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In this work, we study a variant of the team orienteering problem motivated by a real-world situation faced by a Mexican telecommunications company. The problem consists of the daily assignment and scheduling of service orders to crews, aiming to balance their wages, and considering the compatibility between service orders and crews. We present a mixed-integer linear formulation with two different metrics to achieve balanced scores and two valid inequalities leveraging the structure of the problem. Afterward, we propose a practical adaptive multi-start heuristic that integrates the learning mechanism of a reactive Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure. We test the performance of the models and the proposed algorithm on a benchmark of instances adapted from the literature and in a case study based on real data. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to support the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French screenwriters' precarity has been highlighted in a number of different ways in recent years, not least by their efforts to organise and publicise professional abuses. This article will consider the situation of writers and how these are often framed in relation to a cinematic culture rooted in what Jonathan Buchsbaum calls 'a certain idea of film [as] the art form of the twentieth century', an idea that engages with debates on quality as well as authorship. As will emerge, this is also an idea of cinema that many of the screenwriters in question contribute to and defend, even if its emphasis on the director-auteur has implications for their own position and visibility. The article will then turn to recent efforts on the part of French screenwriters working in different sectors of audio-visual and cinematic production to stand up against precarious employment conditions, inadequate remuneration, and what they have described as a systematic downplaying of their role and their work, which have successfully attracted attention from the media but also from professional bodies, notably the CNC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the number of graduates with disabilities is increasing worldwide, few studies have examined their transition to employment. This study analysed the difficulties they find in their labour insertion compared with their peers without disabilities and offers proposals to improve their employability. We used a representative sample of Spanish graduates, with and without disabilities. Our results showed that the main problem for graduates with disabilities is their access to the labour market. There is, however, no evidence of differences in the quality of employment between graduates with and without disabilities. We found that the difficulties in accessing employment among graduates with disabilities are related to discriminatory institutional factors in the labour market. Therefore, it is important to implement policies focused on the removal of institutional barriers that may prevent employers from hiring graduates with disabilities. Our results provide empirical evidence for policies that can improve their employability. Points of interest: In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of people with disabilities enrolled in higher education programs. This study compares the employability and job quality of Spanish university graduates with and without disabilities. The results showed that Spanish graduates with disabilities struggle to find work. However, once employed, their jobs are of similar quality to those without disabilities. This research proves that differences in employability between graduates with and without disabilities are mainly due to discriminatory factors and not differences in skills. Evidence shows that providing employment support and personalised job search assistance can aid in removing discrimination against graduates with disabilities. Promoting temporary, part-time, or self-employment for graduates with disabilities can also ease their access to the labour market by adapting employment to their special needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Objective: The purposes of this study were to determine the presence of burnout in physical therapists and physical therapist assistants, examine differences in burnout between demographic groups, and explore circumstances that contribute to and alleviate burnout. Methods: A cross-sectional survey consisting of demographic questions, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and open-ended questions was conducted within two health systems. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were used to analyze responses to close-ended questions and to examine differences between groups. Thematic analysis was used to analyze open-ended questions. Results: In total, 202 individuals participated in the study; 146 participants responded to at least one open-ended question (72.3%). Participants, regardless of demographic characteristic, demonstrated at least some degree of burnout on each subscale. Ten major themes emerged from analysis of circumstances that contribute to and alleviate burnout: 1) workload; 2) schedule; 3) work-life balance; 4) care continuum; 5) coping/morale; 6) team dynamics and resources; 7) psychological or emotional burden; 8) compensation and recognition; 9) physical therapy as a profession; and 10) COVID-19. Conclusion: Burnout is present within physical therapists regardless of demographic group. Understanding circumstances that contribute to and alleviate burnout is an important first step to develop and research strategies to address these circumstances to positively impact the provider, patient, and the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Vietnam has issued Joint Circular No. 51/2014/TTLTBYT-BNV 11/12/2015 and Circular No. 26/2017/TT-BYT dated 26/6/2017 to reform the preventive medicine system at the provincial level. This study analyzed the impact of these policies on the HIV/AIDS prevention health workforce (HW) and provided the lesson learnt from the restructure process. The annual health reports of 22 selected provinces were reviewed for the analysis of the changes in human resources of the HIV/AIDS network after the establishment of the provincial Center for Diseases Control (CDC). We conducted 19 in-depth interviews and 2 focused group discussions in CDCs of 6 provinces that have high HIV incidence. The results showed that the merger of preventive medicine centres into one provincial CDC has brought substantial challenges for the HW in the HIV/AIDS network. This made a negative impact on the worker motivation and competency and the coordination in HIV/AIDS prevention activities. Our results suggested that the restructure of health systems in countries with limited resource settings like Vietnam needs to pay attention to the arrangement of human resources and the coordination between newly formed units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labor market’s response to the signaling value of multiple qualifications (bachelor’s and master’s degrees) held by master’s graduates influences labor market efficiency and individual decisions to invest in education. Using data from the ‘Sample Survey of Chinese Higher Education Institutions’ conducted in 2017 and 2019, this study analyzes whether master’s graduates with bachelor’s degrees from elite universities earn salary premiums. The findings indicate that bachelor’s degrees from elite universities provide approximately a 12% salary premium for master’s graduates, attributable to both human capital and labor market signaling mechanisms. When accounting for individual human capital differences, the salary premium is approximately 9.1%. Furthermore, the empirical results show that these premiums are statistically significant only for master’s graduates from elite universities. The distribution of salary premiums exhibits a U-shaped trend, increasing from low to high salary quantiles. The signaling/screening mechanism’s salary premiums rise with starting salaries, while negative signaling effects are observed at lower quantiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study explored the relationship between fear of missing out (FOMO) and student engagement, examined the mediating role of social media engagement, and determined whether action control strategies moderated this relationship. We recruited 400 Taiwanese college students, collecting data on FOMO, student engagement, social media engagement, and action control strategies use. The results revealed that FOMO was negatively related to student engagement, mediated by social media engagement. Students with higher FOMO levels paid more attention to others’ information on social media, which was negatively related to student engagement. Additionally, action control strategies moderated the relationship between FOMO and student engagement. Among students using fewer action control strategies, the relationship between FOMO and student engagement was negative. However, among students using more action control strategies, FOMO was not related to student engagement. Hence, integrating action control strategies into learning may potentially protect against the tendency of FOMO inducing low student engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nPRACTICE POINTSThere is limited information about how the career choices of social workers, including attaining a license or advanced degree, influence earnings in the profession. This study explored predictors of earnings among recent social work graduates in Alabama. A block regression analysis explored the relationship among degree level, employer practice setting, licensure status, and earnings among 1,863 recent graduates attaining a bachelor’s or master’s degree in social work. Our findings confirmed that having an advanced degree is associated with increased earnings. Employer practice setting was the strongest predictor of earnings. Results provide valuable information about career choices and compensation structures for a growing profession. Though advocating for higher salaries may feel counter to the concept of altruism so deeply and historically embedded in the profession, social workers must, in alignment with the aims of the profession, advocate for higher pay and support public policy related to pay equity, for example, pay transparency.In order to meet the current unmet and future growth needs of the social work workforce, pay differences must be further explored to gain knowledge as to how earnings and personal career choices are connected.Though advocating for higher salaries may feel counter to the concept of altruism so deeply and historically embedded in the profession, social workers must, in alignment with the aims of the profession, advocate for higher pay and support public policy related to pay equity, for example, pay transparency.In order to meet the current unmet and future growth needs of the social work workforce, pay differences must be further explored to gain knowledge as to how earnings and personal career choices are connected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most education systems have set a minimum age until which students must stay at school. In the case of Spain, students can drop out the same day they reach that age, even without finishing that academic year. In the present research work, we intend to analyse the influence of early dropout on later life outcomes for the Spanish population, i.e. literacy and numerical skills and earnings. In order to do this, we employ PIAAC 2012 data and a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, focusing on a transition period between education laws: a first period without minimum dropout age and a second period (law approved in 1970) which obligated students to be at least 14 years-old to dropout. Our results show, for this particular cohort of the Spanish population, that dropping out is substantially negatively associated with literacy and numerical skills in around 1.5 standard deviations, while it did not influence future earnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The nutritional status of seasonal migrant agricultural workers is negatively affected by problems with working conditions, wages, accommodations, and living conditions. This study aimed to investigate the living conditions, dietary habits, and food consumption frequency of seasonal migrant agricultural workers in Turkey. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in July and August 2022 in the neighborhoods of Akçadağ district in Malatya Province, Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of 262 seasonal migrant agricultural workers aged 15 and over who came to the region for the apricot harvest. The data were obtained using the face-to-face interview technique via a two-part questionnaire including questions on socio-demographic characteristics, living conditions, dietary behaviors and food consumption frequency. Results: The mean age of the seasonal migrant agricultural workers was 24.16 ± 0.75, and they worked 12.01 ± 0.10 hours per day on average. It was determined 74.8% of the workers had access to clean water, and 50.4% did not think they had an adequate and balanced diet. It was found only 57.3% of the workers had a normal body mass index, 80.2% never ate fish, 53.8% never ate red meat, and 67.2% never drank milk, while only 34.4% were able to eat seasonal vegetables. Conclusion: The findings of the study show that seasonal migrant agricultural workers in Turkey do not have suitable conditions in terms of food and accommodations, and their working conditions, wages, and health conditions are inadequate. These deficiencies have a negative effect on workers' quality of life and health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is focused on what it terms a conflictual distributional approach to inflation and economic activity. It presents a brief discussion of the relationships between conflictual approaches and the mainstream approaches. It then makes some remarks on the macro-economic and micro-economic aspects of the analysis of inflation and the role of money. Analyses of price setting and wage determination are brought together to provide employment and real wage levels whereby claims on income are mutually consistent. The framework is utilised to discuss sources of inflationary pressure and the roles of capacity and demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a systematic comparison of two main textbook variants within the Kaleckian tradition of post-Keynesian conflict inflation and distribution theory: the Blecker and Setterfield (2019) and Lavoie (1992; 2022) (BSL) model based on Dutt (1987), and the Hein (2023a) and Hein and Stockhammer (2011) (HS) model founded on Rowthorn (1977). Focusing on a basic closed economy framework sans government, we explore various iterations of each approach. Our analysis reveals that disparities chiefly centre around the treatment of price inflation expectations ('indexation') and the incorporation of bargaining power in wage- and price-inflation equations. BSL variants generally yield stable price Phillips curves, stable distribution and employment curves, and hence stable equilibria. Only the BSL-3 variant with complete indexation and complete pass-through generates shifting Phillips and employment curves, implying instability. It is thus similar to the HS-0 approach, which has bargaining power and complete indexation representing adaptive expectations in wage inflation and incomplete pass-through in price inflation. Introducing a workers' wage share target directly into the wage-inflation equation, but keeping full indexation/adaptive expectations in wage inflation and incomplete pass-through in price inflation, allows for stable and even flat Phillips curves, stable distribution and employment curves, and hence stable equilibria in the HS approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops ideas contained in a previous paper on conflict inflation (Rowthorn [1977]. 'Conflict, Inflation and Money.' Cambridge Journal of Economics 1 (3): 215–239). It begins with a summary of that paper, stressing the importance of staggered markets, conflicting aspirations and unanticipated inflation. It then examines three recent articles that share a similar perspective. In the light of this discussion, it makes some general observations about the nature of conflict inflation. Finally It concludes with an application of conflict theory to the recent cost of living crisis in the UK. It argues that private companies have used their market power to defend their profit margins and ensure that the entire burden of higher world prices is borne by consumers, in particular wage and salary earners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 20 years, model averaging has been developed as a better tool than model selection in statistical prediction. Expectile prediction is widely used for modeling data with the heterogeneous conditional distribution. In this article, we introduce a model averaging estimator for additive expectile prediction. The resulting model averaging estimator is shown to have asymptotic optimality under some regular conditions. Simulation experiments are conducted to demonstrate that the performance of our method is better than that of other common model selection and model averaging methods under the finite-sample case. Our method is also verified in the house and wage datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to contextualize the significance of the work of unpaid female family helpers' (UPFFH) for women empowerment. Additionally, it brings into light the subjective feelings and perceptions of unpaid family helpers. The current research is based on primary data collected through a self-structured questionnaire from 200 females aged 15+ years who were helping in the household income generation without getting paid. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among UPFFHs residing in district Lahore, Pakistan. The participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The analysis of UPFFHs empowerment was performed by employing a percentage distribution approach based on four levels of participation in decision making. The research puts emphasis on the impact of excessive, unequal, and unpaid work on women and further argues for social rational of recognizing the work through empowering women in decision-making process at their personal, household, and community level. The findings of the study indicates that the young UPFFHs are less empowered as they face the greatest familial and community pressure when it comes to making their life decisions. However, the paper further documents their aspiration to attain economic independence which would then bring change in gender perceptions and their overall social standing. The paper concludes by highlighting the problems associated with "unpaid work" and why it must be addressed, especially if the country has to fully realize the valued goal of women empowerment and gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the effect of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) practices on employee green behavior (EGB). A conceptual model involving two double-moderations is developed and tested with the data collected from 397 respondents from various industries in India. Hayes's PROCESS macros were used in testing the hypotheses. Consistent with the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) and Social Identity Theory (SIT), the green recruitment strategies (GRS) and green institutional initiatives (GII) positively predict EGB. The results indicate that the significant three-way interaction between GRS, employee green training and development (E-GTD), and employee green participation and involvement (E-GPI) influenced EGB. The findings also suggest that the three-way interaction between GII, employee green performance management, appraisal (E-GPMA), employee green compensation, and rewards (E-GCR) influencing the EGB was significant. The implications for green human resource management (G-HRM) and sustainability are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this note we study how the share of workers in a corporation located in a high gender wage gap country impacts the wage gap in their home country operations. Our findings support the hypothesis that firms with strong intra-firm linkages to a high gender wage gap country also display a relatively large gender wage gap at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate whether the wage premium associated with higher education differs between e-learning and traditional face-to-face courses. Using Brazilian microdata, we collected information on more than 6,000 students, about half of whom earned their degrees exclusively through online/offline study. We then tracked their labour market trajectories before and after earning their bachelor's degrees. We found that the market tends to pay better to people who earned their degrees through traditional means. However, our results suggest that this is not some sort of e-learning penalty. Rather, these lower wages are likely due to a prior disadvantage that most people who study online have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interaction between public and private sector real wages in the U.S. are examined over the periods 1952–2019, 1952–1972, and 1973–2019. Industries considered include all private industries and five broad industry subcategories. Measures of U.S. state & local governments and federal government are considered, and their changing contributions to total employment across periods provides context for wage leadership. Private sector wages caused federal wages as federal employment's share of total employment decreased throughout the periods. In contrast, state & local government's share of total employment grew substantially in the early period, with their wages causing private sector wages. In the later period, state & local government's share of total employment stabilized and their wages cause those in half of the private sectors to be considered, with feedback in the remaining industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper joins the discussion on differentiation and stratification of legal professionals through the lens of Danish law graduates and the evolution of their careers from the 1970s. Using register data, we analyse the job positions and wages of six cohorts 20 years after their graduation. This enables us to sketch an overview of, on the one hand, the professional spaces the law grads occupy at a specific point in time, and on the other, gain insight into the overall trajectories of the different cohorts, as well as the more specific trajectories of different professional groupings. These groupings are then examined in terms of their wages and corporate income to get an understanding of the degree of stratification of each group within each cohort, and thereby the social hierarchy structuring the cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between national growth models and voters’ economic preferences. We theorise that centre-left voters are cross-pressured between a demand for higher wages and concerns about competitiveness, but the impact varies by growth model: the more a country is export-led, the more the competitiveness motive is internalised, moderating worker demands for wage increases. As a result, we expect a convergence in preferences between centre-left and centre-right voters as the reliance on export-led growth increases. We corroborate these claims through three sets of empirical analyses: a cross-sectional analysis of individual wage dissatisfaction in nineteen Western countries, a panel analysis of wage dissatisfaction in a typical export-led (Germany) and a typical consumption-led economy (UK), and an analysis of preferences for export-led growth in these two countries. Our findings contribute to the emerging literature on the politics of growth models and the waning of economic conflict in advanced capitalist democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the influence of compensation spending reviews on government policy by analysing the case of South Africa, focusing on an extended review of the drivers of payroll costs. It addresses the decision by the government to renege on a wage agreement with public sector unions and the subsequent backlash from labour unions, and explains how spending reviews contributed to this. The paper outlines the methodology used for the analysis and summarises the key findings of the compensation spending reviews conducted between 2017 and 2020. It also discusses the implications of the decision and subsequent developments for compensation spending in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews government employment and compensation trends using data derived from the government's payroll. Employment levels and average pay grew strongly in the 2000s, but in the last decade, headcounts have stagnated or fallen, and increases in average pay have been moderate. The distribution of pay between government employees is compressed, especially when compared to income inequalities in society. The paper suggests attempts to reduce government's wage bill that rely on blunt, across-the-board measures will have their largest impact on core public services – basic education, healthcare and criminal justice – and are likely to erode the value of these services and the quality of service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study explored how South Korean officials of small- and medium-sized enterprises view mandatory retirement age. Many contend that it would be difficult to abolish the Korea's mandatory retirement age because of the seniority wage system. However, some argue that healthy, competent workers should be retained and recruited regardless of age. To promote employing older workers, adjusting circumstances by renewing contracts, adopting employment flexibility, and reducing labor union pressure have all been suggested. Additionally, a peak wage system could be promoted as an alternative to the seniority wage system. Considering that the officials participating in this study hail from diverse industries, future researchers should conduct qualitative and quantitative studies on specific sectors for an industry-specific perspective on mandatory retirement age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the American Community Survey 2015–2019 combined data, this study conducts an industry– and geography-specific analysis of annual earnings of social workers in four human services industries in the NYC metropolitan area. It specifically addresses two research questions: 1) What are the sectoral (i.e., nonprofit, for-profit, government) differences in overall pay among social workers? 2) What are the sectoral differences in the racial pay gap among social workers? The analytical results suggest that: 1) Social workers of all races employed by the government were paid significantly higher than their counterparts in the private sector. Within the private sector, nonprofit social workers were paid lower than their for–profit counterparts. 2) There were not statistically significant differences in the racial pay gap for social workers across the three sectors. In other words, nonprofit and government agencies were not more racially equitable in pay compared to for-profit organizations. PRACTICE POINTS: Since NYC's nonprofit human services agencies are primarily funded by government contracts, it is imperative for the state to address the stark disparity in human services workers–pay between public and private employees. Human services organizations – nonprofit, for-profit, and government included – are obligated to address the racial pay disparity in their workplace and improve racial justice in pay. The human services field should collectively address the under-compensation of social workers, especially social workers of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: With the rapid development of China's social work sector, the increasing job pressures, and risks of professional burnout among social workers have become more prevalent. This study examined the relationship between Chinese social workers' attitudes toward evidence-based practice (EBP) and burnout, exploring the mediating mechanisms of evidence-based knowledge (EBK) and service quality perception (SQP). Materials and methods: We applied PROCESS 4.2 macro in SPSS to analyze the data from 5,931 social workers, testing the sequential mediation effects of EBK and SQP between their attitudes toward EBP and burnout. Results: The findings revealed: (1) Attitudes toward EBP had significant indirect positive effects on burnout; (2) EBK partially mediated the relationship between EBP attitude and burnout; (3) SQP partially mediated the relationship between attitudes toward EBP and burnout; (4) Attitudes toward EBP had a sequential mediated effect on burnout through EBK and SQP. Discussion: The findings emphasize the need to implement targeted interventions and training programs to foster positive attitudes toward EBP, promote continuous professional development, and provide access to EBP resources. Moreover, nurturing EBK and SQP could help alleviate burnout by improving social workers' ability to address client issues and enhance their sense of confidence and accomplishment. Conclusion: This study fills a research gap by providing empirical evidence on the negative correlation between Chinese social workers' attitudes toward EBP and burnout, while demonstrating the mediating roles of EBK and SQP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Productivity-based wage systems are intended to enhance the labour market participation of people with disabilities. Limited scholarship exists regarding the impact of such policies in practice. This qualitative study explored stakeholder perspectives on the Australian Supported Wage System (SWS), including perceptions of fairness and equity. Methods: Document review provided context and background for the study. 14 semi-structured interviews were subsequently conducted with a range of stakeholders with knowledge of the SWS. Results: Four primary themes were identified, related to assessment processes, value contributions of the system, practice risks and challenges, and ethical tensions. Conclusions: The SWS appears to enhance worker choice and inclusion. A variety of factors may reduce the quality of these outcomes, however, and employment systems should support a range of evidence-informed approaches to ensure equitable employment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Many countries experience challenges in recruiting and retaining general practitioners (GPs) as supervisors for medical students in clinical placements. We aimed to investigate the opportunities, capacities and limitations of Norwegian GPs to become supervisors. Design: Web-based cross-sectional questionnaire study. Setting: Norwegian general practice. Subjects: All GPs in Norway, including locums and those on leave, both active supervisors, and GPs who are not presently supervising medical students. Main outcome measures: GPs' terms of salary, office facilities, limiting factors, capacity and needs for becoming or continuing as supervisors. Results: Among 5145 GPs, 1466 responded (29%), of whom 498 (34%) were active supervisors. Lack of a dedicated student office was the most reported limitation for both active supervisors (75%) and other GPs (81%). A high proportion (67%) of active supervisors reported that they could host more students per year, given financial support for equipped offices and higher salaries. With this kind of support, 48% (n = 461) of the GPs who were not supervisors for medical students were positive about a future supervisor role. By adjusted regression analysis, female GPs had lower likelihood of being supervisors, OR (95% CI) 0.75 (0.59–0.95) than male colleagues. GPs in the North, Mid and West regions had higher odds (OR 3.89, 3.10 and 2.42, respectively) than those in the South-East region. Teaching experience also increased the odds (2.31 (1.74–3.05). Conclusions: There seems to be capacity among both active and potential supervisors if increased salaries and financial support for office facilities are made available. KEY POINTS: Undergraduate training by clinical placements is important for the recruitment of doctors to general practice, and depends on a sufficient number of GPs as supervisors. The study shows that there is sufficient capacity among Norwegian GPs to host medical students in clinical placements. Many potential supervisors among Norwegian GPs report that they have not been approached by a university to supervise medical students. Many supervisors state that they need increased salaries and financial support for facilities and expenses in order to supervise medical students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we estimate the overall costs of the youth population, not in education, employment, or training (NEET) in Morocco, focusing on public finance and opportunity costs, focusing on three of the five aspects: unemployment, health, and teenage mothers. The results show that young rural women represent a significant percentage of youths who are not in education, employment, or training in Morocco. In 2019, the total cost of young youth not in education, employment, or training in Morocco was estimated at 60,592,858,600 Moroccan Dirhams in terms of public finance and 55,043,899 000 Moroccan dirhams in terms of opportunity cost. These findings have implications for alleviating financial strain, fostering long-term social inclusion, and economic development. The high rate of young rural women not in education, employment, or training raises the need for targeted interventions in this area. The cost to the country is significant, affecting at the same time the lives of these youth, their families, and the national economy. This study highlights the need to implement policies and programs that integrate youth not in education, employment, or training into education and employment, thus reducing their socioeconomic impact for a sustainable future. This study adds to the literature by providing a detailed cost analysis of not in education, employment, or youth training in Morocco, demonstrating how these findings can be applied to similar contexts worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of why postsecondary institutions produce different labor market outcomes is difficult to answer due to unobserved student characteristics. Here, I leverage students' geographic proximity to three classifications of postsecondary institutions – earnings-enhancing, competitive, and Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Using a nationally representative sample, I estimate attainment and earnings effects of first attending each type. Attending an institution classified as earnings-enhancing increases humanities credit completion, degree attainment, and early-career wages. Among underrepresented students, living closest to an HBCU strongly predicts HBCU enrollment. This yields higher STEM credit completion but lower early-career wages, suggesting possible labor market bias. Abbreviations:Competitive: Barron's Top 3 Selectivity Tier Institution; HBCU:Historically Black College or University; HSI: High-Success Institution; STEM: Science; Technology; Engineering; and Mathematics; Underrepresented Minority (URM): Black; Indigenous; or Hispanic/Latinx HIGHLIGHTS Nearest-college attributes predict college choice for many high school students, especially those living near HBCUs. Colleges previously linked to students' wage mobility yield higher earnings by students' mid-20s. Higher earnings effects coincide with higher humanities credit completion, bachelor's completion, and postbaccalaureate training. HBCU attendance relative to other options yields higher STEM credit completion, but lower early-career wages. HBCU attendance relative to no college also increases humanities credit completion and bachelor's degree completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study re-analyzes the relationship between digital financial inclusion and the wages of low-wage workers in China using the conditional quantile and quantile selection model. The study finds that after correcting for sample selection bias, digital financial inclusion significantly increases the wage income of low-wage workers and reduces the rural-urban wage gap. These effects diminish as the wage level rises to the median wage, and there are three potential mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many real-world agents recognise that they impose harms by choosing to emit carbon, for example, by flying. Yet many do so anyway, and then attempt to make things right by offsetting those harms. Such offsetters typically believe that, by offsetting, they change the deontic status of their behaviour, making an otherwise impermissible action permissible. Do they succeed in practice? Some philosophers have argued that they do, since their offsets appear to reverse the adverse effects of their emissions. But we show that they do not. In practice, standard carbon offsetting does not reverse the harms of the original action, nor does it even benefit the same group as was harmed. Standard moral theories hence deny that such offsetting succeeds. Indeed, we show that any moral theory that allows offsetting in this setting faces a dilemma between allowing any wrong to be offset, no matter how grievous, and recognising an implausibly sharp discontinuity between offsettable actions and non-offsettable actions. The most plausible response is to accept that carbon offsetting fails to right our climate wrongs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A manager's prior experience may affect an organization's resource allocation decisions and its performance. I examine this issue in the context of National Football League (NFL) franchises. I find that teams with coaches from an offensive background spend 5.5% points more of their salary cap space on offensive personnel, while a defensive background does not significantly affect the share of resources allocated to defensive personnel. While additional salary resources committed to offensive and defensive personnel do improve team performance in those respective areas, marginal improvements in offensive and defensive performance associated with greater spending are generally unaffected by the coach's background, a finding suggesting that a coach's background does not confer an informational advantage on certain types of personnel. I further find no evidence of significant differences in the effects that spending on offence and defence respectively have on team performance, suggesting efficiency within this labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widening income inequality is a serious social concern in many countries. We examine the causal effect of a negative demand shock on executive compensation and worker wages using a quasi-natural experiment, considering Japanese firms that experienced a sudden and substantial export decline following the global financial crisis in the late 2000s. Worker wages tended to decline significantly more relative to executive compensation after the crisis in firms depending more on exports, causing a wider pay differential. We establish the robustness of our difference-in-difference results by considering selection into exporters, excluding sporadic exporters, and controlling for foreign ownership or liquidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article exploits the introduction of a sectoral minimum wage in the German construction industry and the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in the UK to examine the influence of minimum wages on the immigrant wage gap in two sectors with a large population of immigrant worker and varying wage-setting environments. Our results suggest that minimum wage reform may reduce the wage gap between immigrants and natives in liberal market economies where wage-setting arrangements are largely decentralized. As anticipated, this effect appears to be confined at the bottom end of the wage distribution with no apparent spill-over effects higher in the wage distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a significant revision of the evolution of labor incomes in Spain, challenging previous assumptions about the effect of Francoist institutions in the postwar era. Administrative data reveal weaker wage declines in the 1940s and consistent growth throughout the 1950s, driven by the growing importance of allowances and family bonuses. This more positive evolution primarily benefited workers in regulated industries (such as manufacturing and private services), while agrarian laborers and civil servants experienced subpar earnings growth. Consequently, for the first group, effective compensation increasingly trended above legal compensation, as evidenced by the results of the 1957 wage survey. These findings suggest that labor markets under Francoism had a more flexible compensation structure than previously believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the apparent paradox of India's combination of durable democracy and electoral accountability with a capable bureaucracy, coinciding with a deficient development trajectory. It outlines the nature of the conceptual problem, where India is an outlier in global patterns. Then it compares different conceptual approaches to drawing connections from governance institutions to development outcomes. Next, it reviews some of the contributions to understanding India's political economy in recent decades. Finally, it draws lessons from India's experience for the appropriateness of different theories of governance and development. One conclusion is that the paradox recedes when attention is paid to the subnational level, where India's states encompass considerable variation in initial societal and economic conditions and in development outcomes, and a sufficiently rich theoretical framework, that of limited access orders, is used to situate and encompass the different subnational experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the motivations, attitudes, care management strategies and training needs of paid caregivers. Data were collected through 51 semi-structured interviews with paid caregivers and analyzed using thematic analysis. Their motivations included economic stability, the inability to secure other employment, a desire to secure independence through regularly paid employment and a passion and a love of caring. Their role involved being a key communicator of care between medical personnel and relatives, and participants emphasized the importance of paid caregivers being loving, caring, calm, patient, having the ability and willingness to cope with challenging situations. They outlined some specific challenges of the role of caregiving and expressed the importance of gaining recognition for the role as well as the need for bespoke and tailored training to underpin it. This study adds to the growing international literature around the needs of the paid carer workforce and has the potential to inform policy and training around the provision of a better-equipped workforce to meet the growing needs of the aging population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores community organizing and its impact on social change through various interdisciplinary and collaborative approaches. Topics include collaborative strategies between social workers and urban planners, insights from a United Kingdom-based community organizing training program, and the effects of union organizing on low-wage workers' wages.

Social workers have long been active in social and political organizing to ensure a living wage. Yet recent social work research largely neglects efforts to raise wages and effective means for organizing to do so. This paper draws on in-depth interviews from a longitudinal study of low-wage hospital workers who formed a union and negotiated annual, incremental wage increases to achieve a $15 minimum wage floor to understand their perceptions of the effects of the initial wage increase. Results show workers have a wide spectrum of perceptions, with many feeling no effect or even a negative effect due to losses in public benefits. A visualization used to aid interpretation of results identifies race and family structure as salient factors, pointing to the role of structural discrimination in experiences and perceptions of wage increases. Given that this workplace, like many other employers and localities, has implemented a $15 minimum wage through incremental raises across time, it is important that social workers be aware of the experiences of workers at each stage of this process. This study examines the impact of the first raise, establishing a framework from which future research can examine how individuals' perceptions and experiences develop over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to perennial challenges surrounding hospitality staffing shortages, this study uses an established 20-item career preference scale to conduct an importance-performance analysis (IPA) on hospitality workers in Hampton Roads, Virginia (USA). Findings indicate that work-family balance (WFB) and low starting salaries are the two issues in most need of managerial attention. Moreover, this research finds that WFB is more challenging in hotels compared to restaurants; worse for front-of-the-house workers than back-of-the-house; more pronounced for full-time as opposed to part-time staff; and more of a challenge for managers than non-managers. These between group differences are not found for starting salaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exit from active substance use presents barriers to achieving and maintaining health, especially as individuals lack the economic resources to afford healthcare access. Treatment settings that strengthen resources may support stability in recovery and influence health. Analyzing a sample of recovery home residents over two years (N = 494), the current study assessed individually held resources (e.g., wages, employment) and the average economic conditions of a resident's house (e.g., house employment rate) to understand their association with self-reported health status. Employment status, but not wages or transportation access, was associated with reported health scores. The average employment rate of a recovery home was also positively correlated with the health of its residents. Results indicate the need to address employment and other economic issues which plague recovering individuals. Community aftercare settings may offer such a pathway through affordable housing, employment opportunities, and supportive relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace sexual harassment (WSH) is a systemic problem in agricultural employment. In the United States, where most research on the topic has been conducted, studies have suggested the rate of WSH against women farmworkers may be as high as 95%. Women who are immigrants, younger, have precarious immigration status, and come from indigenous communities are particularly vulnerable to WSH. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the factors that contribute to such high rates of WSH in waged employment in the agricultural sector. To achieve this, we completed a systematic review of the empirical literature on sexual harassment in agricultural workplaces. Our review includes 29 empirical studies on WSH in agriculture, including 13 studies conducted in countries within the Global North and 16 from the Global South. The paper presents a typology of WSH in agriculture, categorizing its emotional and physical forms and describing what the literature reveals about its impacts on those who experience it. We then present our analysis of the structural and cultural factors contributing to high WSH rates in waged agricultural employment. We found that migration policies, the organizational and physical characteristics of agricultural work, the informality of employment relationships, traditional masculinity norms, and weak enforcement of workplace regulations were the principal factors facilitating high rates of WSH in agriculture. However, the study has limitations: it primarily focuses on literature in English and Spanish, risking geographical bias towards the Americas and potentially overlooking significant research in other languages or published in less accessible databases, including grey literature and regional reports. These limitations highlight the need for broader research to fill these empirical gaps, particularly from the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do women and workers with a migration background earn relatively less in the core creative arts or in commercial creative sectors such as advertising? In this paper, we seek to (1) uncover to what extent workers' socio-demographic characteristics and the sub-sector of the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) in which they are active affect how much they earn, and (2) unravel to what extent the context of sub-sectors affects inequality in earnings between different socio-demographic groups. Using Statistics Netherlands register data on all workers with earnings from the CCIs, we show that earnings are lowest in the sub-sectors in Throsby's (2008) inner circles of the CCIs. Both having a migration background and being a woman affect earnings in the CCIs. Especially gender inequality in earnings is extensive and omnipresent, being least pronounced in sub-sectors such as literature, music and visual arts, and most severe in e.g. film and photography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While medical and health science librarians' median salaries have increased over the last forty years; however, inflation-adjusted salaries are lower than in 2008. Utilizing data from the Medical Library Association's salary surveys from 1983 to 2023, this column explores median salary changes over time by discussing the median salary's performance against inflation and how the 2008 recession and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic impacted salaries. From 2017 to 2023, the median salary increased by 18%, but after adjusting for inflation, the median salary decreased by almost 6%. The findings have serious implications for recruitment and retention in medical and health sciences librarianship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using empirical data from China, this study examines the impact of local internet development on non-executive employees' salaries. Research findings show that internet development can increase employees' salary and pay-performance sensitivity. This effect can be more significant in non-state-owned enterprises (Non-SOEs for short), firms faced with fierce competition, and firms paid little attention to employee protection. Mechanism analysis finds that the positive impact of internet development on increasing total factor productivity and reducing information asymmetry can partly interpret the effect. From the perspective of employees' salaries, this study sheds light on the impact of technological progress on micro-production relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital acquired through employer-provided training is pervasive in labour markets and an important determinant of post-schooling wage growth. The literature has focused on understanding under what conditions this training will lead to higher wages. Here I offer another aspect for consideration: Does the proximity of the current job to past jobs affect the return to training? In particular, I look at whether the wage return to training acquired at a previous employer depends upon the relative 'proximity' of the worker's past employer to their current one, where proximity is measured by whether the worker received the training in the same industry or occupation as the current job. I investigate this using data from the British Household Panel Survey, with both fixed effects and instrumental variable estimation. The results suggest that both current and previous employer training spells are important determinants of wages, and both need to be included in wage regressions. Evidence further suggests that the return to formal training is highest if the training was received in a previous job that was in the same industry and occupation as the current one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large Japanese corporations which have accumulated substantial reserves are now under pressure to spend them, but on what, or on whom? Should they increase their (domestic) capital and R&D expenditure, which languished between 2000 and 2020; or invest more in their employees, whose wages have stagnated; or increase their shareholder returns, which have already surged; or raise executive remuneration closer to overseas counterparts? This article examines tensions in recent developments in Japan's political economy, from Society 5.0 to Kishida's 'new form of capitalism' and Keidanren's 'rebuilding the middle class', from the perspective of these dilemmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 20 years, the Italian labour market has seen increasing unemployment, job contract instability and lower wages as a result of the global economic crisis and the policies fielded by successive governments to reduce labour market rigidities, regarded as the primary cause of high unemployment, for young people and women in particular. This paper analyses young workers' job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is relevant for workers' well-being, but it has also been shown to affect workers' productivity and hence firms' performance. We analyse overall job satisfaction and satisfaction for two job dimensions, stability and pay. We contribute to the existing literature by investigating whether job stability can compensate for a lower wage and whether the opposite is true, i.e. if a higher pay can compensate for job instability. Our findings show that overall job satisfaction is affected only by pay level. However, when we consider satisfaction with stability and pay satisfaction jointly, the type of contract seems to be more relevant than the pay in determining the probability of being either satisfied or dissatisfied with both dimensions. Therefore, if different dimensions of satisfaction are considered, both stability and pay are relevant, and there appears to be no compensating effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]