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Albert Garcia Elena's two books of poetry from 2017, Silur d'amagatotis and Tòtem ordre, constitute an extraordinary aesthetic response to a contemporary situation of permanent crisis. This crisis has many names: among others, global war, the dismantling of the modern state, climate breakdown, the precarization of labor or the full commodification of social and mental life. Garcia Elena's poetry assembles singular objects that lack most of the recognizable components of the genre. The poems have no specific themes, no identifiable subjective voices and no regular formal conventions. Yet these absences do not result from modern encounters with the sublime, the unspeakable or otherness – elements that we still find in two of Garcia Elena's possible precedents from the Catalan tradition, Carles Hac Mor and Carles Camps Mundó. Instead, his poems appear as immanent modulations of words that playfully portray a voice talking to itself about the perplexity of living in a world of groundlessness and disorder. I propose to read this voice in relation to two historical phenomena: the consolidation of globalization as a perpetual present of generalized violence and the chronic condition of the Catalan desire for freedom from the Spanish state. Garcia Elena's ironic but combative, rational but magmatic, poems represent a fresh revitalization of the aesthetic experience in a seemingly postapocalyptic world. They provide a stimulating opportunity to examine the link between aesthetics and politics in the global present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the constant struggle for control over representation between gay people and Francoist state agents. Gay narrations of self did not always involve a negation of Catholic dogma, which was often reinterpreted and incorporated into articulate defenses of homoeroticism. Moreover, transnational networks built on the basis of an insider critique of the Catholic hierarchy's stance on same-sex desires preceded the formation of gay liberation fronts by decades. These networks connected Spanish and Latin American queer communities by virtue of the former's reliance on the latter's access to the publishing and entertainment industries, given the stringent censorship imposed by the Franco regime in Spain. This article focuses on judicial transcripts, photographs, personal correspondence and literary and oral sources to explore how shifting cultural ideals and lived experiences informed each other. Thus, I argue that the discrepancy between the state-enforced view of homosexuality as a set of purely physical ("putrefied") practices leading males to cave to their lowest predatory instincts and people's erotic and affective lived experiences reveals how queer communities were able to articulate dissident discourses at the interstices of homophobic institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent rise in Spain of mixed unions between people born in different countries has brought about a significant increase in the number of multiethnic and multiracial individuals in the country. However, no research currently exists in Spain on the life experiences and identity processes of these mixed-parentage youth. Drawing on 124 in-depth interviews, this article examines the narratives of ethnoracially mixed descendants from diverse backgrounds in Catalonia, Spain. Our results show that identity processes and experiences of being mixed are very heterogeneous and multifaceted, and that some individuals have more choices, versus constraints, when navigating mixedness. A crucial factor affecting these outcomes is visibility – i.e. visible markers of difference from the native society, such as phenotype, language, or religious affiliation. We find that while ethnoracially mixed individuals who have more outer characteristics shared with the native majority population can develop more advantageous, symbolic, and malleable identities, individuals whose heritage involves an ancestry that is negatively minoritised within the country of residence experience greater identity mismatch, stigmatisation, and discrimination. This finding is at odds with the 'postracial' or 'colour-blind' future that might ostensibly be heralded by an ever-growing Spanish population of mixed individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies women's participation in the struggle against the dictatorship in Spain (from 1960 to 1975). Drawing on life stories of women activists from el Marco de Jerez, it examines their repertoires of actions, their frames, and the lack of recognition from both academic and political spheres. A Gramscian approach and the perspective of hegemonic masculinity contribute to explain how women organized, how represented their collective action, and why their memories have been silenced. The theoretical approach has helped to identify relations of hegemony within feminist studies and political movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the importance of Islamic religious education in public schools in Spain as an instrument in the prevention and fight against violent radicalisation. In this article, we examine the legal status of Islamic religious education and the latest regulations on Islamic religious education that emphasise the fight against Islamist terrorism. We also study the regulation of teachers of Islamic religious education and their role in the counter-narrative required to deter the message of Islamist terrorists and prevent violent radicalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes the term 'naval elites' in order to provide a new interpretation of social change in the eighteenth century from a comparative perspective. Naval elites, a social group formed by a part of the naval officer corps and midshipmen, are here defined as a historical instrument, the particular and intriguing features of which may be useful in the revision of some perspectives on social change. In particular, the authors analyse shifting power relationships through the reconsideration of naval patronage and bureaucracy, revisit the process of naval professionalization and the transformation of the concept of merit, and suggest that naval elites embodied new notions of social distinction and exclusiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalan young adults have found themselves as prominent actors in important social, political and economic changes that Catalonia is currently experiencing. How are their life goals related to these events? We explore self-oriented, prosocial and change-oriented life goals and their expected social benefits among 160 Catalan university students who completed an online survey. Mean differences between highly and scantly change-oriented students were strong in their endorsement of prosocial life goals and mild in self-oriented life goals. Linear regression found modest predictive value for students’ expectations of producing social benefits based on prosocial and change-oriented life goals, but not self-oriented life goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a new critical tool through which to analyze discursive production infin-de-sigloSpain. Considering the cognitive transformations triggered by industrialization, it examines the conceptual models that intellectuals and artists used to evaluate social and economic problems. I propose that the industrial economy, particularly in its emphasis on the human capacity to transform reality through energy and work, produced a new logic that permeated the ways in which literary, political and social discourses of the period appropriated scientific frameworks concerning the material changes of modernization. The article demonstrates how the metaphor of the foundry came to operate as a central element of late nineteenth-century diagnoses and prescriptions concerning Spanish society. It does so by interrogating two public interventions by physicist and educator Laureano Calderón, which demonstrate that industrial, scientific and technological models determined the strategies of representation used to evaluate the most urgent problems of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

International migration has become a highly relevant issue over the last decade. In this paper, we study the homeownership and living conditions of the immigrant population in Spain in a period of economic growth. In particular, we analyse the decisions for tenure, quality of housing and the overcrowding rate. Additionally, we test the hypothesis that the behaviour connected to these decisions is divergent among immigrants according to their country of origin. Using data from the National Immigrant Survey, we found that economic factors and immigration-specific variables are strong predictors of the tenure and quality of housing. Individual characteristics and family structure are the main determinants of overcrowding. The results showed differences in immigrant behaviour by country of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The novelistic production related to the 2008 financial crisis has been partially studied from the lens of the label of “literatura de la crisis.” In this article, I analyze the complex and essential transformations suffered by literary writing practices in contemporary Spain where ill attention has been devoted to the social, political, and aesthetic implications of neoliberal globalization in rural areas. Departing from a thorough conceptualization of the notion of “literatura de la crisis” and its paradoxical impact over the most recent literary production, I study the rural discourse and the emerging academic challenges for the assessment of the rural experience in literary works. In conclusion, I set the main principles for the development of a transposable model of textual analysis that will shed new light on the cultural representation of the rural sphere in the aftermath of the 2008 financial recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines 3 of Carmen Martín Gaite’s texts that unfold in New York: her posthumously published collage notebookVisión de Nueva York(2005), the poem “Todo es un cuento roto en Nueva York” (1983) and the short novelCaperucita en Manhattan(1990). Through the critical lenses of Lefebvre, de Certeau, Baudrillard, Wilson and others, this paper explores how Martín Gaite depicts women’s spatial practice, as they make their way out of interior spaces to access urban space. By focusing on collages inVisión de Nueva Yorkthat contain windows or personal photographs, one can observe that, as time passes, the author’s assemblages communicate an increased sense of belonging after her initial anxiety about inhabiting a new city. Connections can be drawn among specific pages ofVisión de Nueva Yorkand the poem “Todo es un cuento roto en Nueva York”, where it is possible to see how the author develops ideas that she will later use inCaperucita en Manhattan. Scholars to date have paid little critical attention to Martín Gaite’s poetry, and this study attempts to fill in this gap by analyzing a poem that can be read as a precursor to her short novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay proposes that Jesús Moncada’sCamí de sirga(The Towpath) depicts the social as a complex assemblage composed of a vortex of interfacing subcomponents. The novel fictionalizes the final half-century of Mequinensa, an Aragonese town flooded due to the construction of the Riba-roja reservoir. I argue thatCamí de sirgagrants two natural objects – the Ebre River and lignite coal – a vibrant agency that by turns territorializes and deterritorializes Mequinensa’s modes of collective being. In this way, the Ebre and coal are both natural and cultural at once and mimic the function of what Michel Serres termed “quasi-objects”. Through its emphasis on the mediating function of quasi-objects,Camí de sirgashows that any ontology of place must consider the agentive possibilities of nonhuman elements to explain what motivates and inflects social association. In addition, the essay will draw upon Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of assemblage to show how a close examination of a small town on thefranja d’Aragóilluminates macro-processes of transformation, such as Franco’s hydro-modernization of the Spanish landscape from the 1950s onwards, as well as the evolving relationship between war, revolution and fossil-fuel production earlier in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is concerned with the ways in which the social, political and economic aftermath of the 2007–2008 global financial crisis has shaped small-scale, independent film- and video-making in Spain, specifically by LGBTQ artists. Exploring two autonomous author–producer–agencies – Emociones Produce/WeShoot Agencia Visual/Juanma Carrillo and Volando Vengo-Moviethinking/Rut Suso – it considers their strategies in relation to processes of austerity and attrition, circa 2012 to 2016. The main concern is with alterations in forms of expression in a directly visual sense but also in forms of professional survival; detailed analysis of these aspects is undertaken in order to nuance understandings of the cultural effects of crisis and post-crisis in Spain. The essay covers both niche queer video and the imagery of social and commercial entrepreneurialism. Where Emociones Produce/Carrillo’s work is marked by the image of the vulnerable body and a mood of disruption, the varied image work of Volando Vengo-Moviethinking/Suso places commercial and social commitments in a tensive relationship with artistic demands in a bricolage of social-entrepreneurial, creative and pragmatic effects. Attending to crossovers in both case studies between art making, filmmaking and commissioned publicity helps add detail to the map of the processes of crisis and post-crisis in Spain in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain did not experience first- or second-wave feminism simultaneously with its European neighbours due primarily, albeit not exclusively, to the Franco dictatorship (1939–1975). Following the transition to democracy, the twenty-first century media-scape often appears to be firmly committed to the discourse of post-feminism, an adscription that might be construed as a paradigmatic example of cultural and social normalisation. There is, nevertheless, a paradox in undergoing a transition from what we might term pre- to post-feminism; is it possible to disavow and supersede a movement that never genuinely took root? This essay critically interrogates the assumption that Spanish cultural production is committed to post-feminism, focussing on the eight films directed by Spanish women that received general domestic distribution in a twelve-month period commencing in September 2007. I draw upon personal interviews with women filmmakers alongside a general discussion of the films themselves in an attempt to contextualise the on- and off-screen gender(ed) politics of women in front of and behind the camera within both wider socio-broader practices in Spain, and the transnational idiom of (post-)feminism. My hypothesis is that the most compelling cinematic response to the machismo and misogyny of Spanish film and society is to be found in middle-brow melodrama, a genre all too often dismissed by Spanish critics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this joint paper Laura Muñoz Pérez and Trevor Dadson will examine the possibilities women had when participating in the cultural life at court, showing the relationships of patronage between noblewomen, women writers and other writers, and how this was also a way of promotion. Tied in with this will be an examination of the role of noblewomen in society at large, in particular the fact that they had more power and influence than is usually ascribed to them, especially but not solely if they were widows, when they often ended up running vast estates in the name of their eldest son (if they had one). Also, as ladies at court (‘damas de la reina’) these noblewomen had another form of influence, as they often acted as the eyes and ears of their fathers, brothers and husbands. The largely female court established around the Empress María of Austria in the Descalzas Reales in the early seventeenth century has been the subject of study, but the royal court under Philip III and Philip IV and the powerful women there still requires attention. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Gender differences in mobility patterns between women and men have long been acknowledged. This study analyses how these differences are reproduced in different urban and rural contexts. Using mobility data from a large travel survey taken in 2006 in Spain, we examine the differences between gender mobility through age, modal split and trip purposes. Special attention is paid to how territory shapes mobility and how these territorial settings differently affect gendered mobilities. The use of this data source allows the comparison of all trips made by the total population, including all means of transport. By taking a global view on mobility, the uneven relationships that men and women have with different means of transport become more visible. After disaggregating data by age and territorial settings, results show that women are using sustainable transport modes more often than men, and travelling for more diverse reasons. Gender is thus a fundamental variable in understanding modal split and, by extension, transport sustainability, in terms of energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases. From this point of view, we consider women's mobility knowledge and practices – typically related to the most sustainable means of transport – as factors with rising value that could effectively guide public policy in its way to promote more sustainable mobility patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article looks at the process of incorporation, over the last decade, of three ‘new victims’ in the social and political landscape of Spain: stolen babies, detained-disappeared persons, and victims of Francoism. These three figures, while old in historical time, are very new in sociological time, where they even lack a name. To analyze this paradoxical birth, I will posit the idea that the naming, classifying, and categorizing processes that sustain it are not only explained through dynamics that are internal to the field of victims and/or to the management of the recent past in Spain, they are also explained by movements that have to do with changes in the circulation of transnational memories, stemming from new origins—Latin America, and in particular Argentina—and speeding across oceans and eras, down the very recently paved freeway of humanitarian reason. The article combines ethnographic description with the analysis of data obtained from a multidisciplinary and multi-situated fieldwork. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article an analysis is undertaken of Spanish educational discourse during the early years of the Franco regime, from the Civil War (1936–1939) to the establishment of theNuevo Estadoor New State (1939–1943), employing Reinhart Koselleck’s principles of conceptual history. Without totally spurning the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the new regime, this educational discourse constructed an imagined community ofEspaña Nacional(Nationalist Spain) by means of a historical narrative that began with the uprising led by General Franco in July 1936. The discourse sought to recover the importance of the nation’s traditions so as to promote a conceptual and symbolic imaginary that might lead to the re-Christianisation and Hispanisation of society, based firmly on a providential vision of Spain’s history. It rejected the ideas of modern pedagogy in favour of an education based on the essential elements of the fatherland, namely, the Catholic faith and the imperial mission embodied in the idea ofHispanidad(a community of Spanish-speaking peoples), and understood as a spiritual message that would redeem humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Drawing on cultural sociology approaches to the role of narrative and framing in politics, this article explores urban contestations over Muslim face veiling in Spain. We argue that regimes of religious diversity are shaped by the ways that the framing and narrating of rights and culture acquire cultural resonance and political traction in urban society. We find that the meanings attached to the face veil and mobilised in public discourses draw on memories and stocks of knowledge emerging from recent histories of urban society. In order to resonate with broader publics and their sensibilities, actors organise these meanings through storylines and integrate them into narratives. We demonstrate that those in favour of the ban on face veiling were able to construct a coherent and expressive narrative around values of social harmony while simultaneously framing it in the language of rights, which allowed them to influence local media and popular discourse in decisive ways. Arguments against the ban, on the contrary, were mostly based on a much narrower rights-based approach that remained abstract and highly difficult to convert into a narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article engages with the scholarly debate on the supposed negative effect of immigration and diversity, and analyses its effect on two different forms of trust – community trust and generalized trust – in Spain. Our contribution is twofold. First, with census section level data of representative samples of all the Spanish municipalities, we test the propositions that relate greater ethnic diversity to social trust. Second, we address the limitations intrinsic to the crude measurement of diversity of the Herfindahl index with a systematic consideration of multiple alternative indicators of immigration-related diversity. We find evidence of a negative effect of diversity on community trust but none on generalized trust. Hence, our findings lend some support to the recent scholarship that questions that increasing diversity has a “hunkering down” effect. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the existence of a mortality penalty for illegitimate abandoned infants in the Foundling Hospital of Madrid, La Inclusa, during the period 1890–1935, in the context of the mortality experience of the city. A rich dataset on the life histories of all infants abandoned in the city of Madrid (almost 60,000 children), nominally linked to births, has allowed the study of the determinants of mortality of foundlings, newborns in the city, and the study of the determinants of abandonment. Contrary to previous findings, our results for La Inclusa show no evidence of an illegitimacy penalty among foundlings and, in some cases, show even better prospects for them. However, this situation did not reflect the circumstances of the city, as illegitimate infants were both more likely to suffer a neonatal death and to be abandoned. The explanation proposed in this paper is that the health of infants born of wedded couples that ended up resorting to abandonment was possibly poorer than that of those born of single or migrant mothers, as the situation triggering abandonment meant that infants were under very hard conditions, possibly worse than those single women faced in the event of a pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1609, King Philip III of Spain ordered the expulsion from his kingdom of circa 300,000 Moriscos (Muslims forced to officially convert to Christianity). This expulsion marked the end, and failure, of over a century of concerted efforts by both the Spanish government and Catholic Church to assimilate this minority by destroying its culture. This article explores how the fate of the Moriscos was not inevitable but rather the result of an explosive situation in which (1) faith and culture became conflated and (2) the minority came to be perceived as politically disloyal and a threat to the survival of the state and Church. It draws parallels with the current situation of Muslim communities in contemporary Europe to highlight the similarities between them and to sound a cautionary warning to all Europeans, whatever their creed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the career of Andrés Laguna, a Segovian physician, whose published works were conceived more as part of a strategy to improve his social position, than with a view to making a mark in the field of Renaissance Humanism. It is drawn from a wider analysis of the position of the converso in Spain in the sixteenth century which looks at the assimilationist trajectory of the second generation of conversos after the 1492 decree of expulsion, and takes Laguna as representative of those who, rather than choose exile, strove to assimilate with the literate elite of Spanish Christian society. The imperative for Laguna was to lay claim to the most advantageous position he could, and, instead of using his medical skills, as his father had done to make himself useful to the local Bishop, Andrés used the philological tools gleaned from a Humanist education to ingratiate himself with the cultural elite. He did so not just out of a desire for financial reward, but also for social elevation, professional recognition and for the protection which closeness to people in power afforded someone like him, who bore the mancha of a Jewish heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the significance of ‘la cuestión femenina’ in La España Moderna (1889–1914). This prestigious cultural review, directed by José Lázaro Galdiano, sought to educate its readers about women, encouraging them to reflect upon their current situation and future role in Spanish society. The variety of articles published was impressively diverse, ranging from pieces on legal concerns, female criminals, scientific theories on women's inferiority and their situation in countries like Turkey and Japan. In publishing controversial articles by important feminists, including Emilia Pardo Bazán, Concepción Arenal and Adolfo Posada, the review proved to be fearless and advanced. However, Lázaro did not attempt to impose a single line of thought upon his readers and, to counterbalance such forward-looking views, the review also published articles by those who believed that feminismo was responsible for ‘la decadencia del hogar’. ‘La cuestión femenina’ was also presented in different genres, such as short stories and dictionaries, thereby making it more ‘digestible’ for those hostile to the topic. The role of the publication, thus, was to educate readers during the fin de siglo about all aspects of ‘la cuestión femenina’ in order to enable them to decide for themselves where their sympathies lay. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article studies the determining factors of gender composition of the boards of large Spanish companies and presents a method to predict it. For this purpose, a multivariate analysis is run to identify the differences in the characteristics between firms without female directors and firms with two or more female directors or one female director if she is the chief executive officer (CEO) or chair. This research analyzes women's participation on Spanish boards in a period prior to the introduction of voluntary measures to boost female participation, so its results are not influenced by that development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

AntonioBuero Vallejo (1916-2000) was a relentless critic of the Franco regime who commented on Spanish society in his theatre, both under Franco and after the dictator's death. With his activos and contemplativos, Buero created some of the greatest male characters in the Spanish theatre, and he captured the tragedy of a divided Spain by staging the dilemmas of individuals struggling to face both their own limitations and those imposed by society. Although Buero claimed that 'la mitad mejor del genero humano es la femenina' (de Paco, 1987), the world of his dramas, like the society reflected within them, is a patriarchal one and his depiction of women, particularly in the early plays, was often both romanticized and stereotyped. Noteworthy, however, is the shift that takes place in his later works, which feature female characters who, rather than figures defined by their relationships with men, are more complex individuals, capable of independent thought and action. This article explores the changing portrayal of women in the works of one of the most important dramatists of twentieth-century Spain and comments on how Buero's plays capture the shifting status of women in Spanish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the photojournalistic practices of framing immigrants as 'others' in newspapers in Greece and Spain. Photographs are capable of transmitting ideologically charged messages in subtle ways and influencing the reception and interpretation of news, regardless of the accompanying text. Drawing on framing theory and using content analysis, this study focuses on images as text loaded with cultural meaning. Findings show that press photographs use certain techniques to frame immigrants as 'others', such as depiction in groups with limited social interaction with members of the local populations, spatial distance, lack of a symbolic communication with the viewer and depiction of expressionless faces. The practice of framing immigrants as 'others' not only reflects the dominant ideology towards them in the receiving societies, it further confirms, fixes and consequently eternalizes their perception as outsiders, as corpus alienum that cannot be incorporated in the receiving society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically assesses the debate surrounding Juan Linz's famous depiction of the Franco regime as an example and point of departure for conceptualising authoritarianism as a distinct type of nondemocratic political regime. It analyses the strengths and weaknesses of six main objections to Linz's framework and account: (1) the objection to his use of an abstract ideal-typical framework; (2) the objection to his depiction of the absence of ideology; (3) the objection to his account of the sources of apathy and forms of social control; (4) the objection to his description of the form and extent of the regime's limited pluralism; (5) the objection based on the allegedly legitimating function of his description; and (6) the objection to his account of the rule of law in the regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of heroin in the "movida madrileña," or the urban culture of a Spain recently liberated from decades of dictatorship, in the 1980s through an analysis of the song "Princesa" by Spanish singer and poet Joaquín Sabina. It explains that the song, about a drug addict who robs a pharmacy in search of any substance that will alleviate her chronic heroin habit, shows that love is not enough to overcome drug addiction. The article notes that allusions to the libertine urban life of this period appear in other Spanish artistic genres as well, including the writings of Spanish author Luis Antonio de Villena and Spanish filmmaker Pedro Almodóvar.

The article focuses on the Spanish pilgrimages to Germany which were carried out for Nationalist Spain to conform to the New Order created by the Falangists and Naziphiles. It mentions that the Nationalist Spain aims to imitate and adapt German National Socialism to the conditions of Spain as well as to achieve partnership with Germany. Such partnership is expected to help Spain regain its world leadership position and established an expansion of its territorial and cultural empire. It also cites the pilgrimage of José Antonio Primo de Rivera to Germany in May 1934 which was then followed by other Falangist leaders.

1898 marked a crucial point in the end of the nineteenth-century Spanish crisis. The military defeat ending the Spanish-American War was seen as proof that the country was in terminal decline. With the ideals of regeneration spreading throughout Spanish society, the State became more interested in supporting and sponsoring science and technology, as well as in creating a modern educational system. The resulting reforms reflected this strong interest in scientific education, and consequently, the first decades of the twentieth century saw a turning point in the development of science and technology in Spain. Some recent papers have discussed various initiatives taken by Spanish governments, particularly in the creation of new official institutions. Such institutions played an important role in the development of science and technology, but their activity in the promotion of scientific education was very limited. However, other governmental initiatives were taken in order to develop this area, particularly focusing on the acquisition of scientific instruments. Scientific instruments were needed not only to improve Spanish scientific research but also to improve the teaching of experimental sciences. These instruments were specifically adapted for use by students. This paper aims to present some of the lesser-known individuals and firms who, in the new social and cultural context, provided scientific instruments for educational centres in order to meet the increasing demand for this material in Spanish educational institutions during these years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain is one of the largest and most successful powers in international youth football, but this success has not extended to the national team. This lack of continued success seems to indicate a loss of potential. The relative age effect has been detected in football in many countries. Understanding the extent of this bias in the youth teams of Spanish elite clubs may help to improve selection processes and reduce the waste of potential. Comparisons between players from: the Spanish Professional Football League, all age categories of these clubs' youth teams, the Under-17 to Under-21 national teams, the national team, and the Spanish population, show a constant tendency to under-represent players from the later months of the selection year at all age groups of youth and Under-17 to Under-21 national teams. Professional and national team players show a similar but diminished behaviour that weakens with ageing, which suggests that talent identification and selection processes can be improved to help better identify potential talent early on and minimize wasted potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the social implications of exhibiting objects relating to the horrors of war as it relates to the political history of Spain. It states that the exhibition "Heroic Defence of Leningrad" was created to commemorate the siege of this military stronghold. The exhibition gained permanent status as the Museum of the Defence of Leningrad in January 1946. Relative to this, it also states that most of the discussions of the political history of contemporary Spain are focused with doing justice to the forgotten voices and victims, which includes the controversial concern of the exhumation and identification of bodies in mass graves.

Building on the most important theoretical tools from the literatures on social movements and nationalism, we propose a model of the intensity of nationalist political behavior in which a community's means, motives, and opportunities assume the central roles in the initiation and escalation of nationalist contentious politics. We then test this model using multinomial logit on original data from the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain over a twenty-year period. The results demonstrate that the means, motives, and opportunities assume vital, yet nonlinear, roles in determining a community's level of electoral, violent, and nonviolent contentious activity. The findings also show that there are crucial differences in what accounts for the moves to electoral contention, to protest, and to rebellion. Several of these factors are uniformly escalatory on the intensity of contention - especially repression, social mobilization, and regime change - while others, most importantly democracy, have a moderating effect on the generation of conflict. The results further imply processes of a diffusion of rebellious activities and of an organizational-level substitution effect between violent and nonviolent forms of political behavior. At the aggregate community level, however, escalation in contention involves a "cumulative effect" rather than a classic "substitution effect." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important role of football in Spanish society is widely accepted and many studies have been produced on the political significance of the deporte rey in contemporary Spain. This essay aims to examine this significance in a broader socio-cultural framework in order to analyse the real power that football and the footballing world wield in Spanish life. After an historical overview of football in Spain, the essay investigates the contemporary phenomena of Spanish football such as the rise of working-class club presidents and the birth of 'national' teams from the Spanish regions in order to assess whether these phenomena mirror trends and movements in mainstream Spanish society. The essay concludes by examining whether this evolving role of football in Spain may be operating as a virtual socio-cultural barometer of society with football beating far closer to the pulse of contemporary Spain than is currently considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The children of immigrants have lately become news in several European countries, where there is growing concern that their poor integration is caused by a lack of economic and social oportunities. Although Spain has only relatively recently become an immigration country, and thus the second generation is still rather small in number and only just now coming of age, there is a growing need to know what is happening to it. This article looks at the situation of the 1.5 and second generations of Moroccan, Dominican and Peruvian origin in Spain. It reports survey data collected in Madrid and Barcelona amongst 14-25-year-old young people from these three ethnic groups. The findings show that opportunities and achievements for the second generation in the spheres of education and labour are below those of their native peers; their situation only slightly improves compared to that of their parents. However, the survey data also show that there are considerable differences in educational and occupational outcomes between the three groups. The Peruvian performance is particularly poor. This is all the more surprising because their starting position and integration strategy appear to be more favourable than those of both Dominicans and Moroccans. Differences in family structure and ethnic group cohesion could well be at the root of the problem. Further study is needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the literary contributions of Juan R. Lodares' on the sociological analysis of the theory of cultural differentiation. His work describes the culture of the linguistic community called catalan in Catalonia, whose main language of communication was catalan. The article concludes that in the present situation there is a serious linguistic conflict with catalans against immigrants and catalan-speakers against spanish speakers.

The article focuses on the issue of gay marriage in Spain. Under the administration of President Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero, new legislation that would recognize and rule on the right to marriage for same-sex couples came into force. The law tries to develop the principles of equality and ideological freedom. If found opposition in some of the most conservative sectors of Spanish society. One of those, the Spanish Catholic Church, launched a campaign to defend the sanctity exclusive to heterosexual marriages.

Some of the main political and social processes taking place in Spain during the 19th century are analyzed in this article, with the intention of opening the debate on certain explanations that historians have taken for granted or have regarded as key to the evolution of modern Europe. It focuses on three dimensions of the historiography on the subject: the legacy of the “Ancien Regime” in modern societies, the formation of the nation-state during the 19th and 20th centuries, and the characteristics and implications of Europe's diverse political cultures. Spain in the 19th century was not characterized by a hybrid socio-political order. Rather, it emerged from a revolutionary liberal movement that proved strong enough to overcome the power of the monarchy. Only after the experience of the “Sexenio revolucionario” did the state confirm the validity of liberalism and recognize its influence over the Spanish masses. Finally, the author calls for scholars to approach the history of Spain with less unilateralism and more interest in the dialogue between social history and the analysis of political discourse.

Points out that Al Qaeda as an organization has learned and adapted its structure and strategy to combat measures implemented to destroy it after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Reliance on associated groups for survival; Development of greater discipline and operational security; Increasing vulnerability of Europe to terrorist attack, as demonstrated by the March 11, 2004 Al Qaeda attacks in Madrid, Spain.

This article examines an obscure custom found in Iberian ethnography: that of having one's eldest children serve as godparents for their own youngest siblings, starting with the seventh. The paper's main working hypothesis is that this custom is to be understood in the context of underlying conceptions that fairytales convey in a symbolical guise. The argument highlights the relationship of examined notions with the "Dragon Slayer" theme, to bring out stable themata concerning ontological complexity and metamorphosis, in the light of which the Iberian custom is interpreted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the cultural, social and political implications of the execution of thirteen women who belonged to the Juventud Socialista Unificada in Madrid, Spain in 1939. Political and social conditions; Prevalence of violence and terror; Participation of women in politics and society.

The article looks at the relationship between family and employment from the perspective of working mothers. In a context of increasing convergence of women's activity all over Europe what makes a difference between countries is the extent to which women's new roles in paid work are being acknowledged through new practices in the family, social policies, perceptions and symbols. The concept of strategy is used as an analytical tool to understand how women manage their double role in everyday life. Working mothers' strategies to cope with both worlds can be considered as an indicator of the social recognition of women as workers. This hypothesis is examined taking the case of Spain as an example of an extreme contradiction between the new position of women in the labour market and the traditional social organization that does not seem to be concerned by the change. Spanish working mothers, most of them working full time, are developing a wide range of private, individual strategies to make their jobs compatible with family responsibilities. The main strategies are based on substitute mothers, who are either relatives - very often the mother of the working mother - or somebody hired to take care of the children. These kind of strategies raise, among other questions, the issue of the extent to which the organization of domestic life continues to be based on the traditional gendered family or if they can be a model for the future. Complementary strategies to do with the organisation of time, reducing distances between home, work and school, collective childcare and the help of men are also studied, as well as extreme strategies - taking the children to work or leaving them alone at home - and indirect strategies like delaying and reducing the number of children. Primary sources of information, both qualitative and quantitative are used, based on six discussion groups, twenty-five in-depth interviews and a 1,200 cases survey representative of Spanish working mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the history of politics and the society in Valencia, Spain. Level of revolutionary radicalism; Policy of economic self-sufficiency; Social structure transformations.

Discusses the social and political aspects of liberalism in Spain from 1808 to 1844. Actions of the political groups; Reformulation of political attitudes; Division of political power.

Investigates the importance of Liberal Revolution for the social history of Valencia, Spain. Social and political mobility; Instances of political disruption; Characteristics of a capitalist society.

Examines the labor power, social and economic differentials and adaptive strategies of peasant households in stem-family regions in Spain. Differences between the stem family and the nuclear family; Influence of the size of farms and the existence of adaptive strategies closely related to wealth on family behavior patterns.