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Flower drop, senescence of flowers and inadequate pod filling pose significant challenges in soybean cultivation as rapid nutrient extraction from leaves during the reproductive stage accelerates leaf aging. The present study assessed the effect of foliar application of agrochemicals on growth, productivity, quality and biochemical traits of soybean at two locations during kharif (rainy) season of 2021 and 2022. The experiment comprised of ten treatments of foliar application of agrochemicals [absolute control, water spray, potassium nitrate (KNO3) 1.5%, NPK (19:19:19) 1.5%, boron 0.3%, ammonium molybdate (AM) 0.5%, thiourea 750 parts per million (ppm), urea 2.0%, muriate of potash (MOP) 0.5% and salicylic acid (SA) 100 ppm] at flower and pod initiation stages along with the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) in a randomized complete block design replicated thrice. Results revealed that foliar application of boron 0.3%, urea 2.0% and MOP 0.5% at Ludhiana and MOP 0.5%, potassium nitrate 1.5% and urea 2.0% at Ballowal Saunkhri increased growth (plant height and dry matter accumulation), yield attributes (number of pods plant−1, number of filled pods plant−1 and 100-seed weight) and seed yield. These agrochemicals showed positive effects on the biochemical parameters with increased levels of proline and total phenol content as well as improvements in total soluble sugars, starch and protein content. The findings suggest that foliar application of agrochemicals (boron 0.3%, urea 2.0%, MOP 0.5% and potassium nitrate 1.5%) along with RDF can improve soybean growth and seed yield by mitigating the nutrient stress at reproductive stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional tillage over the long term in more intensive-cropping systems is not sustainable as it enhances soil degradation, soil moisture loss, soil erosion, and cost of cultivation and disturbs beneficial micro-organisms. Retaining crop residues as mulch has been recognized as a desirable management practice for conserving soil moisture and lowering soil temperature, which ultimately helps in improving seed emergence. However, no-tillage or reduced tillage with crop residue produced better or non-significant differences in the growth and yield attributes and crop yield than that obtained under conventional tillage. However, zero or reduced tillage combined with crop residue improves biological nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase activity, symbiotic parameters and the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Continuous adoption of conservation tillage will have a positive effect on soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties and may also be better for the sustainability of crop production. The novelty of the study is that it examines the integrated effect of conservation tillage and residue retention through mulching on the crop emergence, symbiosis and quality of soybean along with growth, productivity, and profitability of soybean, nutrient uptake by the crop and soil properties together as sustainable agricultural technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of sole applications of biofertilizers and phosphorus as well as their integrated use in lentil. The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of phosphorus (0, 15, 20 and 25 kg P2O5 ha−1) and biofertilizer inoculation treatments [uninoculated control, Mesorhizobium, Mesorhizobium + RB-1 (Pseudomonas argentinensis) and Mesorhizobium + RB-2 (Bacillus aryabhattai)] on nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and residual nutrient status of soil after the harvest of chickpea. Mesorhizobium + RB-1 recorded the highest uptake of nitrogen (73.7, 59.0 and 132.7 kg ha−1 in grain, straw and total, respectively), phosphorus (8.29, 11.34 and 19.63 kg ha−1 in grain, straw and total) and potassium (23.48, 43.36 and 66.84 kg ha−1 in grain, straw and total) as well as partial factor productivity (113.1 kg grain kg−1 P2O5). Application of 25 kg P2O5 ha−1 recorded the highest phosphorus concentration (0.39% in grain and 0.26% in straw), phosphorus uptake (8.35, 12.32 and 20.67 kg ha−1 in grain, straw and total, respectively) and phosphorus status in soil after crop harvest (18.7 and 16.7 kg P ha−1 in 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers, respectively). Partial factor productivity was recorded the highest with the application of 15 kg P2O5 ha−1 (132.2 kg grain kg−1 P2O5). It can be concluded that dual applications of biofertilizers [Mesorhizobium + RB-1 (Pseudomonas argentinensis)] and 25 kg P2O5 ha−1 improve nutrient uptake by the crop and build up of nutrients in the soil after the harvest of the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at five locations in Punjab, India to study the effect of foliar application of urea (nitrogen) on the symbiotic parameters, growth, yield, quality, and monetary parameters of chickpea under irrigated conditions. The experiment consisted of foliar application of 2% urea at flowering stage, pod formation stage, at both the stages (flowering + pod formation), and control (no application) treatment. Application of 2% urea at flowering and pod formation stages recorded the highest number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, plant height and yield parameters. Improvement in these parameters led to significantly higher chickpea yield, by a margin of 26.0, 39.7, 14.1, 12.6 and 22.4 per cent as compared to control at Ludhiana (2017-18), Ludhiana (2018-19), Bathinda, Ballowal Saunkhri and Faridkot, respectively. On the basis of pooled mean of all the trials, foliar application of urea at both stages (flowering as well as pod formation) improved the grain yield by 19.3% over control, protein content by 12.7% and net monetary returns by 30.4% as compared to control treatment. It can be concluded that foliar application of 2% urea at flowering as well as pod formation stages should be done in chickpea under irrigated conditions for obtaining higher grain yield and net returns along with improved protein content, which can help in the fulfillment of protein requirement of the vegetarian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

60% (6/10) with I BCR-ABL i SP like sp CGFs showed MRD positivity compared to 41.1% (23/56) of I BCR-ABL1 i SP pos sp B-ALLs. Summary of the diagnostic approach used to detect BCR-ABL1-like B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated chimeric gene fusions (BCR-ABL-like CGFs). I BCR-ABL1 i -like or Philadelphia chromosome-like B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma ( I BCR-ABL1 i SP like sp B-ALL) initially described based on gene expression profiles (GEP) is characterized by the presence of tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) targetable chimeric gene fusions (CGF), the spectrum of which is yet to be fully elucidated. The higher frequency of MRD positivity compared to I BCR-ABL1 i SP pos sp group (60% vs. 41%) can be explained by the inclusion of TKIs in treatment of I BCR-ABL1 i SP pos sp cases. [Extracted from the article]

Biofertilizers are important for sustainability of agriculture and have the potential to reduce the environmental costs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers in modern intensive farming practices. Field experiments were conducted on two promising strains of P-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) viz. RB-1 (Pseudomonas argentinensis) and RB-2 (Bacillus aryabhattai) identified in the lab studies, in conjunction with N-fixing Mesorhizobium, for improving symbiotic efficiency, growth and productivity of irrigated desi chickpea. An experiment comprised of four biofertilizer seed inoculation treatments (uninoculated control, Mesorhizobium, Mesorhizobium + RB-1 and Mesorhizobium + RB-2), and four P levels (0, 15, 20 and 25 kg P2O5 ha−1) was conducted. Dual inoculation with Mesorhizobium + RB-1 and Mesorhizobium + RB-2 proved more effective in increasing nodulation in chickpea at lower dose of P of 15 and 20 kg ha−1 as compared with Mesorhizobium + 25 kg P ha−1. Chickpea with Mesorhizobium + RB-1 recorded similar leghaemoglobin content in nodules and chlorophyll content in leaves as achieved with Mesorhizobium + RB-2; however, both of these attributes improved significantly over Mesorhizobium alone. Improved plant growth with both Mesorhizobium and PSB resulted in significant grain yield increase up to 7% as compared with Mesorhizobium alone. Investing additional US $0.74 ha−1 on PSB to current growers' practice of single inoculation with Mesorhizobium resulted in additional net returns increase of US $53-71 ha−1. Therefore, biofertilizers that promote N-fixation and P-solubilization need to be adopted in conjunction with each other in chickpea to reduce chemical fertilizer usage and improve profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to study the response of mungbean to dose and time of nitrogen (N) application and Rhizobium inoculation. Application of 12.5 kg N ha−1 + Rhizobium inoculation recorded the plant height, plant dry weight, root length, root dry weight, number of pods plant−1, 100-seed weight, biological yield and grain yield either significantly higher or statistically on par with N application at 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 50 + 50 kg ha−1 and Rhizobium inoculation alone. Nodulation, in general, decreased with increase in N dose, and was found to be significantly higher with application of 12.5 kg N ha−1 + Rhizobium inoculation than under different doses of N application. Although application of 50 kg N ha−1 produced the highest number of pods plant−1 and 100-seed weight, resulting in the highest grain yield but it was on par with 50 kg N ha−1 + Rhizobium inoculation and other nitrogen levels. Application of 50 kg N ha−1 recorded the highest N content in grain and its uptake by grains whereas the highest N content in straw and its uptake by straw as well as by the crop was recorded in treatment receiving 100 kg N ha−1. It can be concluded that application of N beyond 12.5 kg ha−1 is not beneficial in mungbean in terms of grain yield and environment point of view and integrated use of 12.5 kg N ha−1 along with Rhizobium inoculation is the most efficient in terms of high nodulation and grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study was conducted during kharif (rainy season) to study nutrient uptake, nitrogen use efficiencies, and energy indices in soybean under various tillage systems with crop residue and nitrogen levels after combine harvested wheat for two consecutive years. The treatments included three planting methods (Happy Seeder sowing, Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage sowing and Conventional sowing) and four nitrogen levels (0, 75, 100, and 125% recommended nitrogen). Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake by seed and straw were significantly higher in Happy Seeder sowing than Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage sowing and conventional sowing. Agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, and apparent recovery were not influenced significantly by different planting methods whereas partial factor productivity, energy output, net energy, energy use efficiency, and energy productivity were significantly higher in Happy Seeder sowing than Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage sowing and conventional sowing. N and P uptake by seed and straw increased significantly from 0 to 75 and 75 to 100% recommended N and similar trend was found in K uptake by seed and straw. Agronomic efficiency, apparent recovery and energy output were increased up to 100% recommended N. However, partial factor productivity was decreased significantly with increase in N levels and physiological efficiency was not influenced significantly by different N levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments evaluated the effects of integrated nutrient management on symbiotic parameters, growth, nutrient accumulation, productivity and profitability of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). Application of recommended dose of nutrients (RDN, 12.5 kg N ha−1 + 40 kg P2O5 ha−1) + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha−1 + seed inoculation with biofertilizers [Rhizobium + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)] + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg−1 seed recorded the highest number & dry weight of nodules, leghaemoglobin content, root & shoot dry weight, plant height, number of pods plant−1 and 100-seed weight. The next best treatment was RDN + seed inoculation with biofertilizers + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg−1 seed. On the basis of mean of three-year data, the treatment of RDN + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha−1 + seed inoculation with biofertilizers + 1.0 g ammonium molybdate kg−1 seed proved the best in realizing the highest grain yield (34.0%), gross returns (34.0%) and net returns (54.8% higher over control). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the grains and straw were significantly improved where RDN was applied in combination with seed inoculation, basal application of ZnSO4 and seed treatment with 1 g ammonium molybdate than their single applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different planting methods (Happy Seeder sowing, Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage sowing, and conventional sowing) and nitrogen (N) levels (0%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of recommended N) on the emergence, growth, symbiotic parameters, productivity, and profitability of soybean sown after wheat harvest. Growth and symbiotic parameters were significantly better under Happy Seeder sowing and Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage sowing than conventional sowing. The seed yield, nutrient uptake, and economic returns were significantly higher under Happy Seeder sowing than other methods. The growth parameters, symbiotic parameters, biological, straw, and seed yields were increased significantly up to 100% recommended N level. The nutrient uptake increased significantly up to 100% recommended N level. Therefore, sowing with Happy Seeder after combine harvested wheat along with 100% recommended N would best optimize soybean yield and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2-year field experiment was conducted to study the influence of three planting methods (Happy Seeder, Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage, and Conventional tillage) and four nitrogen rates (control, 75, 100, and 125% of recommended nitrogen) on the chemical and biological properties of soil. The results revealed that after soybean harvest, dehydrogenase activity and population ofBradyrhizobiumsp. (LSBR 3) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were increased significantly in Happy Seeder sowing and Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage sowing than conventional sowing and population ofBradyrhizobiumsp. significantly increased up to the 100% nitrogen level. There was no significant effect of different planting methods on soil chemical properties. Organic carbon and available nitrogen were increased significantly with an increase in the nitrogen level up to 100% nitrogen (N). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]