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This paper presents a study of stress states in two-dimensional models of metal-to-metal adhesively bonded joints subjected to 4-point flexural loading using the finite element (FE) method. The FE simulations were carried out on adhesive bonded joints of high support span to specimen thickness ratio undergoing extensive plastic deformations. Two different adhesive types with eight different adhesive layer thicknesses each varying between 50 μm and μm were considered. The lower interfaces in the brittle adhesive were observed to be under a lower stress state because of the constraint exerted by a relatively stiff lower adherend. The ductile adhesive layers were under a lower state of stress as a result of the lower elastic modulus. It is concluded that the degree of plastic deformation in the adhesive is dictated by the adherend stiffness and the load transfer along the interface. The effect of load and support pins is noticeable at all adhesive thicknesses. High stress localisation exists in the vicinity of the load pins. The constraint exerted by the adherends dictates the deformation gradient through thickness of the adhesive layer. Adhesive joint behaviour as determined by the adhesive properties is investigated and also experimentally validated. Conclusions were drawn by correlating the adhesive and adherend stress states. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Journalism's relationship with the public has historically rested on an assumption of its Fourth Estate roles and as fulfilling democratic imperatives. The normative dimensions of these ideals have also long been “taken as given” in journalism studies, serving as a starting point for discussions of journalism's public service, interest, and role. As contradictions to these normative ideals expose flaws in such assumptions, a reassessment of this normative basis for journalism is needed. This paper looks to challenge normative legacies of journalism's societal role. Drawing on uses and gratification theoretical frameworks and engaging with communities of practice, it explores how communities understand journalism from both top-down (journalism) and bottom-up (citizen) perspectives. This research considers citizen expectations of journalism and journalists, and evaluates perceptions of journalistic values from the ground up. By employing a community facilitation model, it offers an opportunity for participants from across the community to reassess their own conceptions of the role of journalism. This establishes a better basis to approach the journalism–public relationship that does not advantage historic, normative, or traditional legacies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 1886, in “The Future of Journalism”, W. T. Stead expressed the view that it was the “personal touch” in newspapers that would transcend the vapidity of a hypothesized “we”. Nevertheless, it was to be the ability of newspapers, exploiting his own pioneering take on the New Journalism, to articulate a plausible version of a collective voice which was to dominate the journalism of the mass market of the twentieth century. A refinement of the language of this collective articulation of the interests and tastes of a mass readership comes in the popular tabloid newspapers of the period following the Second World War and reaches its most self-consciously vernacular expression in the Sun from the 1980s onwards. However, when comparing the print version of the contemporary Sun with its online version, we might expect to witness a radical departure from traditional notions of the popular predicated on an appeal to a relatively homogenous collective readership and a move to a more atomized, self-assembling notion of the online reader. The “personalized” touch of this form of journalism is very different from that envisaged by Stead but by exploring the ways in which a theme which he considered central to journalism's mission (its address to an audience) is adapting to an online environment, we may be able to reconsider the changing definition and function of the “popular”. In doing so, it may allow us to reflect upon the implications of a move from “we” to “me” in the articulation of audience in the online version of the Sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a methodological refinement to the radical narrative of media history and advocates an exploration of the ideological dynamics of media texts as a crucial component of their praxis. Focusing on early to mid nineteenth-century utilitarian theory and praxis as exemplified in newspapers and pamphlets such as the Westminster Review, the Examiner and Pamphlets for the People, the article offers a sophisticated ideological critique which is intended to augment radical analyses of media history. This analysis allows a more focused and precise account of the ways in which early proto-liberal reformers used the press in their political strategy. Despite the Philosophic Radicals having democratic aspirations, the article identifies inherent paternalistic and oppressive components of this praxis which has their seeds in classical Greek political thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent can we disassociate the technology and economics of newspapers from their political and cultural functions? Many of the latter functions have survived previous eras of technological change, often with a heightened promise of a more democratic engagement with readers and a subsequent amelioration of civic communication. Toolan (1998) has provocatively suggested that, in their narrative conventions, newspapers often literally do not know what they are writing about. This has partly been because of the time constraints on the production of news and the narrative conventions which this economy imposes upon them. Yet this clearly has not prevented newspapers from having a very strong sense of longer narratives and ideological identities, in combination with an ability to tailor these to a highly conventional notion of audience. What happens when newspapers are freed from this diurnal duty, as is increasingly the case in the contemporary world of newspapers, when more and more breaking news is dealt with by “quicker” media? Does this provide newspapers in whatever new formats with the opportunity to reconfigure themselves as spaces more accessible to traditions of communication and civic engagement; ones which draw upon a more discursive space of commentary and opinion on the contemporary rather than being limited to the provision of daily news? This paper sketches an analysis of how the shift of newspapers from news to commentary and identity politics which is already occurring may be informed by previous paradigms of periodical news production. It explores certain aspects of the newspaper's function over time in order to consider what it has to offer in whatever reconfigured technological future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two closely related and over-determining myths have shaped government inspired policy towards Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and education: the one is the irresistible power of globalisation, the other is the determining effect of technology. The result of both is to present the acceptance of e-learning throughout the education system as inevitable. The space for practitioners in Higher Education is either to embrace the new media enthusiastically or to stand aside and watch its inevitable unfolding. In this paper we develop a critical stance towards the dominant discourse and suggest that the shape of new media in education can be, and is being, contested. We argue against both technological determinism and the passive acceptance of the neo-liberal globalisation paradigm. No technologies are neutral. They are always the products of real historical social relations as well as the emergent technical capacities they provide. ICTs as artefacts and social processes are already inscribed with gendered assumptions and the accumulation strategies of their purveyors. Moreover, the conditions under which e-learning is being introduced into education are shaped by managerialist agendas. Placing pedagogy at the forefront is therefore to struggle over the terms and shape of the media adopted. We can see this at both the micro and macro level. Our paper exposes the emperor's new clothes while arguing that there is space for critical discourses that can more meaningfully engage with socially available technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the rapid pace of development and innovation in educational technologies, coupled with new perspectives on learning and teaching and new challenges that modern universities now have to face, utilizing educational technology in learning and teaching is high on the list of educational managers, administrators and operatives. This paper examines the perceptions and experiences of educational technology from the perspective of university teachers' at Sheffield Hallam University.An analysis of the findings herein highlight pedagogic and technical as well as social and cultural factors impacting significantly on lecturers'experience of educational technology. Such factors are explored within this paper and suggest the need for increased levels of communication across university institutions around the implementation and development of educational technologies – communication that involves academic staff, university administrators and managers, and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics that addresses the changes in journalism in relation to technology, economy, professional repertoires, norms, and practices.

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses topics within the issue, including the history of digital newspaper archives, the relationship between journalism and social history, and the transatlantic appeal of the poem "The White Man’s Burden," by Rudyard Kipling.