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London experienced rapid urban growth in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with much of its housing built speculatively. These houses have often been regarded as an example of vernacular architecture, made by craftsmen using standard templates, so-called pattern books, without an architect or otherwise professional design. This article investigates the question of who designed these buildings by evaluating a sample of recently catalogued building applications in Richmond between 1886 and 1939. The study sheds new light on roles and relationships in the design of speculative housing of the period, which can be seen as part of a broader process of professionalisation in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the writings of a prominent Canadian nineteenth-century land surveyor and scientist to show the continuity of settler colonial narratives from his time until ours. As a Dominion Lands Surveyor, Otto Julius Klotz (1851–1923) was part of the vanguard of his white-supremacist, expansionistic, industrializing society; a group of front-line invaders who facilitated the taking of land from Indigenous people and nations, and transferred it to mostly white men. Employing a biographical microhistorical approach to settler colonialism, this research examines Klotz's personal diary and the events contained in it. Klotz was able to live the ideals of heteropatriarchal white masculinity and middle-class respectability, and his voluminous, life-long diary demonstrates the ways in which his privilege was actively advanced by dehumanizing others. I show the ways this land surveyor mourned the world he was destroying at the same time as he celebrated the world he was bringing into being, and how this apparent contradiction is central to settler colonialism and anti-Indigenous racism, and is still with us today. I argue that understanding the continuity of settler colonial narratives can help us to better understand our world while we strive to construct decolonial narratives and find ways to reconnect to one another and the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lives and careers of early medical doctors have long been studied, and early women lawyers have been the subject of considerable academic and professional activity particularly in the years leading up to the centenary of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, but comparatively little attention has been paid to early chartered surveyors. This paper introduces Irene Barclay, the first woman to qualify as a chartered surveyor, in 1922. Her family background informed her politics and ethos and her career choice will be set against a consideration of the career options available, the preparation for a professional life laid by Octavia Hill's house manager training system and the development and professionalisation of housing management after Hill's death. Barclay's place in urging and mentoring other women to professional qualification is reviewed, along with the role of professional and women's networks. The paper draws on Barclay's work in the public and private sector (simultaneously) over a career lasting from just after World War I until her retirement in 1972 and finds that, after the opportunities opened from 1919, the progress of women in chartered surveying was, into the twenty-first century, still very slow and continues to be low (with on 15% female in 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the regulation of three aspects of surveying profession namely, agency surveying, cadastral surveying, and valuation surveying in Kenya. The regulation boards are examined in the context of their enabling legislations. All the professions belong to one professional organisation, the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya (ISK), modelled in the like of self-regulation objectives of the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). A review of the practice of professional regulations attempts to assess the level of state control in the regulation of these professions. Paper recommends injection of more self-regulatory culture in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospital accreditation is an external evaluation of a hospital's structures, processes, and results by an independent professional accreditation body using pre-established optimum standards [[5]]. The accreditation committee should manage the process of hospitals' accreditation and provides necessary documents for the accreditation council to decide about the outcome of a hospital' accreditation status. As a result, a hospital that achieves the accreditation status from an accreditation body may not get the approval of another accreditation body. Therefore, some changes in the structure and functions of the accreditation body, accreditation standards, accreditation methods, and surveyors are required to achieve consistency in accreditation results. [Extracted from the article]

This is another dialogue on planning. Its novelty lies in its potency in discovering new cutting edges in planning theory and education by examining the roots of planning in real world practices. This invokes the meaning and necessity of a definition. It recalls that surveyors were bona fide town planners in all former British colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of a new ISO 9001-based healthcare standard by examining the impact of the surveyor (auditor) on adoption outcomes through the lens of the balanced scorecard framework. Using survey data from 88 hospitals that adopted the new standard, the authors illustrate how the surveyor's relationship with staff impacts process outcomes and hospital goal attainment. Supporting the sequential nature of the balanced scorecard perspective, their findings suggest that quality management programs must be grounded with knowledgeable surveyors who serve as a resource to the hospital. These conditions are positively associated with improved operations, enhanced relationships with hospital customers, and overall hospital performance. The surveyor-staff relationship emphasized in this study corroborates recent investigations suggesting there must be goal alignment between accrediting bodies and adopting organizations, and quality improvement impacts organizational goals through a sequential process. The authors also found that the surveyor plays a critical role in educating hospital staff regarding linkages between accreditation standards and hospital goals. Overall, hospital managers reported that adopting the ISO 9001-based standard improved relationships with government, insurance companies, and patients and increased overall performance objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Richard Thornton produced two outstanding large-scale plans of Manchester as the pinnacle of his work as a map surveyor. Yet, like the vast majority of nineteenth-century surveyors, little is known about him. This reflects the fact that most private surveyors were held in very low esteem, although the quality of Thornton's work should have exempted him from any such scorn. His two plans, published in 1832 and 1851, are shown to be valuable and accurate depictions of the rapidly expanding town as it flourished as the groundbreaker of industrialization. Some new evidence about Thornton's life and work has been unearthed, yet even the most assiduous searches have produced relatively little to flesh out his skeletal details. What is clear, however, is that the impact of Thornton's two plans owes much to the respective support of Thomas Bancks - a local bookseller - and Joseph Adshead - estate agent, social campaigner and local politician - both of whom took the risk of publishing and promoting Thornton's surveys in the very uncertain market for commercial maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All countries host informal economies, sometimes even exceeding the size of the formal economy. Living in the informal economy means for citizens that they and their activities are invisible for the government. Governments miss information about which people live in their country and what economically happens. They miss relevant data to develop policies, to monitor implementation and to levy taxes for generating budget. This hampers good governance and state building. This paper analyses the problem, and argues that when surveyors would expand their capacity for administration of land to other recordable subjects and objects, they can contribute to a solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadastre is essential for the sustainable development of modern society. As well, mapping and surveying is one of the most important tasks for surveyors worldwide in order to maintain the Cadastre. This article summarises a recent study conducted by the authors on overall student assessment of learning Cadastre and Remote Sensing. The goal is to highlight which teaching method has better success rate for students. This paper studies the academic outcomes for a total of 286 students divided into two optional courses of Cadastre at higher education for eight academic years. They are analysed through three different educational modalities: face-to-face (FTF), blended and online for one course, and FTF and online for another. In order to deepen the analysis, a model using classification trees (Classification and regression trees, CART) was created. It has been observed that the blended modality is the one that offers worst results in terms of success rate. If we compare exclusively the FTF method to the online one, we can conclude that the latter shows better results in all respects, improving the success rate and increasing the percentage of students who obtain highest marks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the scientific instruments made and used by the microscopist Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). The immediate cause of our study was the discovery of an overlooked document from the Delft archive: an inventory of the possessions that were left in 1745 after the death of Leeuwenhoek's daughter Maria. This list sums up which tools and scientific instruments Leeuwenhoek possessed at the end of his life, including his famous microscopes. This information, combined with the results of earlier historical research, gives us new insights about the way Leeuwenhoek began his lens grinding and how eventually he made his best lenses. It also teaches us more about Leeuwenhoek's work as a surveyor and a wine gauger. A further investigation of the 1747 sale of Leeuwenhoek's 531 single lens microscopes has not only led us to the identification of nearly all buyers, but also has provided us with some explanation about why only a dozen of this large number of microscopes has survived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This biography discusses nineteenth-century English cartographer and surveyor Andrew Bryant, born William Andrewes Bryant on August 23, 1799 to attorney William Bryant and his wife Charlotte Andrewes in Reigate, England. He was responsible for creating thirteen county maps of Great Britain, published between 1822 and 1835, as part of the subscribed "‘British Atlas, or a Series of Maps of the Counties of England and Wales, made from new surveys." He retired from professional pursuits after his mother's death in 1835, married Agnes Jane Sealy in 1853, and died in 1878.

The article presents additional biographical information regarding Elizabethan and Jacobean cartographers and surveyors Christopher Saxton and his son Robert, providing information uncovered since the 1979 publication of the biography "Christopher Saxton, Elizabethan Map-maker" by Ifor Evans and Heather Lawrence. Topics considered include the transfer of family property of the Saxton family, the Saxton family history, and legal settlements involving the Saxtons.

One of the greatest concerns or fears of either survey designers, survey project manager or those relying on survey data for decision-making, is the falsification of data collected in the field. This practice is called curbstoning. Using the Grounded Theory Methodology, I interview 74 quantitative field surveyors in Jamaica to identify the strategies they use to falsify questionnaires. These field surveyors explain and describe curbstoning methods they have used to falsify close-ended and open-ended questionnaires, as well as questionnaires with verification questions. I have suggested several strategies for mitigating each one of these curbstoning methods. This article has significant practical application for how survey designers and survey project managers in all spaces around the world can mitigate against the curbstoning of questionnaires. This article also helps to start discussions on the falsification of emerging methods and tools for quantitative data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An obituary for English surveyor George Stephen Ritchie is presented.

The nine cadastral jurisdictions that function in Australia and New Zealand operate Torrens title systems that offer guaranteed titles to land and which are supported by accurate and reliable land survey data. There is little if any litigation over boundaries as a result of the maintenance of both the survey system and standards of technical and professional competence amongst cadastral surveyors. Statutory boards in each jurisdiction accredit those surveyors who have proven their competence in cadastral surveying and allow their plans to be lodged in their registration system. Such surveyors are also required to renew their accreditation annually (by a licence or registration renewal process) in order to retain that right of access to add to the cadastre. Boards have in place disciplinary processes (Coutts 2008, 2009, 2010a; Coutts and Grant 2009) to deal with complaints that any particular surveyor has acted in a way that demonstrates incompetence, negligence or unethical behaviour with respect to the cadastre. An Accord for mutual recognition of qualified surveyors from each jurisdiction by every other jurisdiction has existed since 1892 that facilitates the exchange and mobility of locally qualified personnel. This paper examines the use that is made of the reciprocal agreement by cadastral surveyors with the appropriate qualifications and the distribution, origins, frequency and nature of disciplinary actions taken in the last decade (2000–2009) by the Boards against surveyors accredited to work within the cadastre, and comments on its effectiveness. It further develops the theme of recent contributions by the author to FIG Commission 1 on the regulation and disciplining of cadastral surveyors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Richard Norwood's two early surveys of Bermuda (1617 and 1663) provide highly detailed evidence of early architecture and settlement patterns in Great Britain's oldest remaining colony. This article analyses shifts in land ownership, residence locations and house forms that occurred during Bermuda's first half-century of colonization. It is argued that Norwood's maps have the potential to reveal the locations of more than 400 early archaeological sites that can tell us much about Bermuda's now lost 17th-century domestic timber-frame architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the various perspectives on the bronze basin known as Solomon's Sea. It states that those who measured Solomon's Sea are surveyors and that they measured wrongly. It cites the different explanations in the volume measurement to a confusion about the Sea's structure and the accounts on how the measurements made based on what had appeared in the Bible. Furthermore, it notes that the chroniclers decided that the diameter and girth measurement of Solomon's Sea were sufficiently striking to include in their narrative.

The article presents a study on one of the oldest surviving Euro-American star map made by the American surveyor Simeon de Witt in 1780. De Witt made his planisphere in the perspective that observers were outside the celestial sphere and the constellations appear reversed from those of the planispheres made by Britons John Senex and James Ferguson. The author also imparts his impotence on de Witt's celestial planisphere education and the reason he labeled his work astrolabe.

In this article, the authors identify and anecdotally describe three tutor archetypes: the pragmatist, the architect, and the surveyor. These descriptions, based on observations of remedial mathematics tutors at a land-grant university, shed light on a variety of philosophical beliefs regarding and pedagogical approaches to tutoring. An analysis of these archetypes is beneficial not only to tutors and tutor supervisors but also to mathematics instructors at all levels. By considering these archetypes, tutors and instructors should recognize their personal strengths and the areas in which they could improve. Supervisors should encourage balanced approaches that incorporate the strengths of each of these archetypes. The authors hope this discussion will serve as a stepping-stone for future research in this critical area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partnering provides a major opportunity for improving project performance, whilst offering direct benefits to the whole of the supply chain. Many research studies reinforce this assertion although there is less critical analysis examining the nature of partnering in practice and whether the claims made for it are consistently justified. The experiences of commercial surveyors and managers within the UK construction industry have been gathered in a pilot study, drawing on the opinions of 48 commercial managers employed by a leading national contractor. The perceptions and experiences of partnering relationships are generally positive, although the early optimism at the beginning of such arrangements is seldom sustained throughout the project lifecycle. Attitudes to partnering are similar whether the relationship is upstream (client/main contractor) or downstream (main contractor/subcontractor). The growth in popularity of alternative procurement methods and statutory adjudication are both regarded as having placed contracting parties on a more equal footing. However in today's competitive environment, contractors continue to operate on tight margins and, common to all project stakeholders, the financial imperative remains the commercial manager's principal consideration. Trust is hard-earned and relationships are still characterised by a cost driven agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft has returned a large amount of data on the topography of Mars. It is possible to generate high resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) from these data by employing data interpolation techniques. Four interpolation algorithms were selected for testing on MOLA data: Delaunay-based linear interpolation, splining, nearest neighbour, and natural neighbour. These methods were applied to the MOLA data of Korolev crater for qualitative analysis. In addition, a DEM of a part of Iceland was used for quantitative testing by simulating MOLA data acquisition, interpolating those data, and then calculating the mean absolute error (MAE) between the interpolated and original DEM. Execution speeds were measured for the four algorithms. The natural neighbour method proved superior both quantitatively and qualitatively to other methods tested, but is relatively slow computationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A competency-based review of professional quantity surveying is important for service excellence and has continuing relevance in the built environment of the 21[sup st] century. A survey of quantity surveyors in professional practice in South Africa has provided a new perspective on the relative importance of competencies required for current and future quantity surveying services, and revealed notable gaps between the important competencies and current proficiency levels among practitioners. The survey was based on a structured questionnaire reflecting 23 defined competencies, which were derived from the literature and from in-depth interviews with selected practitioners. The results indicated that technically orientated competencies were rated of highest importance for current services, while management orientated competencies were rated of higher importance for future services. The profession was rated as deploying below average proficiency levels in marketing, advanced financial management, leadership and general management, and project management, although these received high current and future importance ratings. The findings suggest that initial and continuing education and training of professional quantity surveyors should emphasize the development of management-orientated competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Several contemporary theories of ethics are reviewed and then linked to professional ethics. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect primary data regarding quantity surveyors' attitudes towards professional ethics. The subjects were members of the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors (HKIS). Systematic multivariate statistical analyses, such as ANOVA, F-distribution, and test for significance, were used to draw insight from the survey results. A discrepancy in the standards of professional ethics between senior and junior surveyors was found in the survey. In addition, wide and significant variances towards ethical concepts and decisionmaking considerations were found between senior and young practitioners. The results also show that the respondents attach great importance to the interest of their employers, their clients and themselves, which is not in line with the expectations of the general public. These findings provide useful information for researchers in studying specific ethical decision-making models as well as drafting more theoretically based rules of conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looks into the attitudes of rural chartered surveyors in England concerning environmental management. Examination of the extent to which they personally and professionally capable of environmental management; Consideration of extent to which findings are consistent with rural policy documents and the potential impact it may have on planning and management of the countryside.

The making of local maps in Britain developed significantly during the reign of Henry VIII. Before the 1530s, only written descriptions were produced and few people had the skills necessary to make or use maps. This case study of maps of Romney Marsh reviews the dates when local maps were made, those who made the maps, and the reasons why the maps were made. The paper also demonstrates how maps must be examined in relation to their contemporary context, and how the use of maps changed as awareness of their potential grew. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Stone cleaning has been carried out widely for over two decades, and a large amount of cleaning is still completed each year. Whilst in many cases the aesthetic benefits of stone cleaning have been initially undeniable, concern has been raised concerning the long-term effects of such intervention. In order that the reasons underlying the continuing popularity of stone cleaning as an urban improvement device can be better understood, it was suggested that stone cleaning might in itself result in immediate gains in terms of property market selling prices. The study concludes that the gains which might be expected initially are in the region of up to 3%, with improvements in property marketability more apparent. At present, it would appear that problems associated with stone cleaning methods causing damage to stone are not being reflected by the property markets to a significant extent. It is essential that these gains be examined in relation to longer-term life cycle costs, in order that the overall effects on financial value can be better understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the development of a computer assisted training system for teaching and testing surveyors. The development started with the introduction to the construction industry of early expert systems. Whilst expert systems were intended to act purely as decision systems, they were seen to offer potential as vehicles for capturing expertise and experience as well as knowledge and be used for training purposes. To enable the knowledge bases within the system to be structured it was necessary to examine how domain experts solve problems. Knowledge bases representing this process were incorporated into various shell systems and evaluated. Traditional methods of information transfer, both at the initial learning stage and for continuing professional development, were considered. It was found that shell systems had certain attributes which, whilst not part of their original design concept, could be used to capture and manipulate knowledge and train the user to solve problems. By using data given to the user in carefully structured cases studies, offering advice, guidance and knowledge gained by application to plausible scenarios, the system offers a valuable additional tool to the process of education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper outlines the problems associated with cost models and the role of professional expertise. It then outlines the production of an expert system to be used at the strategic planning stage of the development process. The system was developed in collaboration between the University of Salford and The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (Quantity Surveyors Division) and funded under the British Government's ‘Alvey’ IKBS programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the verbal description of international boundaries in diplomatic notes, treaties and other documents. Employment of aerial reconnaissance; Use of boundary descriptions by diplomats, lawyers, surveyors, cartographers and engineers; List of main methods of boundary description.

The article focuses on significance of architect in production of buildings. Topics discussed include involvement of architect as designer along with strategic thinker for production of the building; association of architect before evolution of architectural education with several processes such as surveyor; enhancement in complexity related to drawing set of architecture; and utilization of robots in architecture along with computer numerical control (CNC).

Accreditation of medical residency programs has become globally important. Currently it is moving from the goal of attaining minimal standards to a model of continuous improvement. In some countries, the accreditation system engages peers (physicians) to survey residency programs. The surveyors are sometimes volunteers, usually engaged in multiple clinical and education activities. Few studies have investigated the benefits of residency program evaluation and accreditation from the perspective of the surveyors. As peers they both conduct and receive accreditation surveys, which puts them in a privileged position in that it provides the surveyor with an opportunity to share experiences and knowledge and apply what is learned in their own context. The objective of this study is to obtain the perceptions of these surveyors about the impact of an accreditation system on residency programs. Surveyors participated in semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis was performed on the interview data, and resulting topics were grouped into five themes: Burden (of documentation and of time needed); Efficiency and efficacy of the accreditation process; Training and experience of surveyors; Being a peer; Professional skills and recognition of surveyors. These categories were organized into two major themes: ‘Structure and Process’ and ‘Human Resources’. The study participants proposed ways to improve efficiency including diminish the burden of documentation to the physicians involved in the process and to increase efforts on training programs and payment for surveyors and program directors. Based on the results we propose a conceptual framework to improve accreditation systems. Abbreviations:PD: Program director [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]