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The West Bogda Mountains separate the two largest petroliferous sedimentary basins in Northwest (NW) China and may record the evolution history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The timing of the initial uplift of the West Bogda Mountains is debated, which may provide the robust constraint on the CAOB evolution. Here we present an integrated study of sedimentology, geochemistry, and detrital zircon geochronology to constrain the timing of the initial uplift of the West Bogda Mountains. The late Lower Permian Lucaogou Formation in the West Bogda Mountains is dominated by organic-rich laminated shale, gravity flow deposits and dolomite without shallow-water sedimentary structures, suggesting a deep-water lacustrine depositional environment. The Middle Permian Quanzijie Formation is mainly composed of poorly sorted and sub-rounded conglomerate, which indicates that the depositional environment changed to an alluvial fan. The depositional environment changed to a meandering river system in the early Upper Permian Wutonggou Formation, with evidence from the widely developed cross-bedding in its sandstone and the typical 'dual structure'. The compositions of immobile elements and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology reveal changes in sediment sources from the early to late Permian. The sediments of the late Lower Permian Lucaogou Formation were mainly sourced from the North Tianshan, while the sediments in the Middle Permian were mostly locally derived. Combining these evidences, we infer that the initial uplift of the West Bogda Mountains likely occurred in the period from the late Lower to Middle Permian (~289.8 Ma to ~265.7 Ma), and was probably caused by the intracontinental collision between Junggar Block in the north and the Tarim Block in the south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mud clasts are common in non-marine to marine sedimentary records, however, why lack a widely accepted classification scheme? We propose that it is the relative balance of volumetric abundance, sorting, roundness, and grain size that controls the texture and fabric of mud clasts. Nine distinct types of mud clasts are identified in the study based on quantitatified properties, and fall into two groups coarse-grained and fine-grained. The generation of mud clasts can be assigned to failure, erosion, and/or bioturbation of muddy sediment. These clasts are transported within fluid flows including Newtonian fluids, non-Newtonian fluids, and Bingham plastics (gravity flow and turbidity flow), showing various physical characteristics depended upon the density and viscosity of flows. Newtonian flows with less density and viscosity commonly form mud clasts with mature textures. In non-Newtonian (gravity-driven) flows, mud clasts are normally transported in laminar flows with high density and viscosity, developing matrix-supported mud clasts with immature textures. The study of classification, formation, and transport mechanisms of mud clasts has implications for identifying and interpreting sedimentary environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of an13II-labeled necrosis-targeting agent (NTA) with a vascular disrupting agent is a novel and potentially powerful technique for tumor necrosis treatment (TNT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate a NTA candidate, THPPMnCl, using131I isotope for tracing its biodistribution and necrosis affinity.131I-THPPMnCl was intravenously injected in rat models with liver, muscle, and tumor necrosis and myocardial infarction (MI), followed by investigations with macroscopic autoradiography, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) histochemical staining, fluorescence microscopy and H&E stained histology for up to 9 days.131I-THPPMnCl displayed a long-term affinity for all types of necrosis and accumulation in the mononuclear phagocytic system especially in the liver. Autoradiograms and TTC staining showed a good targetability of131I-THPPMnCl for MI. These findings indicate the potential of THPPMnCl for non-invasive imaging assessment of necrosis, such as in MI. However,13II-THPPMnCl is unlikely suitable for TNT due to its long-term retention in normal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]