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Context: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) is a significant health concern worldwide, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches beyond conventional treatments. Objective: To assess isorhamnetin's potential in improving insulin sensitivity and mitigating T2D characteristics through oxidative and glycative stress modulation. Materials and Methods: T2D was induced in mice with a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injections. Isorhamnetin was administered at 10 mg/kg for 12 weeks. HepG2 cells were used to examine in vitro effects on stress markers and insulin sensitivity. Molecular effects on the PGK1 and AKT signalling pathway were also analyzed. Results: The administration of isorhamnetin significantly impacted both in vivo and in vitro models. In HepG2 cells, oxidative and glycative stresses were markedly reduced, indicating a direct effect of isorhamnetin on cellular stress pathways, which are implicated in the deterioration of insulin sensitivity. Specifically, treated cells showed a notable decrease in markers of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde, and advanced glycation end products, highlighting isorhamnetin's antioxidant and antiglycative properties. In vivo, isorhamnetin-treated mice exhibited substantially lower fasting glucose levels compared to untreated T2D mice, suggesting a strong hypoglycemic effect. Moreover, these mice showed improved insulin responsiveness, evidenced by enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests. The molecular investigation revealed that isorhamnetin activated PGK1, leading to the activation of the AKT signalling pathway, crucial for promoting glucose uptake and reducing insulin resistance. This molecular action underscores the potential mechanism through which isorhamnetin exerts its beneficial effects in T2D management. Discussion: The study underscores isorhamnetin's multifaceted role in T2D management, emphasizing its impact on oxidative and glycative stress reduction and molecular pathways critical for insulin sensitivity. Conclusion: Isorhamnetin presents a promising avenue for T2D treatment, offering a novel approach to enhancing insulin sensitivity and managing glucose levels through the modulation of key molecular pathways. Further research is needed to translate these findings into clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and the possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Anastatica hierochuntica essential oil (EOAH). The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of the plant, and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using classical model of inflammation (carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis). Nitric oxide radical-scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation were determined to assess the antioxidant activity of the essential oil. The EOAH mainly comprised Cuminaldehyde (33.8%), trans-β-Caryophyllene (32.5%), and Linalool (8.2%). EOAH significantly reduced edema, peritonitis, myeloperoxidase activity, and NOx-peritoneal lavage concentration induced by carrageenan. In addition, nitric oxide radical generated from sodium nitroprusside was significantly inhibited by the essential oil. Furthermore, EOAH was able to prevent Fe+2- or Fe+2 plus H2O2-induced lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, the EOAH exerts anti-inflammatory activity that could be related to its antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The leaf of sage Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is reputed in the folk medicine of Arabia, and Jordan in particular, to relieve pain associated with gastrointestinal disturbance. Objectives: Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and butanol extracts of S. officinalis leaf. Materials and methods: The analgesic effects of the aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000 mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316 mg/kg) were studied using the hot-plate test for mice and the formalin-induced paw licking in rats. The effects were compared to those of morphine and the influence of naloxone on these effects was also evaluated. The same concentrations of both extracts were used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects using the cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Results: The aqueous extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316, 1000 mg/kg) and butanol extract (10, 31.6, 100, 316 mg/kg) caused analgesic effect in the hot-plate latency assay as well as in early and late phases of formalin-induced paw licking in rats. These effects were reduced by the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (5 mg/kg). The same range of doses of both extracts caused dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats as well as inhibition of cotton pellet granuloma. Discussion and conclusion: These observations suggest that the sage leaf aqueous and butanol extracts have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, confirming the traditional use of this plant for pain alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]