the additives should not build up on the rollers, blankets or plates during printing. In this work we describe a method for detecting such events and quantitatively monitoring, in real time, the consistency of developmental inks during commercial printing processes. The technique employs a two-component mixture of emissive nanoparticles whose ratio becomes variable in a non-homogeneous environment. Even tiny variations in the ratio can be readily and dynamically detected in real time using a fibre-optic equipped fluorescence microspectrometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conductive aqueous polymer suspension of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), or PEDOT:PSS, was used as the basis for an inkjet-printable and translucent conductive material. Several types of surfactants were used to achieve suitable particle sizes for inkjet printing, with Zonyl™ FS-300 non-ionic surfactant providing suitable surface tension, stability and dispersion. Viscosity was controlled using water and glycerol. Glycerol was also included as a humectant. 10 w/w% polar solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) was used to increase conductivity, as a co-solvent and as a viscosity modifier. Carbon nanotubes, both single- and multi-walled, were dispersed in the ink to further improve its conductivity. The optimized ink was printed onto coated photo-paper and cellulose acetate (CA) substrates and characterized for ink layer thickness and conductivity. The effect of paper folding and peeling of an adhesive strip from the ink surface on the conductivity of the printed samples was also characterized. Optical microscopy showed that the conductive ink was contained almost entirely in the pores of the photo-paper coating layer and fibres, but remained as a film on the CA surface. In the case of photo-paper, failure occurred primarily at the coating–paper interface. The cohesive failure compromised the conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS layer contained in the coating. In the case of CA (within the coating layer), the PEDOT:PSS film's conductivity was not significantly affected by folding or peeling. This suggests that PEDOT:PSS is a robust conductive material well-suited to applications requiring significant flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research report from Image Permanence Institute (IPI) of Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York on the effects of water exposure and techniques for recovery of inkjet prints during water emergencies. Topics discussed include use of insoluble pigments in inks responding differently when exposed to water, inkjet prints showing high sensitivity towards water, and techniques to use prints when exposed to water like air drying. Also included are suggestions to not keep damaged prints in high humid areas and need of a disaster plan to preserve inkjet prints collection.

The article presents a study by Conservation Center of Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) and Paper Conservation of Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (FAMSF), California to investigate changes in the appearance of mock ups of screen prints of artist Ed Ruscha under different light-aging conditions. Topics discussed include Gallery light testing of mock ups revealing salmon roe as the most light sensitive ink medium among the inks used in screen prints, micro-fade testing (MFT) and conclusion that the ink Ruscha used in his prints were light sensitive. Also included are suggestions on providing proper environmental conditions for storage of prints and using light with ultra violet filtration at exhibitions.

We report the migration potential of newly patented low-migration offset printing inks from cardboard food packaging and estimate the potential risk of their migration into food. The complete printing formulation was available and, due to the fact that the solvent compounds in these inks differ from those used in conventional printing inks, the investigation focused on these solvents. Instead of containing mineral and vegetable oils, the low-migration printing inks are based on a novel fatty acid ester. The migration of this alternative solvent was investigated according to DIN EN 14338 in Tenax® simulant and in different types of food. For specific detection of the fatty acid ester, LC-MS/MS (APCI) was chosen due to its higher sensitivity and selectivity than GC/MS. Printed packaging materials from three different commercially available food products (meat, chocolate and sweets) were tested. Migration of the fatty acid ester from the packaging into simulants was analysed. For food samples, a clean-up method based on solid-phase extraction was developed and migration of the fatty acid ester into meat, chocolate and sweets was also demonstrated. Levels of contamination of these foods were between 5 and 80 µg fatty acid ester/kg, but levels in food were lower than those in simulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic connections and polymer sensors have been printed onto textiles as a step toward the production of flexible printed electronics. We show that the strain response of conducting polymers and composites on woven textiles depends on the detailed distribution the sensor material on the yarn. The structure of most textiles, with strong fibers twisted into yarns, can provide a support which allows electronic materials, impregnated into the yarn, to stretch and bend without breaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author writes about the significance of ink. He claims that ink is a witness and the bearer of history and memory. He adds that it is one ordinary item that is capable of giving substance to one's existence. He recalls birth of his first child when he observed the stamping of an impression of his baby's feet and asked the nurse the purpose behind the foot print ritual. He also discusses stories of European traders that made African chiefs and merchants sign documents to confirm business agreements.

The section of "Textile Digital Printing Technologies," focuses on the evolution of markets for digitally-printed textiles. The evolution of products with time, and linking developments in technology with opportunities allows the entry into new markets. It is mentioned that the skills of diagnosing and correcting problems arising during and after printing are required to be regarded as a necessary part of operating a commercial digital printing business. Also, sampling applications have become more significant with time as a result of globalization and the lengthening time scales for producing samples. Moreover, the flags and banners market was outside sampling for textile digital printing.

The section of "Textile Digital Printing Technologies," focuses on color management in textile printing. The management of colors on CAD screens have been designed to allow users to perceive millions of colors by combining the three primary colors, red, green and blue (RGB). The first color management issue is that perceived by printers. The task is to reproduce a specified image using the printer and inks available. The problem is that a 4-color printer cannot reproduce all the colors seen by the human eye. So, the technique of gamut mapping is used, and its alternative strategy is to enhance the technology by increasing the number of inks or by improving the quality of inks being used.

The section of "Textile Digital Printing Technologies," focuses on the requirements of treatment of substrates before and after digital textile printing. It is mentioned that ink development is required to satisfy the requirements set by the print head manufacturers. Unless the ink drops can be fired from the head in a controlled manner, there can be no successful printing. Also, fabrics needs a pre-treatment before being digitally printed, the treatment contains chemicals which inhibit the dye migration once it has landed on the substrate. The post treatment of substrate is required to complete the dyeing process. Steaming allows the fibres within the fabric to open up to allow the dyes to be fixed. The other post treatments include heating, and washing.

The section of "Textile Digital Printing Technologies," focuses on the inks used in textile printing. It is mentioned that inks are comprised of a colorant, a carrier base and various additives. The carrier base may be water, solvent, oil, or phase change fluid. But, nearly all the inks for textile printing are water based because they are designed for heads that require water-based inks. The function of the carrier base is completed after the diposition of ink on the substrate. Colorants bears their importance by putting color on the textile. Also are mentioned the chemical composition and physical properties of inks.

Diesel engines play a vital role in world economy, especially in transportation. Exhaust from traditional diesel engines using high-sulfur fuel contains high concentrations of respirable carbonaceous particles with absorbed organic compounds. Recognition that some of these compounds are mutagenic has raised concern for the cancer-causing potential of diesel exhaust exposure. Extensive research addressing this issue has been conducted during the last three decades. This critical review is offered to facilitate an updated assessment of the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust and to provide a rationale for future animal research of new diesel technology. Life-span bioassays in rats, mice, and Syrian hamsters demonstrated that chronic inhalation of high concentrations of diesel exhaust caused lung tumors in rats but not in mice or Syrian hamsters. In 1989, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) characterized the rat findings as "sufficient evidence of animal carcinogenicity," and, with "limited" evidence from epidemiological studies, classified diesel exhaust Category 2A, a "probable human carcinogen." Subsequent research has shown that similar chronic high concentration exposure to particulate matter generally considered innocuous (such as carbon black and titanium dioxide) also caused lung tumors in rats. Thus, in 2002, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded that the findings in the rats should not be used to characterize the cancer hazard or quantify the cancer risk of diesel exhaust. Concurrent with the conduct of the health effects studies, progressively more stringent standards have been promulgated for diesel exhaust particles and NOx. Engine manufacturers have responded with new technology diesel (improved engines, fuel injection, fuels, lubricants, and exhaust treatments) to meet the standards. This review concludes with an outline of research to evaluate the health effects of the new technology, research that is consistent with recommendations included in the U.S. EPA 2002 health assessment document. When this research has been completed, it will be appropriate for IARC to evaluate the potential cancer hazard of the new technology diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective was to develop a technique to expose spots of invisible set-off of inks and lacquers on the food-contact surface of food-packaging materials. Set-off is the unintentional transfer of components of printing inks from the outer printed surface onto the food-contact surfaces. The target sensitivity was 20?µg?cm -2 and the technique should be capable of examining large areas of printed substrate for no more than 4% coverage by set-off. These requirements equate to an ability to detect a worst-case migration potential of less than 50?µg?kg -1 . Other objectives were the industrial requirements that the equipment should be inexpensive, should be easy to use by existing personnel and should preferably be non-destructive with a clear criterion for pass or fail. The approaches investigated included chemical analysis of solvent extracts, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and microbeam analytical techniques, but these were found to be cumbersome and had only limited success. The objectives were achieved using an optical approach to excite and observe luminescence from invisible set-off. In model experiments, resins were applied to different substrates (plastic, paper and cartonboard). For a given resin on a given material, the key to success was to maximize the discrimination between the luminescence from the resin and that from the substrate by selecting the optimal combination of exciting wavelength and viewing goggles with selective wavelength filters. The required level of detection (20?µg?cm -2 ) was achieved or exceeded for all ten resins tested on three different plastics. It was also achieved for two different papers and in all but four cases of the resins on three different cartonboards. Quantitation was achieved by the use of a calibration palette prepared using different quantities of resin spotted onto the relevant blank packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of gravure offset printing methods at an industrial level requires a wide and deep knowledge of the printing properties of the inks. Novel hydrocarbon inks were developed with superior printing properties compared to alternative ethyl cellulose-based inks. There are principal behaviour properties of these inks that can be generally described. In particular, the resistance dependence of printed mass for single and multiprints and on the other hand, the effect of multiprinting on printed area smoothness and line height. This article summarizes the results obtained and describes printing properties and defects: line widening, hair formation, ink flow from the gravure grooves, pinholes, image distortions, ribbing, scooping, streaking and gravure groove blocking. Three different printed samples were demonstrated, which are best suited for this manufacturing method: interdigital capacitor, inductor coil and laser soldering substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride in humans was recognized in 1974 based on observations of hepatic angiosarcomas in highly exposed workers. A multiplicity of endpoints has been demonstrated. The primary target organ, the liver, displays differential susceptibilities of hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells, which are modified by factors of age and dose. There is consistency in organotropism between experimental animals and humans. Vinyl chloride is a pluripotent carcinogen, predominantly directed toward hepatic endothelial (sinusoidal) cells, and second toward the parenchymal cells of the liver. The similarity of results between experimental animals and humans is a solid basis of an amalgamation of experimental and epidemiological risk estimates. Vinyl chloride requires metabolic activation for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, and toxicokinetics are a key to interpret the dose response. Practically the entire initial metabolism of vinyl chloride is oxidative. At higher exposure concentrations this is nonlinear, and metabolic saturation of metabolism in rats is reached at about 250 ppm. This is consistent with the plateau of hepatic angiosarcoma incidence in rat bioassays. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic (PBPK) models have been developed and successfully applied within the frame of human cancer risk assessments. The major DNA adduct induced by vinyl chloride (~ 98% of total adducts in rats), 7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine, is almost devoid of promutagenic activity. The clearly promutagenic “etheno” adducts N 2 ,3-ethenoguanine and 3, N 4 -ethenocytosine each represent ~ 1% of the vinyl chloride DNA adducts in rats, and 1, N 6 -ethenoadenine is found at even lower concentrations. Etheno adducts appear to have a long persistence and are repaired by glycosylases. Vinyl chloride represents a human carcinogen for which a series of mechanistic events connects exposure with the carcinogenic outcome. These include (1) metabolic activation (to form chloroethylene oxide), (2) DNA binding of the reactive metabolite (to exocyclic etheno adducts), (3) promutagenicity of these adducts, and (4) effects of such mutations on protooncogenes/tumor suppressor genes at the gene and gene product levels. In rat hepatocytes, a further event is a biomarker response. Cancer prestages (enzyme-altered foci), as quantitative biomarkers, provide a tool to study dose response even within low dose ranges where a carcinogenic risk cannot be seen in cancer bioassays directly. Such biomarker responses support a linear nonthreshold extrapolation for low-dose assessment of carcinogenic risks due to vinyl chloride. Published risk estimates based on different sets of data (animal experiments, epidemiological studies) appear basically consistent, and on this basis an angiosarcoma risk of ~ 3 × 10 -4 has been deduced by extrapolation, for exposure to 1 ppm vinyl chloride over an entire human working lifetime. An important point that should be considered in regulatory standard settings is the presence of a physiological background of those etheno DNA adducts, which are also produced by vinyl chloride. Likely reasons for this background are oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In essence, fundamentals of the hepatocarcinogenicity of vinyl chloride appear now well established, providing a solid scientific basis for regulatory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic is a popular spice added to several edible preparations and is a remedy for a variety of ailments. Epidemeological as well as laboratory studies have shown that garlic consumption reduces certain cancer incidences in the stomach, colon, mammary, cervical, etc. This article focuses on the general chemistry, metabolism, anticarcinogenic properties, mechanism of action behind the anticarcinogenic effects, functional foods based on garlic; and future areas of research. Garlic has been shown to metabolized into N-aceryl-S-allyl cysteine, allyl mercaptan, diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, diallyl sulfoxide, diallyl sulfone, and allyl methyl sulfide. Garlic has been thought to bring about its anticarcinogenic effect through a number of mechanisms, such as the scavenging of radicals, increasing gluathione levels, increasing the activities of enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase, catalase, inhibition of cytochrome p4502E1, DNA repair mechanisms, prevention of chromosomal damage etc. Future research should standardize the dosage of garlic and type, ie., whether it should be taken fresh, cooked, or aged. The formulation of odorless functional foods with the retention of anticarcinogenic activity should be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the deinking process was simulated in a small high speed blender of about 2 L capacity. The effects of polyethylene (PE) and wax-coated PE on the removal of toner particles in the pulper slurry has been experimentally investigated. The effect of one commercial surfactant (30% anionic, 5% nonionic) on the toner release efficiency was also studied. The average area of toner particles retained on filter papers were determined using an image analysis system that consists of a high-resolution video camera mounted on an optical polarizing microscope, an image software processor, a Pentium PC, and a high-resolution image monitor. The effect of low density PE on toner detachment from laser-printed standard paper was investigated over a concentration range of 0 –200% PE (relative to paper mass). It is found that PE has a certain capabilty of removing (adsorbing) toner particles. In the second phase of this research work, the effect of wax-coated PE was investigated. It was found that wax-coated PE enhances the removal of toner particles beyond that obtained using only PE. Finally, the effect of a commercial surfactant on the release of toner particles have been investigated over a range of surfactant mass percentage (relative to the paper mass). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]