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Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate sleep quality and perceived stress levels in Chinese patients with active minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis (MiRAS) lesions, as well as to investigate the potential relationship between sleep quality and perceived stress levels and the risk of MiRAS episodes. Methods: The study population consisted of individuals recruited from a Chinese cohort who underwent medical and oral examinations from March 2022 to August 2023. All participants completed a set of uniform anonymous questionnaires, which included sociodemographic characteristics, clinical information, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). Statistical analysis was conducted using the independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's chi-square test and Pearson's correlation analysis. After adjusting for potential confounders (age, gender, marital status, and education level), multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations of sleep quality and perceived stress levels with the risk of MiRAS episodes. Additionally, restricted cubic spline curves were constructed to visualize these correlations. Results: A total of 329 eligible volunteers participated in the study, comprising 122 Chinese MiRAS patients and 207 healthy controls without MiRAS. Compared to healthy participants, MiRAS patients exhibited significantly higher PSQI and ISI scores (p = 0.000). However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding PSS-14 scores or its two subscales (p > 0.05). Multiple regression analysis indicated that lower sleep quality was significantly associated with an increased risk of MiRAS episodes (p = 0.000), whereas no statistically significant relationship was found between perceived stress levels and the risk of MiRAS episodes (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Maintaining a regular bedtime and improving sleep quality may contribute to reducing the incidence and recurrence of MiRAS, while psychological intervention may be ineffective for MiRAS patients. Plain Language Summary: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most prevalent oral mucosal diseases, affecting approximately 20% of the general population, with prevalence rates ranging from 0.5% to 68% across different countries. MiRAS is classified as the most common type of RAS, accounting for about 85% of RAS patients. Previous studies have identified several potential predisposing factors, including trauma, psychological disorders, genetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, hormonal imbalance, and microbial flora disorders. However, the definitive etiology of RAS remains unknown to date. This study assessed sleep quality and perceived stress levels in Chinese patients with active MiRAS lesions using standardized measures, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14). The results indicated that MiRAS patients had significantly higher PSQI and ISI scores compared to healthy controls, regardless of age, gender, marital status, or education level. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning PSS-14 scores and its subscales. Furthermore, better sleep quality was found to be moderately associated with a reduced risk of MiRAS episodes, while perceived stress levels did not show a significant relationship with the risk. Findings from this study suggest that maintaining proper bedtime routines and improving sleep quality may help reduce both the incidence and recurrence rates of MiRAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]