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Psychological stress is detrimental to individuals' health and incurs immense societal costs. A prerequisite for effective assistance in stress management is assessing individuals' stress. The sensing capabilities of modern mobile devices can aid in stress assessment and form a foundation for mobile stress assessment systems. These systems provide insights into user stress levels, provide targeted feedback, and enable stress management and coping efforts. Following design science research methodology, we iteratively designed and developed five mobile stress assessment system prototypes. In addition, we reviewed the existing literature on mobile stress assessment. By combining learnings from prototyping and reviewing existing approaches, we developed design knowledge for mobile stress assessment systems. We subjected this design knowledge to an applicability check involving qualitative interviews with research, system design, and work practice experts. The design knowledge we present in this article comprises six design requirements, seven design principles, and six design features. From a practical point of view, we identified and discussed the trade-offs that system designers may face when implementing mobile stress assessment systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper addresses AI product prototyping, focusing on the challenges posed by the probabilistic nature of AI behavior and the limited accessibility of prototyping tools to AI non-experts. A design science research (DSR) approach is presented, which culminates in a conceptual framework for structuring the AI prototyping process with no-code AutoML technologies for textual and tabular ML use cases. Through a comprehensive literature review, key challenges were identified, and no-code AutoML was positioned as a solution. The framework describes the incorporation of non-expert input and evaluation during prototyping, leveraging the potential of no-code AutoML to enhance accessibility and interpretability. A hybrid approach combining naturalistic (case study) and artificial evaluation methods (criteria-based analysis) validated the utility of our approach, highlighting its efficacy in supporting AI non-experts and streamlining decision-making and its limitations. The implications for academia and industry focus on the strategic integration of no-code AutoML to enhance AI product development processes, mitigate risks, and foster innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate makerspaces (CMSs) have gained attention from both academics and practitioners. The paper introduces the first empirically-tested CMS framework, describing elements and their impact on users and companies. A mixed-method approach triangulates data from (i) a semi-quantitative online survey among 22 CMS managers and users, (ii) in-depth, structured interviews with CMS managers from 11 manufacturing companies, and (iii) an observation study and desk research on CMSs of the interviewed companies. The study shows that CMSs typically include prototyping infrastructure, community infrastructure, and facilitation. CMSs impact users by supporting prototyping, creativity, experimentation, and knowledge sharing. CMSs have an additional effect on the company by increasing innovation culture, collaboration with external stakeholders, intrapreneurship, employee retention & attraction. Thus, this paper is beneficial for innovation and engineering management practitioners who have or plan to have a CMS and for academics who want to do further research on CMSs and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces Proto.IoT, an IoT prototyping toolkit designed to complement teaching in Higher Education (HE) by enabling non-expert users to learn IoT concepts through making within time-constrained lecture settings. The significance of Proto.IoT lies in its abstraction of hardware and software implementations, facilitating accessibility for non-experts through a visual rule-based programming environment and plug-and-play approaches. A pilot study, involving 25 IoT developers from the UK and Malaysia, evaluated the IoT back-end system architecture, revealing that Proto.IoT was perceived as user-friendly and effective in reducing development time. The main evaluation focused on the toolkit's front-end rule-based graphical user interface (GUI), engaging 41 undergraduate students. Results indicated that the toolkit supported prototype ideation and was intuitive to use. These findings illustrate the potential of IoT prototyping toolkits to complement traditional lectures, fostering rapid prototyping and ideation, thus facilitating maker education within formal classroom settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in prototyping knowledge capture have resulted in several graph-based schemas where nodes represent prototyping activities and individuals, and edges represent semantic relationships between prototypes (e.g. influence and involvement) defined by the design team. Their subsequent implementation in web-based applications has enabled the integration of both physical and virtual prototyping knowledge. The integration affords traceability, version control, and application of graph analysis to generate insights into the Engineering Design process and the schema validation studies reported in prior research have resulted in several open-access Prototyping Knowledge Graph datasets. This paper builds on prior research by contributing a data mining analysis of nine Prototyping Knowledge Graphs. The analysis followed the CRISP-DM process. The purpose was to elicit insights on prototyping behaviour within the design process. The results revealed nine findings. Five corroborated existing observations and four were new observations. In particular, data mining of the knowledge graphs showed sequence and type of knowledge generated from prototyping are unique to each design process. Also, the critical design path is dominated by physical prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In biomedical imaging, it is desirable that custom-made accessories for restraint, anesthesia, and monitoring can be easily cleaned and not interfere with the imaging quality or analyses. With the rise of 3D printing as a form of rapid prototyping or manufacturing for imaging tools and accessories, it is important to understand which printable materials are durable and not likely to interfere with imaging applications. Here, 15 3D printable materials were evaluated for radiodensity, optical properties, simulated wear, and capacity for repeated cleaning and disinfection. Materials that were durable, easily cleaned, and not expected to interfere with CT, PET, or optical imaging applications were identified. A guide for selecting 3D printed materials for custom research tools through characterization of their merits and limitations in biomedical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the marketing of a French serious game, Factory Game, whose development pathway highlights the technical, political, economic and professional implications of modernising the education system. The article conducts a sociological analysis of prototyping throughout the game's commodification process. Focusing on the French educational technology market, it describes the social, political, economic and professional motives for using prototypes. The article makes two contributions. On market studies, it shows that prototyping is not only a way to develop, but also to commodify a product. On public policies and markets, it considers prototyping as a notion to better understand the interaction between market and public action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prototyping is an incremental process that facilitates those looking to make changes in products, services, or resources. Originating in industrial fabrication process, prototyping can be adapted by librarians to examine changes made to library services, amenities, and resources. They offer a cost-effective way of trying something new and needed, to ensure that patron needs are met. This article modifies prototyping into a five-step process and reviews five examples where the Lee Library used prototyping to inform library decisions to inform the development of library services, amenities, processes, and resources to better serve its patrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual Reality (VR) technologies have gained momentum in various fields, including art and design, where it plays a significant role in modelling, prototyping, and testing. However, most VR headsets offer only visual and auditory inputs, leaving other senses unintrigued. This study has two objectives: First, to investigate whether a physical prop can create a more immersive experience. Second, to establish the relationship between the physical prop and memory retention of the virtual experience. Two VR rollercoaster conditions were created: one where participants simply sat on a chair, and another where they were secured in with a harness. Various qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used, including physiological, observational, and self-reporting techniques. Biosensors were used to measure heart rate, breathing rate, skin conductance and brain activity, in addition to a survey. Early results confirm a positive correlation, with varying degrees, between the use of props in immersion and memory retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how material craft processes align and orient participatory, open, and playful co-design into a constructive and capability-building activity. The paper suggests how materiality, tools, and craft agency gives a particular perspective on participatory and hands-on constructive craft processes. These co-design processes complement collaborative visioning to have participants engage tools and materials and help guide tangible outcomes in negotiated directions. Examining the case of a mobile craft workshop called Sloydtrukk, the text frames co-craft as a concrete social 'construction site'. By emphasising the material and practical elements of collaboration, building together, and experiencing quick results of social processes, co-craft is a form of direct action or direct manifestation of participatory making. The paper examines a series of hands-on transformations that shape social-material manifestations of collaborative craft prototyping, where participants experience immediate results of their shared efforts. The hands-on construction differs from more abstract, discursive, and discussion-based forms of collaboration and co-design, where efforts focus on visioning and agreeing on future action. With craft processes, immediate needs are met with shared efforts, guided by material, practical and craft-based co-design, combining fast and slow prototyping processes that we call co-craft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development and user-testing of a novel concept for patient simulators, aiming to enhance spinal immobilization training. Iterative prototype interactions with critical stakeholders revealed a need for evidence-based guidelines and training for suspected neck injuries. A realistic and compliant neck prototype with sensor feedback was developed to address the need for objective performance metrics. The conceptual prototype was used in an experimental study (n = 12) to obtain subjective and objective feedback on its characteristics and use in medical training. In the experiment, users were asked to perform spinal immobilization techniques on a simulator while sensor data recorded head and neck movements. Furthermore, a Likert-scale questionnaire and subjective feedback were gathered. Results are used to discuss proposed performance metrics and whether they can be used as quality performance indicators for formative and summative training feedback. The results also suggest the neck prototype to realistically simulate an unconscious patient regarding the obtained range of motion and spinal compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As relationship marketing research evolved, a number of key constructs emerged. Some scholars have argued that these constructs are not conceptually or empirically distinct. We investigate this phenomenon based on the premise that sustained research effort towards studying conceptually overlapping/redundant constructs, while treating them as independent, can hamper the development of the field. We use prototyping, a method adopted from psychology, to examine consumers’ views of these constructs, and then identify relationship contexts where constructs are distinct or redundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper details the design, fabrication and evaluation strategies of the full-scale aluminium panel prototypes developed for a kinetic hybrid facade. The concept of a hybrid facade was proposed as an approach to maximise the value of kinetic intelligent building systems. The overarching research project investigates the potential, feasibility and real-life applications of a hybrid facade that integrates environmental, media and individual micro-control functions in one compound solution operating through autonomous rotating panels. This paper describes the ongoing hybrid facade project's third research stage, focusing on the manufacturing and feasibility evaluation of the self-powered, wirelessly controlled, full-scale kinetic facade panel prototypes fabricated from aluminium sheet. This study contributes to the field of hybrid kinetic facade systems through investigating approaches to fabrication, kinetic set-up and performance, and a material and economic feasibility assessment through cost and LCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a two-stage dynamic dense medium separator, called Tri-Flo, has become more applicable for treating difficult-to-wash coals. In this study, a 70-mm diameter transparent Tri-Flo separator was manufactured using prototyping and the effects of geometrical and operating parameters were investigated. Central composite design (CCD) was used in the experimental phase. The effects of internal tubes diameter, the installation slope, and the internal flow rate on the Tri-Flo performance were analyzed. CFD simulation was also used for better understanding of the flow pattern and interpretation of the experimental results. The results indicated that the air core diameter in both stages of the separator increases with all three variables. It was also found that medium recovery to float product in rougher and cleaner stages increases with unit inclination and internal tubes diameter, while it decreases with medium flow rate. The decrease in the air core size with increasing the feed tube diameter was an outstanding finding in both experiments and simulations. On average, a 16% decrease in the air core diameter was obtained when the feed tube diameter was increased from 23 mm to 26 mm. The results of the CFD simulation showed that there is a meaningful compatibility between the experimental observations and mathematical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexities and unique requirements of entrepreneurship and commercialization require novel prototyping approaches that go beyond their traditional application in engineering design. Prototyping, as a key part of Design Thinking, can address these requirements by focusing on creative problem-solving and by supporting entrepreneurs' reasoning. The broader requirements of entrepreneurship are not explicitly addressed in existing prototyping tools and instances of inefficient prototyping are still observed in entrepreneurial settings. This paper presents insights from expert interviews concerning prototyping and entrepreneurship, along with the formulation of the foundations of a novel prototyping support tool, tailored for entrepreneurs. Prototyping's approaches and challenges, user-prototype interactions, and prototypes' role in funding attraction are among the discussed themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

End-user development (EUD) seeks to facilitate the extension and customisation of systems during use, with increasing possibilities as the Internet-of-Things (IoT) computing paradigm becomes widespread and expands into realms such as the smart home. This exploratory research study explores two popular physical computing platforms, oriented towards novice makers, that allow end-user developers to create and deploy an IoT smart home sensor device, as well as visualise the resulting data in the cloud. The end users' experiences are evaluated against known EUD design principles, finding that the platforms in their current state are only partially able to meet two of the principles. Such end-to-end IoT prototyping platforms are a relatively recent offering of these maker-focused organisations and, despite some issues in their current state, they offer the potential to increase the ability of end-users to prototype across the complex layers of an IoT system. Future possibilities around the data visualisation layer and for integration with visual programming work are identified, to improve the end-users' ability to deeply customise their IoT systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborations between designers and healthcare professionals are at the core of design for health, with calls in this journal for partnerships between designers and occupational therapists. This article follows these calls. It discusses a research project where designers, occupational therapists and inpatients of a mental health unit collaborated to prototype an 'arts-health practice' program for mental health recovery. During the development of this project, we constituted a 'lo-fi living lab', a collaborative platform that resulted from combining participatory design and autonomous design frameworks. As we show, this platform enables collaborative design processes that give priority to the creative practices and co-creative projects that healthcare communities have in their everyday life. It also reframes the role of designers and allows them to learn from those practices and become participants in those projects. The 'lo-fi living lab' format, we argue, makes it possible to run collaborative design projects that empower health staff to do their work in creative ways; allow designers to learn from the 'everyday design' practices of healthcare professionals; and creates non-disruptive platforms for user participation in the design of health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the research and design project undertaken to develop a shared space for families and healthcare professionals in a children's hospital. The project was developed from a model of healthcare space scaled and validated at the Sant Joan de Déu Hospital in Barcelona. Initial research detected the need to gather different care services in one area. The intended use of the space was determined through qualitative ethnographic research and a quantitative analysis. Taxonomization of the collected data allowed us to define a model of healthcare activity that reconsidered the space along with time of use. It also enabled us to redefine health professionals as navigators. The design team created this model according to spatial characteristics and requirements. The model consisted of four types of space which we named hierarchical monodirectional, non-hierarchical circular, intimate proximity, and public proximity. From this model, a series of activities were developed that, through participatory practices and co-design processes, allowed the team to prototype the four space types. The design methodology applied has become the modus operandi of the Design Group for Health and Wellbeing at EINA, Centre Universitari d'Art i Disseny de Barcelona, ​​attached to Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in designing products and interactions across cultures. In this paper, we report on our attempts to use in-situ making and evaluation to facilitate a short co-design process with outside designers in an ethnic and rural community. We found that rapid prototyping in the local context provided a mechanism to quickly engage designers with locals in informing iterative design refinement. Our research suggests that using in-situ making interlaced with evaluation is a feasible approach to drive designers to immerse, exchange and design within a cultural different context in the early stage of design exploration. We found that the rapid nature of our process makes it more suited for cultural product design led by designers than cross-cultural design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimensional accuracy of parts manufactured by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) greatly suffers from the shrinkage problems of the available polymer materials. This paper proposes a constructive idea for resolving the shrinkage issues and explains how shrinkage could be managed by interior geometry of the artifacts fabricated on desktop 3D printers. The main principle for preventing the deterioration on dimensional accuracy of the holes/slots is to utilize the auxiliary lines located from the hole's perimeter to the outer boundaries of the artifact. Thus, the shrinkage of these auxiliary line segments simply helps to pull the original hole backward, acting against the predicted contraction. In this paper, the proposed approach will be examined using a finite element analysis tool to predict the shrinkage behavior of the fabricated samples along with necessary measurements taken on the Coordinate Measuring Machine. Additionally, an analytical framework for modeling the shrinkage behavior of ABS is to be elaborated. The coherence of the simulations and the measurements are to be analyzed regarding the effect of the geometry and material color on the shrinkage behavior. The discussion involves the improvement on the dimensional accuracy of 3D printed features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a morphological generation method based on the integration of wind forces which leads to organic geometries fostering new spatial experiences and environmental adaptation. It suggests that analogical simulations can generate creative design solutions responding to complex environmental fluxes and can accelerate the design process for architects through tactile explorations of form, matter and spatiality. The aerodynamic design solutions, although contextual, are not deterministic, in the sense that they are reinterpreted to meet the functional needs and constraints of an architectural project. The paper concludes on a sample application that enables practical understanding of the possible uses of the method for architectural and urban design applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prototyping has received a great deal of attention as an important design methodology. Current support technologies for prototyping environments are typically intended to increase the efficiency of the individual system builder. We propose a broader perspective for assessing the impact of support technology on prototyping processes. In developing this perspective, we present frameworks for prototyping processes, support technologies, and development performance. Prototyping is characterized from the behavioral perspectives of individual, social, and organizational processes--each of which must be considered in assessing impacts. Support technology is characterized by production, coordination, and organizational dimensions, each affecting prototyping processes and performance in unique ways. To assess the impacts of the process-technology linkages, measures are suggested for evaluating prototyping processes and products from task, social, and business perspectives. It is proposed that the primary determinant of performance impact is the fit between the prototyping processes and the support technology used. By combining a functional model of support technology with behavioral perspectives of the prototyping process, a better understanding of the impacts of technology on prototyping effectiveness is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses systems development in the context of problem solving strategies. A theoretical basis for the two dominant problem-solving approaches (SDLC and prototyping) is presented along with the results of a field study of the effectiveness of the strategies in fourth-generation language environments. Results from the study indicate the appropriateness of a mixed development strategy contingent on system type. Implications for future research on systems development are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising technological intervention for anxiety disorders. However, there are no existing standards and best practices to evaluate the effectiveness of environments to achieve their intervention goals. The purpose of this study was to develop a VR intervention for student veterans with social anxiety disorder and test feasibility utilizing a three-stage development model. The development of a therapeutic VR environment may benefit from an interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers from various fields of study. Utilizing three stages of prototyping with two virtual reality platforms, fully immersive video (n = 6) and three-dimensional (3-D) immersive virtual reality (n = 8), the research team designed an intervention for student veterans with social anxiety disorder, testing bio-reactivity of participants. Results of prototyping include user feedback validating increased stress levels and increased bio-reactivity specifically in galvanic skin response and heart rate elevation. Implications include the use of 360° video for prototyping 3-D virtual reality interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, although supply and demand in design are increasing notably and design consultancies are holding key supplier positions, previous studies note that a noticeable number of outsourced design projects end up with unexpected costs, latencies and unachieved manufacturability. In this research, failures of design outsourcing are taken as the main focus. A consultant firm in Ankara, Turkey has been selected as a case study, and 19 of its customers participated in the research. Feasibility and design stages have been observed and factors affecting success measured. Qualitative research complemented the quantitative findings in a partially convergent parallel mixed method. A number of managers failed to set manufacturing budgets, sales price and volume. One-third of the projects could not be completed, two-thirds did not proceed to production, and one-third did not stick to the schedule. The observed relevance of target-setting ability and success measurements was significant, as well as the prototype quantity and project completion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Interactive art installations might engage nursing home residents with dementia. The main aim of this article was to describe the challenging design process of an interactive artwork for nursing home residents, in co-creation with all stakeholders and to share the used methods and lessons learned. This process is illustrated by the design of the interface of VENSTER as a case. Methods: Nursing home residents from the psychogeriatric ward, informal caregivers, client representatives, health care professionals and members of the management team were involved in the design process, which consisted of three phases: (1) identify requirements, (2) develop a prototype and (3) conduct usability tests. Several methods were used (e.g. guided co-creation sessions, “Wizard of Oz”). Each phase generated “lessons learned”, which were used as the departure point of the next phase. Results: Participants hardly paid attention to the installation and interface. There, however, seemed to be an untapped potential for creating an immersive experience by focussing more on the content itself as an interface (e.g. creating specific scenes with cues for interaction, scenes based on existing knowledge or prior experiences). “Fifteen lessons learned” which can potentially assist the design of an interactive artwork for nursing home residents suffering from dementia were derived from the design process. Conclusions: This description provides tools and best practices for stakeholders to make (better) informed choices during the creation of interactive artworks. It also illustrates how co-design can make the difference between designing a pleasurable experience and a meaningful one. Implications for rehabilitation: Co-design with all stakeholders can make the difference between designing a pleasurable experience and a meaningful one. There seems to be an untapped potential for creating an immersive experience by focussing more on the content itself as an interface (e.g. creating specific scenes with cues for interaction, scenes based on existing knowledge or prior experiences). Content as an interface proved to be a crucial part of the overall user experience. The case-study provides tools and best practices (15 “lessons learned”) for stakeholders to make (better) informed choices during the creation of interactive artworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant tension can exist between the goals of architectural research and of architectural and building practice. Worthwhile research involves generating risks its benefits are uncertain and require interpretation in practice as new design approaches or construction methods. In contrast, professional practice generally involves managing building procurement risk. This can encourage participants to resist change and enhance solution reliability, even if this delivers less than optimal performance. Practitioners can be innovative but often only through incremental development, nudging participants along the path to increasingly innovative action. As they do, the capability, capacity and confidence risks associated with novel design solutions need identification, assessment and response. These concepts are discussed in relation to a university-based case study, where researchers joined architectural practitioners in a design team for the design and delivery of a 120-unit student accommodation building. Finished in early 2016, the solution included novel timber-rich prefabrication and assembly techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an empirical reflection on how the prototyping of an environmental enrichment device for chimpanzees at the National Zoo of Chile precipitates a cosmopolitical encounter. Using material produced by design students, zookeepers and the chimps Judy and Gombe, we describe how prototyping iterations establish open processes of dialogue and encounters among humans and nonhumans. The case will demonstrate how prototyping can go further than the generation of models of an original. On the contrary, the cosmopolitical encounter emerging from the prototyping process makes evident a truly ontological vocation, acknowledging humans and other-than-human beings as singular entities. Its provisional and malleable nature turns this device into a privileged locus for the exploration of interspecies entanglement. Although zoos are scientifically organized institutions, in this case we observe how its anthropocentric hierarchy was performatively reshuffled at certain moments of the prototyping process. The cosmopolitical qualities of the prototyping process analyzed derive from its capacity to deploy an ethics of attention and care between the agencies at play, that is, for unfold gestures of mutual vulnerability. Finally, we propose prototyping as a device for moving from cosmopolitics as a way of understanding the world to cosmopolitics as a matter of design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study presents a project based on a spatial redesign at Auckland City Hospital. The project aimed to improve the public waiting area located outside an intensive care unit -- a space where families and friends wait for updates on their loved one's condition. As an environment, the area was characterized by high levels of stress and anxiety, and described by families and staff as 'impersonal', 'unfriendly' and 'uncomfortable'. The project focused on how designers sought to engage users, collected insights about their experiences, developed concepts for improvement and generated buy-in from hospital stakeholders. We explore how making or prototyping as design practice was used to inspire new ways of thinking about the space to respond to its users' emotional needs. Through this, the Design for Health & Wellbeing Lab design team sought to make visible the process and value designers can bring to a hospital environment through prototyping and sharing ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on 3D printing of compound elements, fully connected components or elements, which can be used as instructional aids for students. By means of traditional manufacturing technologies such as machining, forming, or molding, the manufacturing cost of such items would be high, and in addition they would be sometimes difficult to feasible. The majority of the low-cost 3D printers are operated on the basis of the fused deposition modeling technology. In addition, students can be involved in making their own teaching aids. The study of machine components and systems often requires the use of 3D gear models, especially planetary gears or centrifugal compressors. In the article, the numerical optimization of preparing and executing of 3D prints of models of the planetary gear and centrifugal compressor is proposed by the use of genetic algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper discusses the use of Co-Design approaches in the public realm by examining the emergence of a design practice, prototyping, in public policy-making. We argue that changes in approaches to management and organisation over recent decades have led towards greater flexibility, provisionality and anticipation in responding to public issues. These developments have co-emerged with growing interest in prototyping. Synthesising literatures in design, management and computing, and informed by our participant observation of teams inside government, we propose the defining characteristics of prototyping in policy-making and review the implications of using this approach. We suggest that such activities engender a ‘new spirit’ of policy-making. However, this development is accompanied by the further encroachment of market logics into government, with the danger of absorbing critiques of capitalism and resulting in reinforced power structures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article illuminates through a case study, SuPPORT 4 All (Support, Positioning and Organ stabilisation during breast cancer radiation therapy/S4A). It describes how three-dimensional design research assesses, assimilates and is applied to define product requirements in a cross-disciplinary research team, activity occurring concurrently, yet also informing the act of designing the eventual products themselves. The study describes how a multidisciplinary research and development team, more specifically the design researchers within it, developed a range of holistic knowledge sets to establish critical criteria to validate physical outcomes. The study illustrates the methods used and developed to elicit the scale of the challenge and discusses the validity of these methods and technologies when wide-ranging design specifications may not exist at project outset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex shapes in civil engineering require complex and unique molds. Starting from the fact that 3D printing technology primarily targets this type of product, this paper investigates the potential adaptation of 3D printing in the mold and formwork industry. A small-scale printing test was realized to build a complex architectural design prototype using cement. The results are presented according to three phases: 1 – Selection phase: 3D printing technology was selected and the adequate printing material. Experimental and numerical studies were realized to assess the material. 2 – Adaptation phase: the 3D printer was scaled for use. 3 – Prototyping phase, that deals with printing the formwork and evaluating the cement poles. The research proved the feasibility of using 3D printing technology to produce complex-shaped prototyped formworks for cement poles in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Increasingly material artefacts are attributed a key role in research in the arts and design. Issues of dissemination and legitimacy of knowledge are however heavily disputed, often through redefinitions of the concept of knowledge itself. This article contributes to these debates by focusing on artistic prototypes, identified here as one of the prevailing outcomes in technologically engaged art research projects. In contrast with a common conceptualisation of knowledge emerging from inside the world of artistic research as subjective, ineffable and emotional, I discuss four examples to highlight how artistic prototypes can support transferable and generative contributions to knowledge, grounded in ad hoc but innovative methodologies. Furthermore, the examples offer insightful considerations that help to identify artistic research when conducted outside official institutions, as opposed to simply process-oriented art practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the development of a more energy-efficient mould for rotational moulding of plastic parts where the tool is made by electroforming of two materials (Ni–Cu), starting from a model of additive manufacturing. Studies on the poor adhesion between nickel and copper layer have not been previously carried out. The paper presents the entire design process of the mould, the electroforming process and activation procedures, and the mould testing under real conditions, comparing it with a conventional CNC machined aluminium mould. Also presented is an experimental study of different treatments of electroformed Ni substrate to provide good adherence for the electroforming of Cu. The best treatment (nitric acid) was applied to a mould for rotational moulding. The main findings of the work are a viable approach for good adherence between Ni and Cu, the advantage of additive manufacturing and electroforming as well as the standardisation of such innovative tooling in rotational moulding. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, the design and fabrication of a bone-specific double function surgical guide are presented. The design of this surgical guide is performed so that it can be used simultaneously for drilling and cutting of cow's tibia bone. The employment of this surgical guide results in higher accuracy, reduction of the number of the holes needed to be pierced through the bone, and lower surgery time. The research is performed in three steps including the digitizing of the bone and production of the bone's 3D model in CATIA (generative shape design environment), design of surgical guide, and fabrication of the guide by FDM process. The guide is used for drilling and cutting of the bone. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The world is becoming increasingly complex while facing problems such as aging societies, energy scarcity and greater demand for health care. These challenges demand systemic solutions based on a holistic, integrative and multidimensional approach. We are simultaneously moving towards a knowledge economy, which requires us to deliver meaningful experiences in ecosystems of interconnected products, services and solutions that evolve over time. No company (or part of it) can understand all aspects of these ecosystems, let alone create meaningful experiences for end-users. Moreover, it is evident that these experiences will be delivered by different players. We therefore need to work towards co-creation. Here we discuss how we are changing the way of working within Philips Design. We introduce broadly our main activities and in detail discuss our Rapid Co-creation (RCC) approach to a dynamic and focused way of progressing ideas into strong propositions and how to accelerate learning by prototyping and validating these propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the museum world, innovative design practices often result from collaborations spanning disciplinary borders within the museum. This article focuses on prototyping as one of the fundamental methods to support design activity, and to foster collaboration among members of the design team. In particular, the article aims to explore how prototypes support design practice by integrating knowledge coming from different team members' expertise. Using a qualitative research approach, this paper explores the use of prototypes in five digital media projects in museums. The qualitative data collected have been analysed and discussed through the lenses of theSocialization–Externalization–Combination–Internalizationknowledge management framework. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding ofhowandwhyteam members can take advantage of prototypes to create, transfer, combine, and embody knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experience innovation is described as collaborative and integrated in day-to-day work. However, a challenge is to capture people's tacit knowledge and make it explicit, in order to bring forth ideas and concepts. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how design can be integrated with experience innovation. A model for experience innovation and design is presented which complies with the prototyping phase of the design process. Visual representations are used for communication and idea generation between stakeholders, to make them build on each other's ideas. The case is the development of a guided tour in Dunga beach, Kisumu, Kenya. Dunga beach is seen as the experiencescape, where the interactions with the physical and social environment become part of the experience innovation process. By active involvement as partners and participants in collaborative activities with guides, residents and tourists, the authors were able to get an in-depth understanding of how experience innovation took place in Dunga. The implication is that the view of experience innovation as a spiral process within the experiencescape increases the understanding of how specific characteristics of the experience could be considered and developed for new or improved experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new developed device, computer cathodic orientation system, was tested to analyze functional properties of electroformed shells of nickel. Several applications, such as rapid tooling, may require thickness uniformity, where the tool or mold is made by electroforming, starting from the 3D model. This system enables the programed movement of the cathode (the model) in front of the anode with the main objective of achieving thickness uniformity. Different strategies were carried out, and parameters such as thicknesses and flexural modulus were measured for each sample. Results showed the apparent influence of this apparatus on the thickness distribution and the flexural modulus. Either the rate of mean thickness or central thickness was improved when the strategy of modifying relative position took place. Also, the flexural modulus was influenced by the approach carried out in the sequence of movement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In order to investigate how the use of robots may impact everyday tasks, twelve participants in our study interacted with a University of Hertfordshire Sunflower robot over a period of 8 weeks in the university's Robot House. Participants performed two constrained tasks, one physical and one cognitive, four times over this period. Participant responses were recorded using a variety of measures including the System Usability Scale and the NASA Task Load Index. The use of the robot had an impact on the experienced workload of the participants differently for the two tasks, and this effect changed over time. In the physical task, there was evidence of adaptation to the robot's behavior. For the cognitive task, the use of the robot was experienced as more frustrating in the later weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although we celebrate the lone inventor, innovation typically involves teams, each making a critical contribution to the final success. Thinking about the different stories of each team can help build a richer understanding of how innovation happens. The story of Swiffer's invention, which involves design researchers, business leaders, and others serves as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-established companies are currently struggling to secure profits due to the pressure from new players' business models as they take advantage of communication technology and new business-model configurations. Because of this, the business model research field flourishes currently; however, the modelling approaches proposed still rely on linear, rational conceptions and causal reasoning. Through six business cases we argue that participatory design has a role to play, and indeed, can lead the way into another approach to business modelling, which we call business model making. The paper illustrates how the application of participatory business model design toolsets can open up discussions on alternative scenarios through improvisation, mock-up making and design game playing, before qualitative judgment on the most promising scenario is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Designers implement a variety of models and representations during the design process, yet little is known about the cognitive impacts of various representations. This study focuses on how physical models can assist novices in mitigating design fixation on undesirable features. During idea generation, designers tend to fixate on examples they encounter or on their own initial ideas. The first hypothesis states that designers tend to duplicate features of provided examples. The second hypothesis states that this fixation can be mitigated with appropriate warnings. The last hypothesis is that building and testing physical models can help designers in mitigating fixation. To investigate these theories, a quasi-experiment is conducted as part of a freshman class project. Students design, build and test stunt cars in three different experimental conditions, each receiving a different pictorial example: an effective example, a flawed example and a flawed example with warnings about the flaws. The results show that in all the conditions, designers duplicate undesirable features from their examples, even when they received warnings about the flawed features. Copying these flawed features creates more complicated and less effective designs. However, through the physical testing of their designs, participants identify and fix the design flaws. These results indicate that existing designs and experiences have the potential to limit innovation and that designers need to be trained with effective methods for mitigating design fixation. Building prototypes can help designers in identifying the flawed features and in reducing design fixation; hence, the use of physical models in engineering design needs to be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Additive manufacturing (AM) enables faster prototype development for design visualisation, performance studies and personalisation in the sports footwear industry. Among the available AM techniques, stereolithography (SLA), PolyJet (PJ), selective laser sintering (SLS) and three-dimensional printing (3DP) have been used for sports footwear prototyping. A five-point scoring system was used to rate the performance of AM techniques in four important characteristics namely accuracy, surface finish, range of materials supported and building time. Key elements of AM-based footwear personalisation and customisation methodology were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For designers developing information appliances, bringing together the physical and digital elements of a product early in the design process presents a prototyping challenge. Whilst prototyping methods have been developed to address this need, these methods have so far only been evaluated using laboratory-based testing approaches. This paper argues that testing in-context should also be supported by prototyping methods, and presents the findings of a comparative study between a laboratory and in-context user test of early information appliance prototypes. A key question was whether the type of 'rough and ready' prototypes frequently found in user laboratory setting might, with some careful development, be suitable for in-context testing. The results of the study show that in-context and laboratory testing of early, 'rough and ready' prototypes uncovered different usability problems. In this study, in-context testing of prototypes uncovered problems with physical inputs and product format not seen in the laboratory environment. In contrast, the increased opportunities for spontaneous user reflection during laboratory testing provided insights into user expectations of functionality not seen during in-context testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prototypes are made, presented, and interpreted differently by people according to their understanding and frame of reference. Design educators have, in recent decades, come closer to one another in how they approach design creativity. Still, many distinct differences exist. One of the most striking has to do with the role of prototyping in developing ideas into concrete manifestations. Prototypes unlock cognitive association mechanisms related to visualisation, prior experience, and interpersonal communication in ways that favour iterative learning between peers in the product development community. When, where, and how to use prototyping strategies depends on context, and it demands a high level of situation awareness. The nature of this awareness is, in turn, dependent on cultural variables and curriculum development. Prototyping has been portrayed as an excellent activity to share inner thoughts, yet a deeper connection to its knowledge-building processes has been lacking in previous research. This paper builds on related literature in shaping a common understanding of how prototyping is perceived and applied in two different high-performance academic contexts (Stanford University, Stanford, USA, and the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden). Our exploration focuses on students' perceived learning experiences and on teachers' experiences within engineering design projects. Prototyping is an active enabler in both cases, establishing iterative loops of new knowledge through social interaction and team-based communication. The deeper level of cognitive attachments to prototyping provides an explicit link between embedded implicit knowledge and its consequences for objective learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies have played vital role in product development and validation. Another aspect of RP is rapid tooling (RT). The development and manufacturing of conventional tools (die and molds) take considerable amount of time. RP technologies could be used to shorten the development time of these tools for shorten the time to production. This investigation focuses on the development of turbine blade through RT technique with quality inspection at three different stages, i.e., after manufacturing of master patterns, wax patterns, and casting in metal. Three different materials were considered for RT techniques, i.e., Room temperature vulcanization (RTV) silicon, polyurethane, and plaster of Paris. Master patterns were developed using stereolithography(SLA) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. Both master patterns were analyzed for surface roughness and dimensional accuracy. SLA pattern showed better results for surface finish and dimensional accuracy, and it was used for mold manufacturing. Wax patterns were produced from RTV silicon, polyurethane (PU), and plaster of Paris molds,and used for metal casting. Dimensional quality inspection was performed for both wax and metallic parts using noncontact three-dimensional (3D)digitizer. RTV silicon and SLA process were selected as the suitable mold material and process respectively for RT of turbine blade. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In order to save time and money, designers need to understand the utility of different engineering representations. To this end, designers often rely on past experience to decide which model to construct; yet students without this experience have no help. Interestingly there are noticeable gaps in the research literature with respect to how and when to select representations for engineering design. This paper examines the differences between three types of engineering representations, specifically sketches, drawing packages, and physical prototypes. The amount of information designers can extract, in addition to the correctness and confidence, from these representations is studied. Design reviews of concepts with respect to requirements verification serves as the design task of this investigation. The data from this user study are analysed, using descriptive and non-parametric statistics. The results reveal that designers are more confident and correct in making conclusions about whether a design meets requirements when using high-fidelity representations and physical representations, specifically high-fidelity prototypes. Low-fidelity representations appear to be useful for determining if a design meets functional requirements, but not geometric or manufacturing requirements. The relationship between drawing packages and low-fidelity prototypes is still unclear and thus is an area for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is an emerging metal-forming technology in which the tool motion is controlled numerically. The process is economical to form complex parts in small to medium batches and provides a short and inexpensive way of forming products having a relatively simple but interesting shape. In this article, a review of the present state-of-the-art technologies and the potential applications of incremental sheet metal forming are presented in brief. This article seeks to address the approaches and methods that are prevalently applied. Furthermore, the article also seeks to guide researchers for future work, by identifying inadequacies of the current approaches and potential for valuable contributions in the field of incremental forming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]