Search

Pyraclostrobin-based fungicides play an effective role in controlling fungal diseases and are extensively used in agriculture. However, there is concern regarding the potential adverse effects attributed to exposure to these fungicides on non-target organisms and consequent influence exerted on ecosystem functioning. Thus, it is essential to conduct studies with model organisms to determine the impacts of these fungicides on different groups of living organisms. The aim of this study was to examine the ecotoxicity associated with exposure to commercial fungicides containing pyraclostrobin. The focus of the analysis involved germination and initial development of seedlings of 4 plant models (Lactuca sativa, Raphanus sativus, Pennisetum glaucum and Triticum aestivum), in addition to determining the population growth rate and total carbohydrate content in microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. The fungicide pyraclostrobin adversely influenced growth and development of the tested plants, indicating a toxic effect. The fungicide exerted a significant impact on the initial development of seedlings of all model species examined with T. aestivum plants displaying the greatest susceptibility to pyraclostrobin. Plants of this species exhibited inhibitory effects on both aerial parts and roots when treated with a concentration of 4.75 mg/L pyraclostrobin. In addition, the green microalga R. subcapitata was also significantly affected by the fungicide, especially at relatively high concentrations as evidenced by a reduction in total carbohydrate content. This commercial fungicide demonstrated potential phytotoxicity for the tested plant models and was also considered toxic to the selected microalgae, indicating an ecotoxic effect that might affect other organisms in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive use of inorganic fertilization poses serious environmental problems; use of biostimulants can reduce use of inorganic fertilizers. Three pot experiments were conducted to assess the effects of chemical fertilizers with biostimulants on the performance of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.). In the first experiment, coenzyme Q10® (CoQ10®) was combined with Shoots Core and Nutri-Leaf®, to study the effects on radish. The CoQ10® was applied at 0 (S), 100 (SQ1), 200 (SQ2), or 400 mg ∙ L−1 (SQ4). Radish fresh root weight (52%) and dry root weight (46%) increased with SQ4, followed by an increase in fresh shoot weight (76%) and dry shoot weight (65%) with SQ2 compared to inorganic fertilizer. The second experiment was based on Graeme P. Berlyn (GPB) Core (composition property of Yale University and will become available after registration) application with inorganic fertilizer (Nutri-Leaf®). Treatments were inorganic fertilizer Nutri-leaf (IF), GPB Core+Nutri-leaf (SLI), and GPB Core (SL). There were increases in fresh shoot weight (254%) and dry shoot (185%) with SLI. The third experiment was based on the results of the first two experiments, and treatments were SLI+GPB Core with CoQ10®. Application of CoQ10® with GPB Core was not different than SLI. Fresh and dry shoot weight and dry root weight were also improved. Application of biostimulants can help reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying, and evaluating, the nutritional and toxic compounds in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is important for breeding. This study investigates the quality and health indices in leaves of radish cultivars: Cherry Belle, Champion, French Breakfast, Sparkler, and a local landrace (Isfahan). Difference were observed in contents of dry matter (7.84–11.23%) and ash (1.12–2.05%) in leaves of radish cultivars. Nitrate content in leaves 1780–5234 mg·kg−1 which was 71.2–209.3% of the permissible limit. "Cherry Belle" and the local cultivar had the highest nitrate content. With increased dry matter accumulation in leaves, nitrate content decreased. Cultivars that have a higher photosynthesis capacity, represent more capability in nitrate consumption. The IC50 in leaves was 33.1%. The local landrace had the highest antioxidant capacity and "Cherry Belle" the lowest. The phenolic content and vitamin C in leaves of radish cultivars was 99.9 mg GAE/100 g and 34.25 mg/100 g, respectively. Radish leaves were rich in vitamin C. It is apparently possible to develop cultivars that have higher content of bioactive compounds and lower nitrate accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arable areas frequently lack sufficient soil nutrients, necessitating use of fertilizers, whose excessive usage presents a threat to the environment, human health, and food safety. Natural plant-based growth regulators are inexpensive and favorable to the environment. Phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is important in improving quality, productivity, and resistance against various pests, diseases, and environmental challenges. The objectives of this study were to compare effects of fertilization and application of MeJA on taproot yield, leaf nutritive value, and accumulation of sulforaphane (SF) in black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger) taproots. Sulforaphane is a potent cytoprotective agent, promoting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiglycative, and antimicrobial effects. The treatments (T) were: T1 = 3 t∙ha−1 of poultry litter (PL); T2 = PL+2.5 ml∙L−1 foliar application of micro-sulfur (S); T3 = PL+S+3 g∙L−1foliar application of sorbitol (SO); T4 = 480 kg∙ha−1 of NPK 20,20,20; T5 = NPK+S; T6 = NPK+S+SO. The second experiment was foliar application of MeJA at 0, 50, or 100 mg∙L−1. Application of treatments and MeJA alone, and in combination, improved growth, leaf nutrient concentrations, taproot yield components, and accumulation of SF in black radish. The T3 treatment produced the highest relative chlorophyll content (SPAD index = 31.56), most leaf area (495.33 dm2), tallest plants and longest taproot (57.95 and 17.68 cm), highest dry matter of leaf and taproot (8.10 and 12.57%), heaviest fresh weight of leaves and taproots (249.15 and 360.40 g) and highest total taproot yield (120.13 t∙ha−1). Treatment T6 produced highest nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content in leaves, 3.57, 0.52 and 3.87 g 100 g, respectively, and highest SF content in taproots (8.5 mg/100 g). The 100 mg∙L−1 MeJA rate produced the largest leaf area (480.10 dm2), highest dry matter of leaf and taproot (7.31 and 11.65%), heaviest fresh weight of taproot (356.23 g), highest N, P, K and S content in leaves (3.45, 0.47, 3.69 and 0.375 g/100 g), most taproot yield (118.74 t∙ha−1) and highest FS content in taproot (9.62 g/100 g). The 100 mg∙L−1 foliar application of MeJA was effective in increasing and improving vegetative growth, taproot productivity, and FS accumulation in black radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of bio-stimulants can reduce amounts of synthetic chemicals for improving tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and production. The investigation evaluated the rhizobacterial isolates B45, B46, B48, B54 and B55 associated with fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and its aqueous extracts for their ability to promote growth of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. Rhizobacteria were applied by root dipping followed by seedling drenching at planting. The isolates were characterized, based on macro-morphological and biochemical traits, and mechanisms involved in Plant Growth-Promoting (PGP) features were explored. For direct PGP traits, isolates were able to fix nitrogen on N-free agar medium. Isolates B45, B46, B54 and B55 were positive for indole-3-acetic acid production; isolates B46, B48 and B55 were positive for phosphate solubilization with the highest activity exhibited by B46. For indirect PGP traits, isolates were chitinase-, lipase-, and amylase-producing agents. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA, the most bioactive isolate B46 was affiliated to Bacillus vallismortis (OK083726). All isolates displayed antifungal activity against soil-borne fungi Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Fusarium oxysporum, F.sambucinum, and Trichoderma harzianum. Fodder radish aqueous extracts were tested at 5, 7.5, 10 or 15% (w:v). Chemical characterization by spectrophotometer of compounds indicated presence of auxin and polyphenols. Fodder radish aqueous extract displayed antifungal activity against all fungal species. Fodder radish appears to be a natural source for isolation of potent PGP rhizobacterial isolates and/or secondary metabolites bioactive for promotion of tomato growth and with an antifungal potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several scientific researchers have focused on biological activities of edible plants such as radish. However, there are no researches on the anticancer effect of this plant in human glioblastoma. Thus, aims of this study were to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and anticancer activities of Raphanus sativus bulbs aqueous and methanol extracts against U-87 MG cells. Five phenol compounds were found in aqueous extract using HPLC-DAD with syringic acid followed by protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid and cirsilineol. The DPPH, ABTS, OH radical, iron (II) chelation and FRAP assays exhibited that aqueous extract shows high antioxidant activity. The chemical composition analysis of the methanol extract using GC-MS showed that 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (raphasatin) was the most abundant compound (20%). Cytotoxicity assessment by MTT method showed that methanol extract exhibited a significant cytotoxicity to U-87 MG cells with IC50 at 241.35 ± 15.21 µg/mL after 72 h while no effect was noted for aqueous extract. Dis-adhesion assay of the extracts as well as of raphasatin was assessed using different protein matrices (fibronectin, fibrinogen and poly-L-lysine) and the anti-proliferative effect was performed using doxorubicin as positive control. Methanol extract showed a high ability to inhibit cell adhesion to the used protein matrices with IC50 of 20.46 ± 2.52; 12.23 ± 1.41 and 16.21 ± 1.92 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, raphasatin strongly inhibited tumor cell adhesion with IC50 of 0.63 ± 0.09; 1.27 ± 0.18 and 0.95 ± 0.12 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, it totally blocked the proliferation of cancer cells at a dose of 0.5 µg/mL after 4 days of incubation. These data demonstrate, for the first time, the protective effect of R. sativus methanol extract and its major compound, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate against U-87 MG cancer cells. Raphasatin may represent an innovative and promising tool for human glioblastoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is widely consumed and an important crop in Asia. Present cultivation, however, utilizes synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which are discouraged in organic agriculture. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of potting mixes with various nutrient amendments, and to determine their effects on growth and development of screenhouse-grown potted R. sativus cv. Everest. Synthetic amendment was phosphorus (diammonium phosphate), whereas compost amendments were each at 10% or 20% w/w of the following: a) Department of Agriculture (DA) vermicompost, b) Tacunan (Tacunan) vermicompost, and c) Dr. Bo's Biofertilizer (DBB) high-temperature compost. Before cultivation, physico-chemical properties from treatments with compost showed higher values than with phosphorus or pure potting mix. After cultivation, pH remained slightly acidic to near-neutral, with highest organic matter resulting from 20% DBB, and with the highest moisture content and water-holding capacity from 20% DA. Germination was 100% for 10% Tacunan and 20% DA. Longest (40 cm) and dark green (4 rating) leaves were from plants grown in 20% DBB. DBB significantly increased fresh weight, moisture content, and biomass in shoots. Taproots were longest (13.66 cm) and heaviest (113 g) in 20% DA, whereas Class I taproots were from 20% DA or from 20% Tacunan. Potting mix alone consistently gave the poorest shoot length (8.15 cm), root length (9.66 cm), and root diameter (4.08 cm). Petiole quality was comparable for all treatments, but highest freshness score (4.44) was recorded in plants amended with 10% Tacunan. For taproot marketability, 20% DA is recommended for the cultivation of potted radish in screenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germinating seeds in moist, fine-grade vermiculite followed by broadcasting the mix over the seedbed can reduce greenhouse production time for microgreens, but seedling radicles could be broken. The study was undertaken to determine if radicle breakage affected plant yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L) used for microgreens. During pre-sowing handling of germinated seed in moist vermiculite the percent of broken radicles increased as radicle length increased, and as mechanical force increased (resulting in 0%, 8%, or 22% with minimal, medium or high mechanical force, respectively). Imposition of these levels of radicle damage was achieved by cutting radicles half-way along their length after germination for 2 days in moist vermiculite (200% water, dry weight) at which time radicles were about 1.5 cm long. This treatment had no effect on numbers of shoots (as a percent of sown seed) or number of shoots∙m−2 at 7 days after sowing at 25% or 100% of a commercial rate (9,266 seed∙m−2). Yield as shoot fresh weight∙m−2, or per seedling was unaffected by percent of cut radicles sown. Removal of up to 12 mm of radicle from the tip increased numbers of roots per seedling but decreased total root length and decreased fresh weight per shoot. The higher seeding rate decreased fresh weight per shoot from raw (42%) or germinated (32%) seed. Sowing germinated seed in moist vermiculite, rather than raw seed, and sowing seed at the higher rate, increased shoot fresh weight∙m−2 and shoot fresh weight per seedling. Seedlings with broken radicles had lower shoot fresh weights but smaller shoots were counted in the final yield. Microgreen yield (shoot fresh weight∙m−2) was unaffected after sowing germinated seed that had been subjected to a high mechanical force (with up to 22% broken radicles) during broadcasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study was to compare the benefits of SSJ supplementation in obese rats with those achieved only by switching the alimentary regimen from high-fat (HFD) to the regular one (RD) in liver, ileum and prostate. Furthermore, changings in caecal chime microbiota were investigated. SSJ was administered to rats in combination with a RD (HFD-RD + SSJ). The switch from HFD to RD led to a weight loss of almost 9.8 g, and the total cholesterol was found to be significantly lower. In the HFD-RD + SSJ group, all values were improved compared with the HFD control, and the weight decrement was higher (-23.29 g) with respect to HFD-RD. HFD led to a widespread increment of oxidative stress (OS) markers in liver, ileum and prostate. SSJ has shown to improve the results achieved by the suspension of HFD and it has proven effective wherever the only switch in diet regimen failed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatment can increase the drying rate of produce, but preserving product quality while minimizing energy consumption and maintaining food quality is a significant challenge. The goal of this study was to determine optimal PEF parameters for pretreatment ofRaphanus sativus(radish) prior to the drying process. The effects of pulse intensity, treatment time, and pulse number on the drying rate, vitamin C (Vc) content, and ascorbic acid oxidase activity ofR. sativuswere characterized. Optimal PEF pulse parameter values were determined through quadratic orthogonal regression tests followed by multi-objective nonlinear optimization. The optimal PEF pulse parameters for pretreatment ofR. sativuswere: pulse intensity, 1446 V · cm−1; reaction time, 28 μs; and pulse number, 87. This study provides reference values to guide application of PEF pretreatment inR. sativusprocessing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of different metals and metalloids was assessed in two vegetables radish (Raphanus sativusL.) and spinach (Spinacea oleraceaL.) irrigated with domestic wastewater in the peri-urban areas of Khushab City, Pakistan. In general, the metal and metalloid concentrations in radish and spinach were higher at site-II treated with sewage water than those found at site-I treated with canal water. In case of radish at both sites the levels of metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, and Pb) were below the permissible level except those of Mn, Ni, Mo, Cd, and Pb. At both sites, the transfer factor ranged from 0.047–228.3 mg kg−1with Cr having the highest transfer factor. The metal pollution index in soil was in the following order: As > Fe > Ni > Zn > Cd > Mo > Se > Co > Pb > Mn > Cr > Cu, respectively. While in case of spinach at both sites, the concentrations of metals and metalloids in vegetable samples irrigated with canal and sewage water were observed below the permissible level except Mn, Ni, Zn, Mo, and Pb. At both sites, the transfer factor ranged from 0.038–245.4 mg kg−1with Cr having the highest transfer factor. The metal pollution index in soil was in the following order: Cd > Ni > Co > Se > Mn > Zn > Mo > Pb > Fe > Cr > As > Cu, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Industrial wastewater is being used for irrigation of agricultural crops without consideration of possible toxic effects. The study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of battery manufacturing industry effluent on biochemical changes and heavy metal accumulation in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) grown on soil irrigated with 0% (tap water control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% effluent (v/v) at 60 days after sowing (DAS). Total metal concentration in raw effluent samples was Cr = 0.14 < Cd = 0.17 < Pb = 0.22 < Cu = 2.50 mg·L−1. An increase in photosynthetic pigments of plants occurred up to the 50% concentration of the effluent followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. Enhanced lipid peroxidation in treated plants occurred, evident by an increased level of antioxidants, proline, cysteine, and ascorbic acid. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb in roots of treated plants ranged between 4.17 and 7.44, 1.15 and 14.78, 1.09 and 12.30, and 2.49 and 7.33 μ g·g−1 dry weight and in shoots between 12.02 and 24.83, 3.37 and 34.94, 3.77 and 35.09, 3.97 and 10.86 μ g·g−1 dry weight, respectively. Use of battery manufacturing effluent, even after treatment and subsequent dilution, caused biochemical changes in radish and resulted in accumulation of heavy metals in edible parts of the plant. Use of battery manufacturing effluent in agriculture should be discouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reported anti-Prelog selectivity in Raphanus sativus hairy roots prompted us to search for similar activity in other R. sativus systems, such as in vitro germinated sprouts, edible roots, and its associated endophytic microorganisms. Two test substrates were used in these studies: acetophenone and rac-ethyl 2-ethyl-3-oxobutanoate. Endophytes were isolated under substrate selective pressure and individual strains were evaluated for their ability to reduce both substrates. Among the isolates, two bacteria and a fungus having the potential to be used as biocatalysts were found: Bacillus megaterium which reduces acetophenone with excellent anti-Prelog selectivity, and Pseudomonas sp. and Penicillium chrysogenum with enantioselectivity and stereoselectivity for the reduction of rac-ethyl 2-ethyl-3-oxobutanoate, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd), a known carcinogen and potent immunotoxicant in humans and animals, is dispersed throughout the environment as a result of pollution from a variety of sources. Tunisian radish ( Raphanus sativus) extract (TRE) is a known anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger that has been shown to help alleviate immune system disorders, including some induced by environmental toxicants. The present study was undertaken to investigate potential protective effects of TRE against Cd-induced immunotoxicities (and general toxicities) in situ. Cadmium chloride (at 2.5 mg CdCl2/kg BW) and TRE (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg BW) were given (alone or in combination [actually, in sequence of Cd and then TRE]) to rats daily by oral gavage for 2 weeks. Results indicated that treatment with CdCl2 alone resulted in significant decreases in plasma levels of total protein, triglycerides, creatine kinase, creatinine, IgG and IgA, T-lymphocyte sub-types (CD4+, CD3+, CD56+, and CD8+), and in thymic and hepatic indices (relative weights). In contrast, CdCl2 treatment caused significant increases in serum LDH, AST, and ALT, in the formation/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNF α), and in the relative weights of host spleen and kidneys. Rats treated with TRE alone had no discernable changes compared to the controls with regard to all test parameters. Combined treatment of CdCl2 and TRE-at any dose-resulted in a significant improvement of all test parameters compared to those seen with Cd alone. These results illustrated (and provided further support for a continuing belief in) the beneficial effects of TRE in reducing the harmful outcomes of commonly encountered toxicants (like Cd) on the immune system and on overall host health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion does not efficiently reduce ionic compounds present in swine slurry, which could present a potential risk to aquatic ecosystems (surface runoff) and terrestrial ambient (irrigation). The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological characteristics of anaerobically treated swine slurry using acute and chronic (epicotyl elongation) toxicity tests withDaphnia magnaandRaphanus sativusand identification of suspected toxic compounds using the Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) method. The evaluation was performed in three phases: physicochemical characterization of the slurry; acute/chronic toxicity testing withDaphnia magnaandRaphanus sativusfor each fraction of the TIE (cation and anion exchange columns, activated carbon, pH modification/aeration and EDTA) and identification of suspected toxic compounds. The anaerobically treated slurry contained concentrations of ammonium of 1,072 mg L−1, chloride of 815 mg L−1and metals below 1 mg L−1with aD. magnaacute toxicity (48h-LC50) of 5.3% andR. sativusacute toxicity (144h-LC50) of 48.1%. Epicotyl elongation ofR. sativuswas inhibited at concentrations above 25% (NOEC). The cation exchange reduced the toxicity and free ammonia by more than 90% for both bio-indicators. Moreover, this condition stimulated the epicotyl growth ofR. sativusbetween 10% and 37%. In conclusion, the main compound suspected of causing acute toxicity inD. magnaand acute/chronic toxicity inR. sativusis the ammonium. The findings suggest the need the ammonium treatment prior to the agricultural reuse of swine slurry given the high risk to contaminate the aquatic environment by runoff and toxicity of sensitive plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need to study variability and divergence for horticultural traits in temperate radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) to develop new cultivars for commercial cultivation in Himachal Pradesh. The study was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, India, during the months of September–January in 2009–2010. Plant material consisted of 35 temperate environment radish genotypes. Observations were made on plant emergence, days to marketable maturity, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, root color, root shape, root/top ratio, root length, root diameter, average root weight, crown diameter, dry matter, and contents of total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total sugar, and fiber. Genotype affected all characters. Genotype CGN-17290 had 51% more yield over the check ‘White Icicle’ and performed better for plant emergence, days to marketable maturity, leaf length, leaf width, root/top ratio, root length, dry matter, average root weight, and fiber content. Genotypes CGN-23811, CGN-11997, and CGN-11994 performed better than the check for total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and total sugar. High coefficients of variability (phenotypic and genotypic) were found for root length, average root weight, total soluble solids, root/top ratio, fiber content, and total sugar, indicating close association between phenotype and genotypes. High heritability (h 2), with moderate to high coefficients of variability, and genetic gain were recorded for all characters except plant emergence and days to marketable maturity, indicating a role of additive gene action for their inheritance and the possibility of improvement through selection. There was moderate genetic divergence among genotypes. Genotypes could be grouped into four clusters. The highest intercluster distance was between clusters II and IV, and hybridization between entries in these clusters can be utilized for developing transgressive segregants in subsequent generations. Variety CGN-17290 appeared to be the best genotype, followed by ‘CGN-23811’, ‘CGN-11997’, and ‘CGN-11994’, for yield and quality characters of temperate radishes and can be used in breeding programs to improve yield and quality of temperate radishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raphanus sativus, a common cruciferous vegetable has been attributed to possess a number of pharmacological properties. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of R. sativus root extracted with solvents of varying polarity were evaluated using different model systems. Polyphenolic content was estimated to be in the range 13.18–63.54 mg g−1 dry weight, with a considerable amount being obtained with polar solvents. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated the presence of an array of polyphenolics. Catechin was found to be the most abundant phenolic compound in water extract and sinapic acid, the predominant phenolic compound in methanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts. The methanolic extract showed significant ferric reducing ability, moderate metal chelating activity and strong radical scavenging activity. The methanolic extract could be successfully utilised as an ingredient in functional foods. However, water extract could be more pertinent to human nutrition as it contained a significant amount of catechin, which was comparable to traditional sources like green and black tea. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of this work was to search out the probable molecule behind the activation of broad spectrum resistance during abiotic elicitors such as arachidonic acid, cupric chloride, chitosan, isonicotinic acid and salicylic acid mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR) in Raphanus sativus L. The elicitor compounds were sprayed on the radish leaves of healthy plant and after 24 h incubation a significant increase of β-1,3 glucanase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenolics as well as a remarkable increase of nitric oxide (NO), a probable potent defense-signaling molecule in plant, was observed. Furthermore, treatment of the host with NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, also induced the same defense molecules. The results suggests that NO might be the signaling molecule during abiotic elicitor mediated ISR induction in the host system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Many plants have been explored scientifically and systematically and claimed to be useful for the treatment of diabetes mellitus by various research groups worldwide. The present study is a further effort in the direction of developing a novel oral antidiabetic agent of high potential with minimal or no side effects. Objective: This study screened the glycemic attributes of Raphanus sativus L. (Brassicaceae) root juice in normal as well as sub- and mild-diabetic models. Materials and methods: The variable doses of 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg kg−1 body weight (bw) of the extract were administered orally to normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced sub- and mild-diabetic rats in order to define its glycemic potential. Glibenclamide was used as a reference drug. Results: The dose of 300 mg kg−1bw was identified as the most effective dose which lowers the blood glucose level (BGL) by 33.4% (p < 0.001) at 6 h during fasting blood glucose (FBG) studies in normal rats. However, the glucose tolerance test (GTT) revealed the maximum reduction of 15.9% (p < 0.001) in BGL at 3 h in normal rats with the same dose, whereas the reduction observed was by 23.8 and 28.3% (p < 0.001) in sub- and mild-diabetic rats, respectively, at the same interval of time. Discussion and conclusion: This evidence clearly indicates that Raphanus sativus root juice possesses good hypoglycemic potential coupled with antidiabetic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydroponics experiment using hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (alpine pennycress) and non-specific accumulator Raphanus sativus (common radish) was conducted to investigate the short-term effect of increasing Cd concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 μM) on metal uptake, chlorophyll content, antioxidative enzymes, and apoplastic bypass flow. As expected, T. caerulescens generally showed better resistance to metal stress, which was reflected by higher Cd accumulation within plant tissues with no signs of chlorosis, or wilt. Glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in fresh leaves were monitored as the plant metal-detoxifying response. In general, both plant species exhibited an increase trend of GR activity before declining at 100 μM likely due to excessive levels of phytotoxic Cd. SOD activity exhibited almost a similar variation pattern to GR and decreased also at 100 μM Cd. For both plant species, fluorescent PTS uptake (8-hydroxy-l,3,6-pyrenetrisulphonic acid) increased significantly with metal level in exposure solutions indicating that Cd has a comparable effect to drought or salinity in terms of the gain of relative importance in apoplastic bypass transport under such stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian white radish pieces were dried to < 10% moisture using a hot air drier, a heat pump drier and a freeze drier, and whole roots were partially dried by salting under pressure with sodium chloride. The level of the primary flavor compound, 4-methylthio-3-trans-butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC), decreased in all treatments. Freeze-dried white radish showed the lowest loss of about 15% MTBITC. Radish dried with hot air and heat pump driers showed increasing MTBITC loss with increasing drier temperature with a lower loss in the heat pump drier at equivalent temperatures with the rate of drying also faster with the heat pump drier. Osmotic dehydration with salt caused a substantial loss of MTBITC with the loss increasing with increasing salt concentration. Use of 5% salt resulted in the lowest loss of MTBITC while achieving an acceptable rate of water loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars are very specific in how they respond to temperature and photoperiod. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate - eight cultivars of radish established at six sowing dates for characters affecting root yield. Analysis indicated that cultivars, dates of sowing and the interaction between cultivars X dates of sowing affected results. On the basis of variety evaluation over sowing dates; 'Pusa Himani' was recommended for Jan. sowing; 'Punjab Ageti' for March and May sowing; 'Punjab Ageti' and 'Pusa Chetki' for July sowing; 'Punjab Safed' for Sept. sowing and 'Mino Early White Long' for Nov. sowing. In the March, May and July sowings, 'Punjab Ageti' performed better likely due to its tolerance to high temperature. Except for 'Pusa Himani', radish varieties evaluated performed poorly when established in January due to pre-mature bolting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite, NZ) and synthetic zeolite (Y, SZ) on salinity and the presence of the harmful salts in the soil were compared on Raphanus sativus L. Nine soil treatments were studied: 1 (control), 2 (NaCl), 3 (Na2SO4), 4 (NZ), 5 (SZ), 6 (NZ + NaCl), 7 (SZ + NaCl), 8 (NZ + Na2SO4), and 9 (SZ + Na2SO4). Five radish seeds were planted in each pot. Each treatment was repeated 10 times. After 50 days under equal conditions some parameters consisting of the number of leaves (NL), total leaf area (TLA), total fresh weight (TFW), total dry weight (TDW), root fresh weight (RFW), air fresh weight (AFW), root dry weight (RDW) and air dry weight (ADW) were determined. Results showed that adding either NZ or SZ to salinic soil (treatments NZNaCl, NZNa2SO4, SZNaCl and SZNa2SO4) increased AFW, TFW and TDW. Using both NZ and SZ in normal soil increased the weight of plants by developing AFW. Further NZ was more effective on soil with NaCl than SZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A putative sulfate transporter gene, RSultr3.2A, was identified from radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The RSultr3.2A gene encodes a polypeptide of 651 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 71 701 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence preserves the common motifs of the sulfate transporters and exhibits a high degree of homology to other plant sulfate transporters. RSultr3.2A was not induced by sulfur starvation and was expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flowers and young pods, suggesting a possible need for the nonregulated and constitutive sulfate transport system of the plant. The RSultr3.2A is a single copy gene in the radish genome. A genomic sequence information corresponding to RSultr3.2A cDNA was found by PCR and sequencing. Comparison of cDNA and genomic sequences revealed that the coding sequence of RSultr3.2A consisted of 12 exons. In addition, another cDNA (RSultr3.2B) from radish young pods was found. As compared with RSultr3.2A, RSultr3.2B encodes a 499 amino acid protein with modifications in the carboxy-terminus. Sequence analysis suggested an occasional donor splicing site mutation (GT to TT) in the RSultr3.2A gene from radish young pods leading to the truncated cDNA RSultr3.2B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassicaceae plants have the potential as part of an integrated approach to replace fumigant nematicides, providing the biofumigation response following their incorporation is not offset by reproduction of plant-parasitic nematodes on their roots. Forty-three Brassicaceae cultivars were screened in a pot trial for their ability to reduce reproduction of three root-knot nematode isolates from north Queensland, Australia: M. arenaria (NQ1), M. javanica (NQ2) and M. arenaria race 2 (NQ5/7). No cultivar was found to consistently reduce nematode reproduction relative to forage sorghum, the current industry standard, although a commercial fodder radish ( Raphanus sativus ) and a white mustard ( Sinapis alba ) line were consistently as resistant to the formation of galls as forage sorghum. A second pot trial screened five commercially available Brassicaceae cultivars, selected for their biofumigation potential, for resistance to two nematode species, M. javanica (NQ2) and M. arenaria (NQ5/7). The fodder radish cv. Weedcheck, was found to be as resistant as forage sorghum to nematode reproduction. A multivariate cluster analysis using the resistance measurements, gall index, nematode number per g of root and multiplication for two nematode species (NQ2 and NQ5/7) confirmed the similarity in resistance between the radish cultivar and forage sorghum. A field trial confirmed the resistance of the fodder radish cv. Weedcheck, with a similar reduction in the number of Meloidogyne spp. juveniles recovered from the roots 8 weeks after planting. The use of fodder radish cultivars as biofumigation crops to manage root-knot nematodes in tropical vegetable production systems deserves further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on salinity and the presence of harmful salts in the soil on Raphanus sativus L. were studied. Six soil treatments were studied: (1) control, (2) NaCl, (3) Na2SO4, (4) natural zeolite, (5) natural zeolite + NaCl and (6) natural zeolite + Na2SO4. Five seeds of radish were planted in each pot. Each treatment had 10 repetitions. After 50 days under equal condition some parameters consisting of number of leaf (NL), total leaf area (TLA), total fresh weight (TFW), total dry weight (TDW), root fresh weight (RFW), air fresh weight (AFW), root dry weight (RDW) and air dry weight (ADW) were determined. Results showed that using clinoptilolite may improve soil quality and increase crop yield. Application of natural zeolite in radish cultivation seems to increase the final product and also retain the harmful salt, such that salts do not pass through the roots to the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization has posed an increasing threat to the environment. Effluents from different industries ultimately find their way into water used to irrigate crops. There is a risk that heavy metals accumulating in these agricultural soils may eventually contaminate the human food chain. Radish, an important vegetable consumed by humans, was selected as the test plant. The cv. Jaunpuri was grown in refined sand supplemented daily for 50 days with complete nutrient solution. On the 51st day pots with plants were separated into three lots, one lot serve as the control and received only the nutrient solution, and in each of two other lots chromium (Cr) as dichromate was added at 0.1 and 0.5 mM to the basal nutrient solution. At 0.5 mM Cr, toxicity symptoms were observed 5-8 days after treatment expressed as reductions in leaf size accompanied by loss of turgor, and old leaves became chlorotic and wilted. Treatment with Cr reduced growth, biomass, concentration of chlorophyll (a and b), relative water content in leaves, iron, phosphorus, sulphur in shoots (leaves and stem plate) and activity of catalase in leaves, but increased the concentration of chromium, iron, phosphorus, sulphur in roots, and increased the activity of peroxidase and acid phosphatase in leaves of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of radish cultivarWK10039(Raphanus sativusL.). The total length of the mtDNA sequence is 244,054 bp, with GC content of 45.3%. The radish mtDNA contains 82 protein-coding genes, 17 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. Among the protein-coding genes, 34 encode proteins with known functions. There are two 5529 bp repeats in the radish mitochondrial genome that may contribute to DNA recombination resulting in at least three different forms of mtDNA in radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]