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The flexible electromagnetic wave shielding material research is one of the attractive research topics. The literature reveals that thermoplastics, elastomers and natural and synthetic fabrics are modified using conductive and magnetic fillers for shielding applications. In the present work, Poly (ethylene terephthalate) plain weaved fabric (PETF) and PET fiber mats (PETM) are coated with copper (Cu), copper-Nickel (Cu-Ni) and designated as Cu-PETF, Cu-Ni-PETF and Cu-Ni-PETM. Further, all three samples were investigated, and Cu-Ni-PETF showed better electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and absorption dominating. Hence, it is recommended to use Cu-Ni coated PETF for lightweight polymer composites as reinforcements suitable for electromagnetic shielding encloses applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For example, a knee-length, light green-blue mohair coat and a sleeveless long dress of blue-green velvet ribbon tweed, positioned on either side of a large bluish-green textural abstract painting by Klein, showed the relationship between his nature-inspired paintings and his textile designs (see Figure 2). A series of large panels of his most famous textiles featured his most significant textile - the inimitable Seurat-inspired color-spotted mohair tweed, woven with yarns colored using his unique dyeing system (Figure 4). Bernat Klein (1922-2014), a Scottish-based Serbian-born artist, colorist, and textile designer, influenced top fashion houses, and through Bernat Klein Design Consultants contributed to modern interior-design practices. [Extracted from the article]

The global explosion of synthetic fibers in the mid-twentieth century challenged Australia's wool industry, demanding new ways of marketing the natural fiber to compete with these so-called modern miracles. The menswear market changed profoundly with the convenience of synthetic fabrics and the excitement that surrounded the power of science embodied in these clothes. Some Australian men turned to the "Your Clothes" feature in Man: The Australian Magazine for Men to understand what being "well-dressed" meant across these years of rapid change. A suit was a key component. Though pure wool had long been the cloth of choice, those made from new synthetics or a blend of wool and artificial fibers proliferated at the time. This article explores the efforts of Man's fashion columnists to help their readers navigate the changes taking place to textiles across 1950–1965 by developing their material literacy. It further captures how the mid-century fiber wars played out across the pages of the magazine, contributing a distinctly Australian perspective to the global competition for consumers that was shaped by the nation's pride in its fine wool and its intensifying efforts to combine the fiber's natural advantages with those of "modern science." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic colorants used for dye and mordant purposes in textile industries are currently causing environmental problems in the world. The usage of these synthetic colorants is a major health problem and harms the environment. For this reason, synthetic colorants should be replaced by natural colorants. Therefore, this study aimed to extract natural dye stuff from spent coffee ground and bio-mordant from mango bark. The raw materials were collected, washed, dried, crushed and their physico-chemical properties were determined. Finally, the samples were extracted by using the solvent extraction method. During the extraction process, the central composite design method (CCD) was used to analyze and optimize the effect of dosage (g/l), temperature (℃) and time (min). The maximum natural dye yield value of 18.41% was obtained at a dosage of 60 g/l, temperature of 70°C and time of 90 min. Also, the highest natural mordant yield of 19.03% was achieved at the value of 45 g/l, 70°C and 90 min. The fastness properties of dyed and mordanted cotton fabric results were within a range of acceptable standard values. Therefore, using spent coffee grounds for natural dyes and mango bark for natural mordant can be a feasible commercial alternative to synthetic dyes in textile and dyeing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prangos ferulacea (Jashir) plant possesses various phytoconstituents such as coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, umbelliferon, and monoterpenes and has been used in traditional medicine. The presence of flavonoids in aerial parts of Prangos ferulacea necessities further examination of using them as a source of natural colorants for developing natural and beautiful shades on wool yarns. This will add one more new effective natural dye source and ease the dependency of the present-day textile industry on synthetic colorants. Simple adsorption of aqueous dye extract on the wool followed by evaluation of buildup properties using 28 different binary metal combinations as mordants were studied in this study. The dyeing was performed by exhaust dyeing method and dyed samples were analyzed through reflectance spectroscopy and analyzed in terms of color strength, CIEL*a*b*, and CIEL*c*h° values. Color characteristics were evaluated on a spectrophotometer under D65 illuminant and 10° standard observer. FTIR and SEM analyses were performed to characterize P. ferulacea dyed wool yarns. The results showed that overall 29 different shades having very good to excellent fastness properties were produced by the use of different metallic salt combinations in natural dyeing of wool yarns using aerial parts of P. ferulacea as a source of natural dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enormous colored effluent discharges due to increased usage of synthetic dyes in textile and other chemical industries pollute both freshwater and marine reservoirs and cause ecotoxicity and serious health problems. This issue needs to be addressed skillfully and demands an ecofriendly and economically feasible technique. Pertaining to this, the current study was focused on the use of a white rot fungus, Resinicium bicolor to decolorize and degrade a recalcitrant dye, Congo red (CR) through its extracellular laccase enzyme secreted by mycelia. This work was also intended to develop a simple mathematical formula to calculate decolorization (%) of various dye categories usually tested on the solid medium plate involving different white rot fungi. The fungus was grown on malt extract agar (MEA) plate containing media supplemented with CR, 1% (g/l) to check the extent of decolorization and hence efficacy of Resinicium bicolor laccase at an interval of 24 hours (hrs). Decolorization (%) was determined by a formula derived from 'Plate Volume Method' (PVM). The maximum decolorization achieved on solid medium was 97.79% and 96.79% in liquid culture medium by the end of 96 hrs without the involvement of any chemical mediators which are generally toxic and expensive. Efficient decolorization achieved in the liquid medium validated the accuracy of 'PVM'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid laminated composites are attracting a lot of attention these days. Indeed, mixing natural and synthetic fabrics in the same matrix completely exploits the components' greatest properties. However, it has been proven that the use of particles such as clays increases the material performance. Hence, the aim of this study is to produce a new hybrid laminated composite system using the hand lay-up method and compression molding techniques. For this, a layering sequence of plain-woven jute fabrics and different architecture of E-Glass fibers (matt and plain-woven roving fabrics with different grammage) were selected to strengthen a polyester resin modified with a tiny amount of clays. The effects of hybridization, layering sequence, and weaving architecture were evaluated by means of mechanical tests. The dispersion and distribution of the charges in the polymeric matrix were also investigated by studying the material rheological properties. We conclude that the proposed hybridization may result in an optimal, superior, and cost-effective laminated composite that fits all the requirements of a given structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased proportion of polyester caused better wrinkle recovery properties as compared with 100% cotton and 80% cotton: 20% polyester based terry fabric. From Table 5, it can be seen that with the increase of areal density from 220 to 260 g/m SP 2 sp , the crease recovery rate of 80% cotton: 20% polyester fabric was improved both in terry and fleece fabric after washing process. The increasing proportion of polyester content in the fabric showed better drapability because of lower fabric stiffness so drape coefficient of 60% cotton: 40% polyester fabric has declined as compared to 100% cotton fabric and 80% cotton: 20% polyester fabric after washing both in terry & fleece knitted fabrics as revealed in Figure 4(b). The crease recovery rate of 60% cotton: 40% polyester fabric was also improved with the increase of areal density from 220 to 260 g/m SP 2 sp both in terry and fleece fabrics after washing process (Liu et al. [20]). [Extracted from the article]

Color strengths of silk and wool fabrics dyed with Acid Red 138 dye before and after microwave treatment. Keywords: Acid red 138 dye; fastness properties; microwave radiations; silk & wool; sustainability; 138 ; ; ; ; EN Acid red 138 dye fastness properties microwave radiations silk & wool sustainability ZH 138 8181 8190 10 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction Synthetic dyes are being used in every walk of life where, with the advancements in processing and applications, their use has been spread from clothes to paper, from wood to food, and from food to textiles etc. (Adeel et al. [4]). Overall, this dye has again shown an excellent affinity toward silk fabric at 65 SP o sp C as compared to the wool fabric after exposure to microwave treatment for 1 min. The results given inFigure 1Figure 2 show that for silk fabric (RSF) the irradiated dye bath of 4 pH (RE) for 1 min has given good results onto un-irradiated silk fabric (NRSF). [Extracted from the article]

Dyeing of irradiated silk and wool fabrics using irradiated Acid violet 3b dye solution of 2-7 pH Salt as an exhausting agent is an excellent auxiliary to be employed during the dyeing of natural fabric for getting good colorant yield (K/S) onto fabric (Tania and Millat 2017). Keywords: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Silk; Wool; Acid Violet 3B dye; MW treatment; ISO standards; Sustainability ZH EN Silk Wool Acid Violet 3B dye MW treatment ISO standards Sustainability 8065 8074 10 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction The world of textile has been decorated with beautiful and charming colors that allure the globe with their fascinated hue (Adeel et al. [4]; Elapasery et al. [6]). Dyeing of wool fabric at 7 pH (a) and 2 pH (b) before and after microwave treatment using Acid violet 3b dye Different parameters affect the acid dyeing of natural fabrics. The result given in Figure 5 reveals that 5 g/100 mL of table salt for irradiated silk fabric (RSF) and irradiated wool fabric (RWF) should be used to get maximum exhaustion of irradiated dye solution (RDS). [Extracted from the article]

Sampath et al. ([23]) developed knitted fabrics from different yarns such as spun polyester, 100% cotton, filament polyester, micro denier polyester and cotton/polyester blend followed by the treatment with 30 g/l soluble dispersion of ultraphil hydrophilic and 0.2 g/l of acetic acid and they analyzed their thermal properties. Keywords: Thermo-physiological comfort; micro-tencel; micro-modal; viscose; cotton; polyester; ; ; ; ; ; EN Thermo-physiological comfort micro-tencel micro-modal viscose cotton polyester ZH 7674 7686 13 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction Comfort is a major factor for consumer in choice of clothes and it is as important as quality, cost and esthetic properties. The fabrics which were produced by the micro polyester yarn at inner side showed higher thickness and GSM as compared to the fabrics developed by polyester yarn at inner side. The fabrics which are produced by the micro polyester yarn at inner side show higher thickness and GSM as compared to the fabrics developed by polyester yarn at inner side. [Extracted from the article]

Digital printing has the potential of enabling cleaner printing or even dyeing of cotton fabrics. However, whilst effluent-free digital printing and dyeing of synthetic textile fabrics have seen some success, the same remain elusive for cotton fabrics. The study reported in this paper aimed to optimize the process parameters of cationic pre-treatment with a view to creating a cleaner cotton fabric digital printing process that could be sustainably implemented at bulk-scale production. Thus, process variables were screened using the one-factor-at-a-time approach to select optimum experimental regions. A Box–Behnken design was used to investigate the combined effect of selected factors namely amount of thickener (150–200 g/L), urea (75–125 g/L) and alkali (10–20 g/L) on the color strength, dye fixation and ink penetration of cationized and digital-printed cotton fabrics. The significant models showed excellent fitting of the data. The optimum levels of the factors, namely, amount of thickener, urea and alkali were found 200 g/L, 125 g/L and 10 g/L, respectively. The bulk-scale experiments carried out at optimum levels have shown that an average of ca. 52% of reactive ink, 37.5% of urea and 50% of alkali can be saved by digital printing of cationized cotton along with generation of nearly colorless effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this world, unnoticed sound that disturbs frequently is called as noise. It is one of the main reasons for reducing the environment quality of human being. This effect can be minimized by using acoustic absorbent material in different areas where the sound absorption is required. In textile, acoustic property of non-woven is better than the woven fabric. The non-woven fabrics were developed using the needle punching technique using kapok, jute, flax, viscose, polyester, polypropylene, and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (R-Pet) fibers. Sound absorbency parameter was tested by sound absorption tester specially designed for this purpose. The effects of fiber type, number of layers in the fabric, thickness of the sample, areal density, air permeability, and pore size on sound absorption capacity were investigated in this research work. Experimental results show that 100% kapok non-woven fabric with its high compact structure, higher thickness, lesser air permeability, and less average flow diameter exhibit good sound absorption property than other samples, and it is best-suitable for interior in automotive applications for noise control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comfort is an aspect and is considered as one of the important characteristics of clothing. Generally, the comfort properties can be distinguished into three categories, viz., thermo-physiological comfort, sensorial comfort, and psychological comfort. Thermo-physiological comfort of a fabric is determined by the ability of the fabric to transmit heat, air, and moisture from the skin to the atmosphere. Fabric made of synthetic fibers has convincing comfort properties when compared with the fabrics made of natural fibers like cotton, silk, wool, etc. When natural fibers are compared with synthetic fibers, synthetic fibers are hydrophobic in nature and provides less comfort to the wearer. Hence, in this research work, an attempt has been made to study the thermo-physiological comfort properties of herbal finished woven fabrics made from synthetic fibers coated with neem and bermudagrass. Herbal finishes were applied on the woven fabrics made from 100% polyester and blends of 50:50 polyester, acrylic fibers. These finished fabrics were tested and analyzed for durability and essential thermo-physiological comfort properties. Based on the test results and analysis it was found that significant improvements in the moisture-related properties and moderate decrease in the thermal conductivity of the synthetic fabrics with neem and bermudagrass herbal finish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the rapid spread of SARS-Cov-2 virus, the use of masks was suggested by the world health organization (WHO) to reduce the virus transmission, whose primary mode of transmission was suggested to be through respiratory droplets. The recommended face coverings were single use surgical and respirator masks made of non-woven materials. With the increased demand for masks worldwide, the environmental impacts of mask disposal and the pollution caused by microplastic fibers of the non-woven materials were presented. This challenge necessitates the need for the development of a novel reusable mask reducing the environmental effects, while providing the necessary personal protective properties. Based on the ASTM F2299 standard test method, the performance, i.e., particle-size dependent filtration efficiency and pressure drop were studied for 20 samples with multilayer knit fabrics of natural and synthetic fibers (inner layer of pure cotton, cotton-nylon and cotton-polyester, middle layer of Lycra, and outer layer of superhydrophobic polyester). The results show that all the samples had an efficiency of >94% and 87–99% for large (250 nm –1 μ m) and small (100–250 nm) particles, respectively. The best performing structure has a material composition of 41% superhydrophobic polyester, 26% natural cotton, 24% nylon and 9% Lycra. The filtration efficiency, pressure drop, and quality factor for this sample are 97.8% (for 100 nm particles), 4.04 mmH2O/cm2 and 4.77 kPa−1, respectively. It was also demonstrated that the developed mask maintains its performance after 50 wash/dry cycles, verifying its reusability. It should be noted that charge neutralizer was not used in the experimental setup of this study which might have led to enhanced results for the filtration efficiency of small (100–250 nm) particles due to the dominance of electrostatic attraction. However, several samples were tested by the third-party company who uses a certified testing equipment based on ASTM F2299, and similar results were obtained. Copyright © 2022 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of the textile effluent becomes complex due to the high color, organic load, dissolved solids content, and toxicity of the textile effluents. An optimized pre-ozonation treatment has been proposed, aimed at the maximum color and organics removal leading to possible resource recovery at the field-scale. The standalone ozonation at optimum conditions of pH, salinity, and dye concentration resulted in the color removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 96.13% and 67.40%, respectively, for synthetic textile effluent. The percentage removal of individual dyes from synthetic textile effluent was also analyzed. The standalone ozonation treatment of real textile effluent at optimum conditions resulted in 94.6% color removal and 67.4% COD removal. The pre-ozonation treatment followed by a sequential batch reactor proved effective in the removal of color (98.6%) and organic load (91.6%) of the real textile effluent. Pre-ozonation enhanced the biodegradability of the textile effluent, as observed by the 81.8% increase in biodegradability index and 126.2% increase in specific oxygen uptake rate. The proposed industrial textile effluent scheme, when applied to the industry producing 3500 kg fabric per day, presented a potential recovery of 157 m3 effluent and 375 kg salt per day, which can result in the net annual saving of about INR 3.7 million, including additional treatment cost. The proposed treatment scheme significantly contributes to sustainable textile production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, microfiber release from knitted fabric was analysed with open edge and edge covered with lock stitch. The main aim of the research is to evaluate the role of fabric parameters on microfiber shedding using a laboratory scale laundry machine. Hence, in this study, 100% polyester fabric with the same structure and different weight (mass per square meter) were analysed. Similarly, to estimate the role of the fabric structure, different structures with the same weight were also laundered and microfiber count and mass values were estimated. The research results reported that fabric with higher weight sheds more amount of microfiber per square meter of fabric laundered. This could be related to the higher thickness and coarser filament denier in the higher weight fabric. Further, a reduction in shedding was evident in the case of higher stitch density, tightness factor, and lower loop length. As far as the structures are concerned, the Interlock structure sheds more microfiber during the laundry compared to the 1X1 rib and single jersey. This is true when we consider the stitch density and tightness factor of the selected structures. In physical property analysis, a positive correlation is noted between bursting strength and shedding behaviour. In the case of abrasion resistance, a negative correlation was noted with weight loss percentage and shedding. The results did not show any correlation between microfiber shedding and pilling properties of the synthetic textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological capabilities of sutural ultrasonic welding of synthetic fabrics are considered. Experiments on welding mylar fabric are made. Key parameters of the mode of sutural ultrasonic welding of fabrics which significantly influence the speed of achievement of the maximum temperatures in a zone of a weld joint are determined, defining intensity of a warming up, and, therefore, and welding process productivity. The analysis of the thermal mode of ultrasonic welding of synthetic fabrics and kinetics of formation of a weld joint is carried out. It is suggested that a warmth source at ultrasonic welding of mylar fabrics are hysteresis losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evidence coupled with awareness towards carcinogenic effects of synthetic textiles dyes to the wearer, exhausting fossil fuels, ecological balance distortion, and increased pollutants from the textile industry harming the environment, is on the rise. In this context, the paper provides a significant overview of ancient biomaterial engineering with herbal colorants to refute the modern ecological crisis. The medicinal properties of natural dyes have the potential to create functional textiles, cogently their ability to combat UV radiation and microorganisms are discussed in depth. Cohesively, the subtle and the vital role of plant phytochemicals is comprised. The overview would further propel the textile industry towards slow technology and slow fashion in a substantial way. Thus, it motivates us to view more in less for radical change. For the future, the review paper highlight's on multi-disciplinary research approach at global, institutional, and individual levels of research to meet the anticipated holistic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation is one of the biological approaches for remediating textile dyeing effluents. The objective of this study is the use of Pistia stratiotes, an aquatic macrophyte, which was found to degrade the maximum of 83% of mixed azo dye. A phytoreactor was designed and constructed to scale up the process of phytoremediation by P. stratiotes to treat 40 mg/l of synthetic textile effluent. Continuous flow phytoreactor fed with 40 mg/l (cycle 1) which showed maximum decolorization of 84%, COD removal was about 61%, BOD which was reduced up to 71.9%, and TDS removal was about 72% respectively. Further to remove the residual color and toxic effects of the dyes, Phycoremediation was followed for the mixed azo dyes using the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris which showed a maximum decolorization of 99% in the batch study and 74% in the scale-up study where the treated effluent was at the most minimal discharge. Phytotoxicity tests showed 80% of germination in treated effluent, and the plants in untreated wastewater had inhibited growth that indicates only 30% of germination. Such combined biological treatment techniques were put forward to be the most eco-friendly technology, which is cost-effective and attain zero discharge of the textile effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the application of neem charcoal microparticles on thermophysiological comfort properties of the treated fabrics as against the control fabrics. The materials used for this study are 100% cotton, the synthetic woven fabrics and their blends such as 100% polyester and 65/35 polyester/cotton. The fabrics are pre-washed and are analyzed for the constructional parameters. The neem wood aged more than 5 years are collected and are used for preparation of neem charcoal particles using furnace heating method followed by ball milling. Characterization of the neem charcoal microparticles for particle size and distribution is carried out through Particle Analyzer. The presence of particles on the treated fabrics is confirmed through SEM study. Testing the untreated and treated fabrics for the thermophysiological properties such as wetting, wicking, water vapor permeability, air permeability, and thermal resistance by following the relevant standard test procedures were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spore laccase enzyme production by B. amyloliquefaciens was optimized. It was characterized and tested for its textile dye decolorization potential. LB medium was found to be the most promising growth medium with addition of glucose (1–2%), yeast extract (0.1%), FeCl3 (0.01 mM) and MnCl2 (0.001 mM). The optimum spore laccase production was at pH 8, 30 °C, 1:5 medium to air ratio, 2% inoculum size and 7 days incubation. The characterization study of the enzyme showed the maximum activity at 60 °C and pH 6–7.5. It was induced by Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+3, Zn+2, Cu+2 and Na+ at 1 mM concentration. Also, it was stable in the presence of methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform. In addition, it enhanced about 34% by 5 mM H2O2 and it was nearly stable at 10–20 mM H2O2. Furthermore, mediators such as ABTS, syrengaldazine and 2, 6 dimethyl phenol enhanced the spore laccase activity. The spore laccase enzyme efficiently decolorized direct red 81 and acid black 24 after 24 h. Phytotoxicity of the direct red 81 solution after decolorization by tested spore laccase was lower than that of the untreated dye solution. Finally, this study added a promising spore laccase candidate for ecofriendly and cost-effective dye wastewater bio-decolorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petrol derivatives are often used as fire accelerants, and determination of their residues in arson cases could be useful for investigation of these crimes. Among the commercially available fuels, gasoline is highly flammable, cheap and widespread. The current work aims to investigate the amount of gasoline residues remaining on four kinds of textiles: cotton, wool, nylon and polyester, before and after their partial burning. The tissues samples were packed in arson bags to avoid evaporation of the volatile compounds. After that, the remaining fraction of fire accelerant on fabrics samples was collected by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) at successive periods of time from 0 to 4 hours; then analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Many characteristic constituents of gasoline, mainly aromatic hydrocarbons, were identified on the different non-burnt textile samples, up to 4 hours. However, after burning textiles, the results showed the absence of any detectable compound after two hours. In both cases, the persistence of gasoline residues was longer on synthetic fabrics (nylon and polyester) than on natural materials (cotton and wool). The proposed procedure showed that use of SPME sampling followed by GC-MS was simple and efficient; it could be useful in many forensic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color plays a pivotal role in textile industry with wide usage of varieties of chemical entities. Synthetic dyes and colorants are being used extensively in the present textile and dyeing industrial scenarios. Extensive use of synthetic dyes in textile industries has many drawbacks and constitutes environmental concern. In the recent years there has been an intensive research for the practical application of natural colorants on textiles as a feasible alternative to synthetic dyes. The aim of this review is to discuss the variety of characteristic colorants produced by fungi and to enlist its possible applications in textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the exhibition "Ninth Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art" at the Queensland Museum and Art Gallery in Brisbane, Australia through November 24, 2018 – April 28, 2019.

Second, by giving artists enrolled in the first course the opportunity to each make an individual tapestry on the large loom, with absolute freedom, but with the commitment to finish their piece in a specific timescale, to be determined, so that the large loom can be used by everyone. Translator's note: The extract below is from a letter written by artist Marta Palau to Llilian Llanes, Director of the Bienal de La Habana. Students will learn to work on their small looms, and will later produce a collective tapestry at the large loom. [Extracted from the article]

The textile washing process involves basically three stages: (1) removing the soiling from the substrate, (2) suspending the soling removed in the washing bath and (3) preventing redeposition of the soiling onto the substrate from which it has just been removed. In fact, soiling removed from the substrate may have deposited on it to a greater or lesser extent during the detergent process, as unwanted phenomenon that can be avoided using appropriate polymers. Preventing the redeposition of impurities is especially important during the washing of synthetic fibres with a compact crystal structure such as polyester or acrylics. The primary purpose of this work was to assess the performance of a polyethylene glycol polyester copolymer used as a detergent additive to prevent redeposition of solid impurities during the washing of standard polyester and acrylic fabrics in terms of the zeta potential of the fabrics. The copolymer was used in combination with the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, the non-ionic surfactant fatty alcohol ethoxylate with 7 mol E.O. or both in variable proportions. The soiling used as a solid impurity in the washing process was carbon black. The observed behaviour is explained in terms of the electrical double layer of the fabrics, which was characterised separately with each surfactant and their mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a textile-based strain sensor has been developed by in situ polymerization of aniline on nylon Lycra fabric. The tensile and repeatability characteristics of the nylon Lycra fabric were studied in Zwick/Roell Z010 tester to analyze the suitability of the fabric for sensor development. After polyaniline coating, the control and coated fabrics have been characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray. The change in electrical resistance for the applied strain was studied to analyze the strain sensing behavior of the polyaniline-coated nylon Lycra fabric. From tensile and repeatability study, it was observed that the conditioning cycles are necessary for the nylon Lycra fabric before taking actual measurements in order to improve the stability of the sensor response. The developed fabric had the electrical resistance of 3.5 KΩ/square. The electrical resistance of the developed PANI-coated fabric decreases as the sample is strained and increases again as the strain is relaxed. The measurement of the conductivity change with strain shows that the developed fabric exhibits high strain sensitivity. When used in conjunction with a commercial goniometer, the polyaniline-coated nylon Lycra fabric responded well to the magnitude of bending deformations, demonstrating potential for remote the strain sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito repellent textile materials are being increasingly in demand as a preventive measure to protect the consumers from mosquito-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, etc. Many of these agents are applied in post-colouration operation to the fabric. Although initially they show good repellency against mosquitoes, upon repeated washing cycles, this effect gets diminished considerably. In the present work, nylon fabric is imparted mosquito repellent finish in one, single operation of dyeing cum finishing. This approach is based on the modification of commonly used mosquito-repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and synthesizing a reactive dye based on this important ingredient. A reactive dye was synthesized in order to impart mosquito repellency to the nylon 6 fabric, DEET was first subjected to nitration using Potassium nitrate and dichloromethane (DCM). This nitrated product was reduced in the presence of water: ethanol (30:70) and the amine, thus, produced was then condensed with 2, 4, 6-trichloro-1, 3, 5-triazine (cyanuric chloride) a reactive group. The resultant product was finally reacted with an amino group present in 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulphonic acid (Bronner’s acid) to obtain Sodium6-((4-(diethylcarbamoyl)-2-methylphenyl) amino)-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl) amino) naphthalene-2-sulfonate (reactive dye). This reactive dye was then applied on nylon 6 fabric by covalent bonding to provide mosquito-repellent material. The chemical structures of the dye were characterized using FTIR and1H-NMR spectroscopy. The melting point of the dye was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The fastness properties of the dyed cum finished fabric were measured to evaluate the performance of the dye. Efficacy of mosquito repellency of the treated nylon 6 fabric was studied using standard methods. The nylon 6 fabric reacted with the mosquito-repellent dye and showed very good durable mosquito-repellent activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to functionalize nylon fabrics’ surfaces with enzymatic treatment and to verify the improvement in the nylon fabric’s reactivity via an immobilization process. Particularly, we investigated the optimal condition of pH, temperature, treatment time, enzyme concentration, activators, and activators’ concentration, respectively. The functionalization under the optimal conditions results in increasing the wettability in nylon fabrics. The newly introduced functional ionic groups being formed on nylon fabrics also increased the sensitivity to wool-reactive, acid, and basic dyes. We confirmed the stable and strong formation of functional ionic groups via the wash fastness test. Finally, this study showed the improvement in the interaction between immobilized enzymes and functionalized nylon by 20% of relative immobilization yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally friendly modified method by UV radiation was used to rapidly deposit polydopamine on the surface of PET fabric, utilising adsorption of polydopamine to metal ions to achieve silver activation on the surface of modified PET fabric, further electroless nickel-plating with non-palladium. By UV radiation, the reaction time of dopamine in alkaline aqueous was shortened to less than 30 minutes. Meanwhile the results of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy successfully confirmed that dopamine molecules can form polydopamine functional thin film rapidly on the PET fabric, which was able to be used to electroless nickel-plating for the next step; the nickel-plating coating of modified polyester was uniform and compact; the plating coating was Ni-P alloy with low resistivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the rising trend of stringent fire safety regulations, demands for reduction in the fire hazard caused by highly combustible materials such as textiles and polymers have become a matter of significant importance. Therefore, numerous attempts have been made to improve the flame retardation of textiles for a variety of applications. The present paper aims to review the recent developments in the flame retardant nanocomposites of natural and synthetic textile polymers. We survey the application of different nanoparticles or a combination of nanoparticles and conventional flame retardants. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion on mechanisms and optimized conditions of flame retardation and thermal stability is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The global growth of Geosynthetics for the last few decades or so has been substantially enhancing at an average of 10% per annum. Within the domain of geotextile, jute geotextile (JGT), a class of natural technical textile has carved out a niche in this emerging technology. Though far behind its man-made counterpart in growth, its effectiveness in addressing a host of different geotechnical problems and more importantly its eco-congruity is gaining increasing acceptability worldwide. The major uses of JGT are in road construction – low- and medium-volume roads in particular, soil erosion control, etc. Traditional sacking quality jute-woven fabrics (both plain and twill weaves) are being used in the above-mentioned applications. But use of conventional jute sacking fabrics being not application-specific and function-oriented deserves rethinking on adoption of the conventional jute fabrics used for flexible packaging in road construction, soil erosion control as well as other geotechnical construction. It is in this context that development of potentially important JGT for strengthening rural roads as well as in river bank protection assumes significance. It was realized that such JGT should be woven whose property parameters should be functionally apt for serving the purpose. The paper outlines a structured approach to fabric engineering related to JGT in tune with different prime parameters of design concerning rural road construction and river bank protection along with optimization and standardization of the fabric by comparative analysis of the different tests results of property parameters of the developed JGT samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that nonwoven basis weight uniformity affects various properties of nonwovens, including appearance, physical properties, or mechanical properties. However, it is one of the nonwoven characteristics that is most difficult to characterize. This paper reports on the methodology based on the well-known quadrant method that objectively quantifies uniformity of nonwoven fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the subsided areas backfilled with coal gangue, an issue of continuing environmental concern is the migration of hazardous metals to the subsurface soil and groundwater. As an effective isolation material, geosynthetics have been scarcely applied into mining areas reclamation of China. This paper describes research aimed at characterizing the behaviours of different geosynthetics in the leaching columns filled with coal gangues. Four types of geosynthetics were selected: fibres needle-punched nonwoven geotextiles, high-density polyethylene, needle-punched Na-bentonite geosynthetic clay liner (GCL-NP) and Na-bentonite geosynthetic-overbited film. Heavy metals were significantly attenuated and by monitoring aqueous solutions in the whole percolation period, negative correlation was found between pH value and concentration of heavy metals. Generally, GCL-NP showed comparatively better effects on attenuating the migration of heavy metals. According to the meta-analysis of heavy metals present in the leachates and retained in the columns, geosynthetics have good capabilities of sorption and retardation, which can delay the breakthrough time of heavy metals and retard the accumulation in the subsurface. Future research will use X-ray diffraction and micro-imaging (electron microprobe and scanning electron microscopy) to further explain retention mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the area of water purification, nanotechnology provides efficient removal of pollutants and germs. Electrospun nanofibers membrane has a potential for water purification due to its high large surface area, and good mechanical strength. In the present study, PAMAM dendrimers composite nylon-6 nanofibers membrane was prepared by crosslinking method using glutaraldehyde. Modified membrane has drastically improved water purification efficiency. Further, the efficacy of the modified membrane can be renewed by mere exposure of the saturated membrane with the solution having acidic pH. The modified membrane can be used as an effective tool for water purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) fabrics were knitted with different SMPU fiber contents for the investigation of its bagging behaviour in this paper. The bagging deformation and recovery of these SMPU-knitted fabrics were determined at different temperatures to evaluate its temperature sensitivity. Our experimental results show that the bagging behavior of the SMPU-knitted fabrics is highly correlated with the amount of SMPU fibers knitted inside the SMPU fabrics. The switching temperature of the SMPU-knitted fabrics is found to be above the phase transfer temperature of SMPU. A comparison between Lycra and SMPU-knitted fabrics is also conducted to validate the shape memory bagging behavior of SMPU-knitted fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The high-efficiency oscillating system for welding synthetic fabrics is discussed. It is shown that to increase the productivity of the welding process and reduce the electrical power, it is necessary to use ultrasonic generators self-adjusting with respect to the required oscillation amplitude. The productivity of the processes of ultrasonic welding using piezoceramic and nickel transducers is analysed and the currently available methods of seam welding of synthetic fabrics produced from polymer materials are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The modern headbox has many attributes that are highly significant for all paper-makers. Uniformity of flow, absence of streaks and large eddies, headbox stability and ease of operation are required features for all paper grades. Consistency in a headbox is a very important parameter in paper mills in their various stages of operations. Without the knowledge of consistency, it is not possible to optimize productivity with optimal quality. In the present study, a multivariable, linearized, state space model of a paper machine headbox was selected for control of consistency and liquid level in the headbox of a paper machine using the advanced control strategy Model Predictive Control (MPC). MPC uses a model to predict the process output along a future time horizon. It performs the calculation of a control sequence to optimize a performance index. It is based on receding horizon strategy so that at each instant the horizon is moved towards the future, involving the application of the first control signal of the sequence, calculated at each step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wool is a textile material that is valued for its strength, warmth, water resistance, and texture. But this natural fiber of the protein keratin lacks the stain resistance of synthetic fabrics and is also generally susceptible to harsh processing conditions. In this study, raw and oxidized wool fabrics were treated with nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder in an ultrasonic bath. These particles were linked to the wool surface by butane tetra carboxylic acid and also sodium hypophosphite was used as a catalyst. The photo-catalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles deposited on the wool fabrics was followed by the degradation of Acid Blue 113 as a stain and also determined by the degradation rate of food stains such as coffee, tea, and fruit juice under the ultraviolet rays. The results showed that increasing the amount of nano TiO2 leads to improved degradation of stains on the treated fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat-setting of synthetic fabrics is an industrial stabilisation process that has been adapted by designers to create dimensional textures through shaped-resists and non-industrial heat-setting methods. The article overviews heat-setting properties, physical resist techniques, and presents an experiment to determine best practices for heat-setting physically resisted polyester fabric. Two polyester fabrics, organza and lining, were gathered and secured to a wooden dowel and heat-set under four heating conditions: steaming in a pressure cooker, boiling in a pot of water, dry heat in a conventional oven and radiation waves in a microwave oven. Pre- and post-treatment lengths were analysed using GLM for two-way ANOVA and post hoc tests. Based on results from the statistical analysis and visual evaluation, steaming in a pressure cooker is recommended for sheer fabrics such as organza and dry heat from a conventional oven for lining weight fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of field studies on unpaved low volume roads constructed over weak subgrade using geosynthetic reinforcement. The relative advantages of placing different reinforcing materials like geotextile, biaxial or uniaxial geogrid, geocell layer and tire shreds at the interface of subgrade and base course are studied in terms of increase in load carrying capacity and reduction in rut depth. The rut depths measured in three different test sections when subjected to moving vehicle load simulated by the passage of a scooter on the road at uniform speed for a maximum of 250 passes are compared to understand the relative efficiency of each of these reinforcing materials in reducing the rut formation in unpaved roads. Traffic benefit ratios were also compared for different reinforced test sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pore size distribution is a prerequisite to investigate any transport phenomena, especially in a porous structure such as nonwovens. The pores inside the nonwovens are highly complex in terms of the sizes, shapes and the capillary geometries. The majority of existing theories/models of pore size distribution of nonwovens do not account for the fibre orientation distribution characteristics. In this research work, the model for predicting the pore size distribution of nonwoven structures has been developed by combining the stochastic and stereological or geometrical probability approaches. These techniques have incorporated the effects of fibre orientation characteristics in nonwoven structures. The analytical model formulated is compared with the existing theories to predict the pore size distribution of nonwoven structures. A comparison is also made between the experimental and theoretical pore size distributions of spun-bonded and needle-punched nonwovens. The effect of various fibre and fabric parameters including fibre volume fraction, fibre orientation distribution characteristics and number of layers on pore size distribution of nonwoven structures has been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability of levees is critical to the safety of human and structures, especially at high water levels. Levees may fail due to the existence of soft soil foundations or seepage of water through the levees or rapid drawdown. Deep mixing technology has been considered one of the good alternatives to solve foundation and seepage problems while geosynthetics can be used to stabilize slopes during rapid drawdown. Studies have shown that deep mixed columns and geosynthetics can increase the stability of highway embankments over soft soils. In those studies, however, no ponding water exists on either side of the embankment, which is not the case for levees. Experimental studies have shown that deep mixed columns under a combination of vertical and horizontal force could fail due to shear or tension/bending or rotation. A finite difference method, incorporated in the FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) Slope software, and a limit equilibrium method (specifically Bishop's method), incorporated in the ReSSA software, were adopted in this study to investigate the stability of the levee with ponding water or under rapid drawdown. In this study, deep mixed columns were installed in continuous wall patterns, which were modeled as 2D deep mixed walls. Geosynthetic layers were modeled using cable elements with grout properties between geosynthetic and soil in the numerical analysis. Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria were used for the levee, the soft soil, and the deep mixed walls. The stability of a levee at different stages (end of construction, average service condition, high water surge, and rapid drawdown from the service condition and the highest water level condition) was examined. The study clearly demonstrated that the deep mixed walls can enhance the stability of the levee by providing shear/moment resistance and hindering seepage through the levee and geosynthetics can enhance the riverside slope stability of the levee by providing tensile resistance to the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibres present multiple characteristics and are used in many fields such as textiles, technical or medical applications. In this context, we tried to use ligno-cellulosic fibres extracted from esparto (Stipa tenacissima L) as a support fiber in hygienic products. Due to their cellulosic nature, esparto fibres can provide a certain water sorption potential. In fact, fluff pulp was always used as a support fibre in the absorbent core structure of many hygienic products and this is particularly after adding super absorbent polymer (SAP). In this study, we choose to optimise the extraction process of these fibres using an experimental design method in order to obtain ultimate fibres and maximise their absorbent properties (absorbent capacity and retention). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the years that followed the end of World War II, Americans turn to synthetic fibers to transform their bodies to meet the challenges of new era: for women, the pinched waists and thrusting bustlines Christian Dior's "New Look;" for men, the physiological demands of high-speed, high-altitude flight. The story of foundation garments and pressure suits is not simply one of government-developed "spin-off technologies invigorating the civilian market; rather, new techniques for the manufacture of civilian apparel infused pressure suit development. Inspired by each other, the two industries revolutionized "high fashion" with a series of radical new garments as "dangerous" as they were beautiful. Considering the two as complementary technologies may illuminate both the ways in which the consumer market enriched American innovation during the twentieth century, and the resonances these two kinds of garments have as iconic representations of postwar American modernity, beauty, and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different factors, namely spinning technologies (ring, rotor and DREF-II, i.e. Group A yarns), position of shrinkable acrylic feed sliver in DREF-II friction spinning system (Group B yarns) and proportion of shrinkable acrylic core fibre in core-sheath type DREF-III friction spun yarns (Group C yarns) on various properties of cotton-acrylic-blended bulked yarns have been studied, The bulk in the yarns was developed by relaxing shrinkable acrylic component of the yarns using boiling water treatment. All the above factors have a significant impact on various properties of cotton-acrylic blended bulked yarns. For all the yarns, after boiling treatment, there is lengthwise shrinkage of yarns and the specific volume also increases. Tenacity and breaking elongation of all the yarns of Group A and Group B increase after hot water treatment, whereas in case of core-sheath type DREF-III yarns (Group C yarns) there is drop in tenacity and breaking elongation after similar treatment. In general, for all the yarns the flexural rigidity of the yarns reduces and compressibility and compressional recovery of increases after bulking treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal bonded non-wovens are subjected to compression during their end-use performance in various technical and industrial applications. An attempt has been made to apply the previous theories of compression to formulate a simple two-dimensional (2D) micromechanical model of thermally bonded non-woven structures. The 2D model has incorporated the basic fibre parameters and properties including fibre volume fraction, proportion of free fibre length between two bonds, fibre modulus and an integral defining the orientation characteristics of fibres. A comparison is made between the experimental and theoretical pressure-thickness curves. The effect of fibre orientation characteristics and volume fraction on the compressional behaviour of thermally bonded non-wovens has also been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the screen printing of transmission lines into a variety of nonwoven substrates using different conductive inks for durable and wearable electronic textile applications. The viscosity of the ink dictated the performance of the printed media during washing trials. The printed inks begin to degrade and display lower conductivity after 25 wash cycles. A method to control the durability of the printed circuits, which includes coating of the printed lines with a meltblown layer, has been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]