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Human activities can have dramatic effects on the environment so that evaluating the anthropogenic driving forces is an important issue in the consideration of how humans impact the world. In this paper, ecological footprint (EF) was used as an aggregate index of total human impacts in 31 provinces in mainland China during 2010. The STIRPAT model was employed to analyze the major anthropogenic drivers of EF. The empirical results demonstrate that great disparities of EF exist at the spatial scale. Provinces with the largest total EF are mostly distributed in the populated east coast of China, whereas provinces with the lowest total EF are mostly found in west China. Similar to EF, ecological deficit (ED) is a dominant characteristic of most municipal areas in China. The results of STIRPAT show that population has the largest potential effect on the Chinese environment at the provincial scale, followed by EF intensity, affluence, percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) from the industrial sector, age structure, and per capita land area. Urbanization has negative effects on EF disparities, but it is not an inevitable factor in this case. This study is helpful to recognizing the human effects on environment and helps to facilitate the management of sustainable development across China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]