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AbstractNanoliposomes are drug delivery systems that improve bioavailability by encapsulating therapeutic agents. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nanoliposomal (NL) formulation on enhancing the bioavailability of essential oil. The essential oil of Satureja hortensis (SHO) was encapsulated in nanoliposomes (SHNLs). Physicochemical characterizations of NL formulations (size, charge, polydispersity index [PDI]) were evaluated by dynamic light scattering technique. The nanoliposome encapsulation efficiency (EE) was calculated as 89.90%. The prepared bionanosystems demonstrated significant antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC as determined by the agar diffusion method and microdilution tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for SHNLs were found to be 5.187 µg/µL for E. coli and 2.59 µg/µL for both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Importantly, despite the lower substance content, both SHNLs and SHO exhibited comparable antibacterial activity against all tested strains. Furthermore, in order to determine the toxicity profile and possible effects on DNA damage or repair both the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of SHNLs were assessed using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) method in human lymphocyte cultures. The experimental data collectively indicate that the NL formulation of the S. hortensis essential oil enhances antibacterial activities and provides genoprotective effects against DNA damage. This highlights the significance of liposomal formulations of antioxidants in augmenting their biological activity. The results indicate that SHNLs can be a safe antibacterial agent for the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of plant shading (covered by pearl shade nets with a 40% shade index or nonshading plants from open field) on the content and composition of essential oils extracted from summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) during the flowering stage cultivated under the ecological conditions of Serbia. The summer savory essential oil (SSEO) was extracted by Clevenger hydrodistillation. According to the GC/MS analysis of the SSEO, twenty-five and twenty-six components were detected in the non-shaded and shaded plants, respectively. The yield of SSEO from non-shaded plants was 1.64%, while SSEO from plants covered by shade nets was 1.76%. Carvracol (48.7–53.25%) and γ-terpinene (32.7%–36.8%) were found to be the main components in SSEO, followed by p-cymene (3.4%-3.2%), α-terpinene (2.9%-3.5%) and limonene (1.9-1.3%). In the DPPH assay, SSEO showed an IC50 of 0.99 μg mL−1 in shaded and an IC50 of 1.01 μg mL−1 in non-shaded plants. Additionally, SSEO exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (44.3–48 mm inhibition zone), Bacillus subtilis (34.7–41.0 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.3–29.0 mm) and Proteus vulgaris (21.0–24.3 mm). A possible practical application of this study would be to grow summer savory at higher plant densities, or as an intercrop, because it does not require too much light for production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on biochemical parameters and secondary metabolite accumulation in Summer Savory under field conditions. The dry seeds of Summer Savory (with a moisture content of 12%) were exposed to gamma radiation at the doses of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy. Non-irradiated seeds (0 Gy) were used as control. Our findings showed that gamma radiation at low doses (20–40 Gy) had no effect on biochemical parameters and secondary metabolites accumulation in S. hortensis. These parameters are steadily and significantly increased by raising gamma irradiation doses from 40 to 100 Gy. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, anthocyanin, and total phenolic and flavonoid content were observed in 80 and 100 Gy treatments. Plants exposed to 80 and 100 Gy treatments accumulated the maximum amounts of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of S. hortensis essential oil revealed that gamma radiation significantly alters its components. Carvacrol, α-Pinene, and α-Thujene levels raised dramatically compared to control with an increase in gamma irradiation dose from 20 to 100 Gy, while Thymol and α-Terpinene levels lowered. Our results showed that treatment of Summer Savory seeds with gamma radiation at 80 and 100 Gy doses could significantly be raised biochemical parameters and secondary metabolites accumulation under field conditions. The current study showed that gamma irradiation could be used as a pre-sowing elicitor to improve the quantity and quality of phytochemicals in Summer Savory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the expansion of nanoparticles as antimicrobial and anticancer agents is one of the most exciting methods for cancer therapy and microbial diseases that can vanquish the problems of drug resistance. In this research, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was stated using Summer Savory extract. Moreover, these AgNPs by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, PSA, and zeta potential analysis were characterized, and by antimicrobial and anti-cancerous performance was evaluated. The maximum absorption peak at 472 nm by UV-Visible spectra confirmed the formation of Ag nanoparticles. The results obtained by FT-IR determined the presence of organic compounds such as amines, alkenes, alcohols, phenols, which performed significant roles in the fixating of these nanoparticles. The results obtained from FESEM, EDX, PSA, and Zeta Potential Analysis revealed that synthesized AgNPs had a hexagonal structure with a size ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The antimicrobial properties of the synthesized AgNPs were examined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, and Minimum Fungal Concentration against five microbial strains included Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results demonstrated that biosynthesized AgNPs had the most antimicrobial activity, especially against E. Coli. The anti-cancerous results of these nanoparticles through MTT assay demonstrated exceptional anticancer effects against K-562 and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines with IC50 values 50 and 200 µg/ml, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Algerian essential oil (EO) extracted by hydro-distillation from Satureja hortensis L. (S. hortensis) was characterised by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). S. hortensis (summer savory) was chemotype carvacrol (54.2%) and γ-terpinene (21.1%). In its second part, the present study was conducted to evaluate in vitro, antioxidant activity of savory EO using the 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH•) free radical scavenging assay. Finally, the EO was screened for biological activities in liquid whole eggs (LWE). The ability of savory EO to scavenge the free radical (DPPH∙) was very high, exceeding 80%. The long-term oxidative and microbial stability of LWE was positively influenced by EO treatments, increasing the shelf life to more than eight (> 8) days under refrigeration. Therefore, the results obtained in this work confirm savory EO treatment as a promising technology to extend the commercial shelf life of liquid egg products, as well as to maintain the quality of LWE as ingredient in innovative food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate savory (Satureja hortensis L.) powder (SP) and savory methanol extract (SE) levels on ileal microbial population when fed to 1-day-old to 6-week-old broiler chicks. A total of 225-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments with 3 replicates and fed for 42 days. Treatments included no supplement (control), 1.0% and 2.0% SP in feed, 50 and 100 ppm SE in drinking water. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and means were separated using Tukey's pairwise method. The results showed that including 1.0% or 2.0% SP in broiler feed or 50 and 100 ppm SE in the drinking water significantly (P < .05) reduced the ileal Escherichia coli population when compared to birds receiving the control treatment. The ileal Lactobacillus population was significantly (P < .05) greater from birds receiving the 50 and 100 ppm SE treatments when compared to birds receiving the control treatment. Furthermore, there were no significant effects on ileal E. coli and Lactobacillus populations among the four treatments of savory. The results revealed that SP or SE can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in broiler chicken feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages are among the main cells involved in generation of inflammation. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Satureja hortensis (summer savory), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated J774.1 macrophages were treated with various extracts, and the expression and release of various inflammatory molecules by macrophages were examined. We showed that dichloromethane and hexane extracts reduced nitric oxide (NO) production more efficiently than other extracts. Both extracts decreased gene expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) (<0.44 fold of control), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (<0.29 fold), interleukin (IL)-1β (<0.41 fold), IL-6 (<0.25 fold) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (<0.2 fold). The extracts reduced IL-6 and IL-1β proteins production from macrophages. Surface intensity of expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 decreased to 845 ± 28.1 (dichloromethane) and 715 ± 48.6 (hexane) compared to the control (902 ± 73.1). These findings showed that Satureja hortensis, by influencing macrophages and related mediators, could contribute to reduction of inflammation and might be useful as an anti-inflammatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summer savory essential oil is used as a flavour in food industries, treat various diseases and it has different biological activities. Essential oil production from aromatic plants is one way to utilize arid lands. Ascorbic acid plays an important role in essential oil production under arid lands. Plants subjected to various doses of ascorbic acid control (0.0), 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1. The greatest essential oil contents (0.5 - 0.6%; 79.2 - 100.8 ml Plot-1) were reported under 200 mg L-1 ascorbic acid rate. Twenty three constituents were detected in essential oil isolated under each treatment. Carvacrol and γ-terpinene were identified as major components which increased under ascorbic acid rates. 200 mg L-1 rate resulted in the highest values of major compounds {Carvacrol (46.5%) and γ-terpinene (32.4%)}. 300 mg L-1 rate produced the highest amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MCH, 41.4%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (SCHO, 1.4%). Control rate reported the highest value of oxygenated monoterpene (MCHO, 55.9%) while the highest value of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SCH, 4.8%) was recorded under the rates of 200 or 300 mg L-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies performed with the bioproduct obtained by hydrodistilation ofSatureja hortensis, a Romanian indigenous plant, showed the presence of Tymol (47.18%), o-Cymene (22.38%) and Eucalyptol (7.59%). The bioproduct contains macro and microelements like Ca (42.6 ppm) and Fe (0.001 ppm). Studies regarding antioxidant properties, indicated a total antioxidant activity ranged between 99.4-99.9% for this bioproduct. Biological tests reveal the antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solany (DL50 = 219μL∙L-1), Botrytis allii (DL50 = 175μL∙L-1), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (DL50 = 222μL∙L-1) and Fusarium graminearum (DL50 = 165μL∙L-1). In conclusion, the bioproduct obtained from SH represents a bioproduct with antioxidant and biological activities against some phytopatogens. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Many members of the genusSaturejahave aromatic and medicinal characteristics.Satureja hortensisL. (Lamiaceae) is an Iranian species ofSaturejawhich is well known in Iranian traditional medicine as a remedy for various ailments. In this study, antitumor activity of the essential oil and methanolic extract ofS. hortensiswas investigated. For antitumor activity tests, a potato disc tumor inhibition method was exploited. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanolic extract was also studied by a broth microdilution method and MIC values were determined. The methanolic extract exhibited antitumor activity in a concentration dependent manner but the tumor inhibitory effect was significant (> 20 %) at 1 mg/ml and higher. The IC value of the extract was 1.8 mg/ml. The essential oil exhibited tumor growth inhibition (100 %) at dilutions of 0.001 and 0.0001 (v/v). These results demonstrated thatS. hortensishas beneficial effects by inhibition of tumor growth on potato discs, which is likely due to its terpenes and phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) is one of the most important of twelve species of Iranian Satureja species cultivated in several areas of the country. As a medicinal plant, S. hortensis has been traditionally used as a stimulant, carminative and aphrodisiac. This study reports the essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil extract of aerial parts of Satureja hortensis L. GC-MS analysis identified twenty compounds representing 97.03% of the oil. The main components comprising 70.72% of the oil were γ-terpinene (31.47%), borneol (5.73%), carvacrol (26.78%) and eugenol (6.78%). The samples were screened for their antioxidant activities using 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay methods. γ-Terpinene (11.21± 0.41 µg/ml) and eugenol (11.97± 0.07 µg/ml) showed appreciable antioxidant activity in DPPH test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja myrtifolia (Boiss. & Hohen.) Greuter & Burdeta medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family was collected from south of Lebanon and hydro-distilled by Clevenger method. Essential oil composition from aerial parts was analyzed by GC-MS technique. The odor of essential oil is characteristic, and clear yellow liquid oil was obtained after hydro-distillation. The yield of the essential oil was 1.25±0.02% of dry matter (w/w). Thirty nine volatile components were identified in the Satureja myrtifolia oil, which shows a high amount of hydrocarbons class (57.82±0.1%). Other classes were also identified such assesquiterpene hydrocarbons (12.96±0.1%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (10.65±0.2%), phenolic compounds (10.32±0.1%), acids (5.53±0.1%), and monoterpenes hydrocarbons (2.21±0.1%).In addition, a comparison with the unique study performed on Satureja myrtifolia was also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerial parts of Satureja hortensis L. were collected at flowering stage, dried naturally in a drying room and then submitted to distillation in order to obtain the essential oil. Three distillation methods were applied: hydrodistillation in Deryng-type apparatus, hydrodistillation in Clevenger-type apparatus and water-steam distillation. The isolated oils were analyzed by GC-MS. Carvacrol (62.91-72.19%) and β-terpinene (17.17-21.37%) were the dominating components in the all analyzed oil samples. On the basis of the obtained data it was proved that distillation method had no significant effect on the content of the main S. hortensis essential oil components. However, there were statistically significant differences found for interaction between the concentration of the main oil constituents and the method of distillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jasmonic acid (JA) and its volatile methyl ester (MJ) are regarded as endogenous regulators that play important roles in regulating stress responses, plant growth and development. Salicylic acid (SA) has been identified as an important signaling element involved in establishing the local and systemic disease resistance response of plants after pathogen attack. Growth, oil yield and chemical components ofSatureja hortensisL. grown in greenhouse conditions were investigated. Experimental treatments, included (i) water foliar application, (ii) water + ethanol foliar application, (iii–v) 50, 100, and 200 ?L JA and (vi–ix) 50, 100, and 200 M SA. The hydro-distilled oil yields of studied treatments ranged between 0.74 and 0.91 mL/100 g dry matter. The major components of the oil were carvacrol, ?-terpinene, (Z)-?-ocimene, ?-pinene, and ?-terpinene. The result indicated that different levels of JA and SA had significant impacts on chemical components ofS. hortensisoils, whereas they had no significant effects on oil yield and dry herbage. Foliar application of 50 ?L SA increased monoterpene hydrocarbons inS. hortensisoil, whereas oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes decreased. Finally, some of secondary metabolites inS. hortensiscould be partially changed by supplementation of different elicitors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Value-added prototypes were developed from summer savory,Satureja hortensisL., harvested at a local farm in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia. The products were essential oil, air-dried spice powder and tisane derived from ‘plant top’ and ‘plant bottom’ material. The ‘plant top’ section represented secondary stem with leaves and flowers and the ‘plant bottom’ section represented primary stem and some secondary stem with leaf material. Samples were analyzed for their essential oil profile and polyphenolic content. Essential oil yields ranged from <0.1 to 1.0 g oil/100 g tissue. Seven compounds were identified in the essential oil profile with the two major compounds, γ-terpinene and carvacrol, representing about 85% of the compounds detected. Aqueous infusions of the tisane-like products contained relatively high amounts of carvacrol while a strong positive correlation (r2=0.9) was observed between carvacrol values and total phenolic content in spice formulations. This study has shown that summer savory grown in Eastern Canada is a good source of essential oil with high carvacrol content (36–49%). Tisane and spice products by air-drying methods are relatively inexpensive to prepare and could potentially command an acceptable value market price. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effect of essential oil ofSatureja hortensisL. on food consumption, biochemical compounds and digestive and detoxification enzymes activity of lesser mulberry pyralid,Glyphodes pyloalisWalker was investigated. The percentage of feeding inhibition was dose dependent. TheS. hortensisessential oil exhibited a significant antifeedant activity at the highest concentration used. The feeding indices such as efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), relative growth rate (RGR) and relative consumption rate (RCR) were decreased compared with the control in fifth instar larvae, while approximate digestibility (AD) index increased significantly. Results showed significant decreases in the amount of protein, lipid, carbohydrates and the activity level of α-amylase enzyme in treated larvae withS. hortensisessential oil. The activity level of detoxifying enzymes such as esterase and glutathione S-transferase were significantly affected byS. hortensisessential oil. The results of this study show high deterrence and antifeedant activity of this essential oil which deserves consideration in integrated pest management program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two aromatic species (Ocimum basilicum L. and Satureja hortensis L.) with different water requirements were submitted to varying water supply, as characterised by different soil water capacities [SWC; control (C), 70% SWC; Stress 1 (S1), 50% SWC; and Stress 2 (S2), 30% SWC] in a growth chamber. The effect of water deficit on the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated at three phenological phases (before flowering, at full-flowering, and after flowering) in both plant species. The results revealed that MDA contents were significantly higher in savory than in basil. However, significant increases in MDA contents, as a consequence of changes in the water supply, were detected only in basil (by 23% and 49% in S1 and S2, respectively). In contrast, SOD activities in control plants showed similar values in both species. Elevated SOD activities were detected in basil and in savory as a reaction to water deficit stress, with maximum SOD activities occurring during full-flowering (3.212 Units mg-1 protein and 2.655 Units mg-1 protein in basil and savory, respectively). We conclude that water deficit stress (to 50% or 30% SWC) may result in increased SOD activities, which were responsible for the decreased levels of superoxide free radicals in both species examined. However, under the conditions used here, enhanced LPO was detectable only in basil, known as a plant with a high water requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of gamma irradiation on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Satureja hortensis, Thymus vulgaris, and Thymbra spicata was evaluated. Plants irradiated in a 60Co irradiator to 0, 1.2, 3.0, and 5.1 kGy at 25°C. Control and irradiated samples were extracted with methanol. The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts was determined using phosphomolybdenum assay and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The total phenolic content in three spices was found to decrease with irradiation except at 5.1 kGy for S. hortensis. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts decreased after irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pure aromatic volatiles p-cymene, carvacrol, eugenol and thymol as well as commercial essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Origanum vulgare, Pimenta dioica, Pimenta racemosa, Satureja hortensis, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris and Trachyspermum ammi were investigated concerning antimicrobial activities. Therefore, these samples and, as reference substances, synthetic antibiotics and the natural antimicrobial components carveol, m-, o- and p-cresol were tested against strains of two Gram-positive and five Gram-negative bacteria and the yeast Candida albicans using agar dilution and agar diffusion methods. The analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oils by means of GC and GC/MS focusing on aromatic volatiles produced the following results: C. zeylanicum: eugenol (74.9%); O. vulgare: carvacrol (66.1%) and p-cymene (9.2%); P. dioica: eugenol (76.0%); P. racemosa: eugenol (45.6%); S. hortensis: carvacrol (41.5%), p-cymene (10.7%) and thymol (8.7%); S. aromaticum: eugenol (76.8%); T vulgaris: thymol (43.4%), p-cymene(23.5%) and carvacrol(4.1%); T. ammi: thymol (43.7%) and p-cymene (17.7%). All investigated aromatic volatiles and essential oils exhibited strong effects against the yeast Candida albicans and medium to strong antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella sp., whereas weaker effects were observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian parsley, Petroselinum crispum, summer savory, Satureja hortensis, sweet marjoram, Origanum majorana, and French thyme, Thymus vulgaris, were evaluated for potential yield in a multiple harvest system during the fall-winter-spring (Nov.-June) 1995-1996 and (Dec.-June) 1996-1997. The herbs were grown with a full-bed polyethylene mulch-micro-(trickle)-irrigation system using two nitrogen and potassium rates (0.68 N & 0.74 K kg•ha-1 •day-1 and 1.8 N & 1.4 8 K kg•ha-1 •day-1 in the 1995-1996 growing season and 1.1 N & 0.9 K kg•ha-1 •day-1 and 2.2 N& 1.8 K kg•ha -1 •day¹ in the 1996-1997 growing season) as fertilizer treatments. Phosphorus was applied pre-plant at 21.3 kg/ha with both nitrogen and potassium rates. Except for summer savory and Italian parsley, yields of the herbs at the two nitrogen and potassium rates were inconsistent in the two seasons. Early (1st harvest) yields of Italian parsley were similar at both fertilizer rates, although parsley yields were higher (P< 0.05) at the higher fertility rate. In the 1995-1996 season, early and total yields of sweet marjoram were higher at the higher fertilizer rate, but in the 1996-1997 season both early and total yields were similar at both of the tested nitrogen and potassium rates. Early yield of thyme in 1995-1996 was similar at both nitrogen and potassium rates, but in 1996-1997 was higher with the higher nitrogen and potassium treatment. Total yields of thyme in both growth seasons were best with the higher fertilizer treatment rate. Residual concentrations of macro- and microelements in the soil at the end of the harvest seasons were similar for both tested nitrogen and potassium rates. Concentrations of macro- and microelemental within each herb were similar with the two fertility rates, although summer savory had relatively high concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn and Italian parsley had a relatively high concentration of Zn in the shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The essential oil isolated from the air-dried leaf/flower fraction of Satureja hortensis L. (family: Lamiaceae) grown in Quedlinburg, Germany, was analysed by GC/FID. Plants were cultivated in summer as well as in autumn. Twelve components were identified, independent of season, among which carvacrol was the main component with a range of 55.3-59.5% in the summer and 55.5-57.9% in the autumn, respectively. γ-Terpinene varied between 30.1-33.8% in the summer and 32.1-33.5% in the autumn. From the other compounds detected, α-terpinene (2.9-3.3%) and pcymene (2.3-3.8%) occurred in notable quantity. With the increase of γ-terpinene in summer cultivation, a decrease of carvacrol was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]