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Numerical simulations of pulsatile flow in a feline aorta for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) heart conditions are performed to predict flow details and to evaluate possible thrombus trajectory patterns. The study demonstrates that average flow rate boundary conditions (QBC) at artery outlets act as a resistance-type boundary condition for pulsatile flow. For simulations when the exact artery outflows are not known, specification of estimated values from physiological conditions is a plausible approach. This boundary condition is further improved using an iterative method (I-QBC) to accurately satisfy outflow conditions when expected outflow is known. The approach is validated against experimental data for the prediction of iliac artery flow and wall stresses in a human abdominal aorta. The feline aorta simulations including Lagrangian particle transport are performed on grids with up to 11M cells for a generalized feline aorta. It is found that LES on larger grids performs significantly better than URANS for the prediction of vortical structures. Simulations for both healthy and HCM conditions show similar flow patterns in the upper abdominal aorta. However, the HCM condition shows the presence of large recirculation regions in the thoracic aorta resulting in 50% lower flow through the iliac arteries and increased entrapment of fluid-borne particles near the trifurcation region compared to the healthy condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Tesla valves for flow control and rectification in mini and microfluidic applications is appealing due to their passive operation and no-moving-parts design. The effectiveness of such valves can be increased through their in-series arrangement, i.e., a multistaged Tesla valve (MSTV). In this study, the effect of inlet Reynolds number (25-200) on the flow rectification and thermal enhancement capabilities of a single Tesla valve and MSTV (up to 10 stages) is numerically investigated through 3D computational fluid dynamics. Based on the simulation results, power-law correlations for MSTV design and performance in terms of Nusselt number, Darcy friction factor, pressure diodicity, and thermal diodicity are derived and provided. The results demonstrate that heat transfer enhancement during reverse flow through the Tesla valve structure is attributable to flow bifurcation, stagnation, and mixing mechanisms; average Nusselt numbers as high as 7.1 were observed for Re = 200. The ability of a Tesla valve to function as a mini-to-micro-type heat exchanger, thermal diode, and/or check valve can benefit several thermal/flow control applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay departs from the notion of the journey as an image of the poet's career in the poetry of Antonio Machado. This journey implies a process that is, for the most part, reactive rather than evolutionary, notably as in Campos de Castilla. The principal focus, however, is with a less readily explicable feature relating to the poetry that Machado wrote in the period of the Second Republic, specifically in his Cancionero apócrifo. The acknowledged difficulties of these poems and their tendency to fragmentation are considered by reference to what Edward Said, following Theodor Adorno, has termed ‘late style’, which he discerns in a wide range of artists, including Beethoven, Mann, Genet, Visconti and Glenn Gould. To highlight the distinctiveness of Machado’s kinship with these figures a contrast is established between the Spanish poet and the late poetry of his near-contemporary, W. B. Yeats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new eddy-viscosity turbulence model for prediction of laminar, transitional and turbulent flow, as an alternative to the popular laminar kinetic energy framework. The model represents a conceptually different description of the transition process, in which the pressure-strain terms of the Reynolds stress budget are suppressed in pretransitional flow regions, and transition is viewed as activation of the pressure-strain terms. This concept has been implemented using an existing linear-eddy viscosity Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes transitional model as a baseline, which has been modified to more accurately capture the physics of fully turbulent free shear flows. The model is tested for several boundary layer and free shear flow test cases. The simulations show engineering accurate results, qualitatively equivalent to the baseline transition-sensitive model for boundary layer test cases, and substantially improved over the baseline model for fully turbulent free shear flows. The results suggest that the new model formulation may have a wider range of application than the baseline model for complex transitional and turbulent flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the characteristic potential of the sonnet is seldom realized by Golden-Age playwrights, is there a poet who has unlocked the sonnet's dramatic possibilities? It is argued that the most fertile area for consideration is to be found in the poetry of Francisco de Quevedo. Whereas Góngora's sonnets seldom lose sight of their potential for the architectural, Quevedo's veer more obviously towards the verbal and the colloquial. If Góngora's amatory sonnets have the plastic arts as a reference point, then Quevedo's evoke more the spoken language, providing a discursive development that could be termed dramatic. To illustrate such effects, the following traits will be examined: the use of direct speech; the recourse to colloquialism and natural speech-patterns; a tendency to hyperbaton and a readiness to disregard the constraints of end-stopped lines; the predilection for aphoristic one-liners to encapsulate a mental or emotional condition; and an argumentative structure that incorporates surprises and twists, so that more than with other practitioners of the sonnet in that period they emerge as movements through rather than moments in time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Two-phase flows involving dispersed particle and droplet phases are common in a variety of natural and industrial processes, such as aerosols, blood flow, emulsions, and gas-catalyst systems. For sufficiently dilute particle/aerosol phases, a simplified one-way coupling is often assumed, in which the continuous primary phase is unaffected by the presence of the dispersed secondary phase and standard CFD methods can be applied. To predict the transport and deposition of the particle phase, typically a Lagrangian particle-tracking or Eulerian one-fluid/two-phase drift-flux approach is used. Here, a full two-fluid Eulerian modeling approach is presented for coarse particles (>1 μm), in which transport equations are numerically solved for both particle-phase continuity and particle-phase momentum. Simulation results were obtained for a laminar flow regime (Re 100 and 1000) in a 90° elbow, and the effects of grid topology and resolution were investigated. Additionally, gravity effects were considered for both Re cases. Results using this full two-fluid Eulerian approach were validated against experimental data and other computational studies. One key novel contribution of this work is presentation of a simple algorithm for stabilizing the Eulerian particle-phase equation. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study documenting a full two-fluid Eulerian approach for dilute particle phases in laminar flow on unstructured (prism/tetrahedral) meshes. The results show the potential of the two-fluid approach for providing a useful alternative to the more typical Lagrangian approach for prediction of coarse-particle transport and wall deposition. Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovation presented is a method for adaptive time-stepping that allows clustering of time steps in portions of the cycle for which flow variables are rapidly changing, based on the concept of using a uniform step in a relevant dependent variable rather than a uniform step in the independent variable time. A user-defined function was developed to adapt the magnitude of the time step (adaptive time step) to a defined rate of change in inlet velocity. Quantitative comparison indicates that the new adaptive time stepping method significantly improves accuracy for simulations using an equivalent number of time steps per cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large eddy simulation (LES) is known to suffer from two primary error sources – the subgrid stress (SGS) model and the numerical discretization scheme. These cannot be separately quantified for finite-volume numerical simulations, but an appropriate combination can yield 'engineering accurate' prediction of turbulence dynamics. This paper seeks to evaluate combinations of commonly used second-order numerical schemes and Smagorinsky-type SGS models for practical LES. Error assessments are performed for isotropic decaying turbulence using both pseudospectral and finite-volume solvers, followed by validation for a complex turbulent flow of engineering interest. Error assessment using pseudospectral techniques is performed to isolate finite-differencing and modeling errors by explicitly adding numerical derivative error terms to the simulations. Error assessment using the finite-volume method focuses on identification of optimal model-discretization combinations for the best LES predictions using application solvers. The pseudospectral and finite-volume approaches show consistent predicted behavior of the interplay between numerical and modeling errors for different model-discretization combinations. Of those studied here, the two most optimal combinations are identified as: (1) standard or dynamic Smagorinsky SGS model with a bounded central difference scheme; and (2) Monotonic Integrated LES (MILES) with either a secondorder upwind or QUICK scheme. These combinations were applied for an axisymmetric jet flow at Re ~ 105, using an 'engineering quality' mesh, where the MILES model with either an upwind or QUICK scheme showed the best predictive capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study of unsteady single-phase vortical flow inside a cyclone is presented. Two different geometric configurations have been considered, with the goal of assessing several different turbulence modelling approaches for this class of problem. The models investigated include three Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models: a commonly used two-equation eddy-viscosity model, a differential Reynolds stress model (DRSM) and an eddy-viscosity model sensitised to rotational and curvature (RC) effects which was recently developed and implemented into a commercial CFD (computational fluid dynamics) code by the authors. Results were also obtained using large eddy simulation (LES). The computational results are analysed and compared with available experimental data. The RC-sensitised eddy-viscosity model shows significant improvement over the standard eddy-viscosity model. The RC-sensitised model, DRSM and LES model predictions of the mean flowfield are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results suggest that curvature- and rotation-sensitive eddy-viscosity models may provide a practical alternative to more computationally intensive approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of a pseudo-spectral solver, which uses FFT in the streamwise and spanwise directions and Chebyshev polynomials in the wall-normal direction, is improved by implementing MPI domain decomposition for the Chebyshev collocation method using the influence matrix method. The parallel code is validated for LES of plane channel flow at Reτ=590 and 2003, and applied for temporally developing flat plate transition simulations. The domain decomposition using the influence matrix method is implemented to achieve C1 continuity of the velocity across the domain interface. The method provides super linear scalability of solver computational performance. The predictions show kinks in the turbulent statistics on coarser grids, but agree very well with DNS data for finer grids. It is found that accurate turbulent predictions require a minimum of 48 collocation points per subdomain for Re ~ 105, with higher numbers required for Re ~ 106. The flat plate transitional flow simulation is performed for a freestream turbulence intensity of 1.8%, which predicts the beginning of bypass transition at Rex=9.2×105, turbulent overshoot in the wall shear stress profile for Rex=1.42-1.72×106, and a fully developed turbulent region for higher Rex. Analysis of vortical structure show that the transition occurs due to the formation of turbulent spots, which are in return formed due to the merger of near wall low strength elongated structures. The growth of the turbulent spot is sustained by ejection sweep events from the wall. The results demonstrate that a temporally developing simulation is a viable, inexpensive alternative to the commonly used spatially developing approach for boundary layer transition prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than in earlier periods, twentieth-century poets have regarded the subject of poetry and the role of the poet as material appropriate for the poem itself rather than for merely theorizing about poetry. This essay explores how such a metapoetic preoccupation is manifested in the work of three poets who, in differing ways, illustrate Wallace Stevens' observation that 'the interest of the poem is not in its meaning but in [. . .] the achieving of an individual reality'. In the case of Antonio Machado the achievement at crisis point takes the form of emotional evolution and resolution; with Federico García Lorca, it is a matter of poetic identity and maturity; for Salvador Espriu it is the engagement with history and the political moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the assessment and application of numerical techniques required for predicting gas production induced subsidence in the North Adriatic. Due to the complexity of the reservoir description and compaction mechanisms, the subsidence modeling required the combined use of reservoir and geomechanical simulators. Extensive validation of the modeling techniques was undertaken, including the level of coupling between the fluid flow and geomechanical solution. It was shown that a fully coupled solution impacted only the aquifer area, and accurate results could be obtained by an explicitly coupled technique. Other issues of importance discussed include quality control of the mesh generation, mesh compatibility, and correct interpolation of variables between the two modules. Finally, we discuss the impact that small overconsolidation (threshold) effects may have on the extent of the subsidence bowl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pliocene reservoirs of the North Adriatic have produced gas since 1972. Several studies using reservoir and geomechanical models have been undertaken to quantify the surface land subsidence that may be attributed to pressure depletion resulting from gas production. Subsidence may continue after production ceases, as water influx repressures the depleted gas reservoirs, reduces the aquifer pressure, and causes the subsidence bowl to expand. Therefore, characterization of the Pliocene aquifers and water influx functions is important for long-term prediction of subsidence. An aquifer model was developed by integrating geological/geophysical interpretations, petrophysical data, and pressure/production data to describe the limited water influx observed in these reservoirs. The mechanism restricting water influx in the Pliocene gas reservoirs was found to be a combination of low effective permeability to water in the presence of clays and trapped gas saturation. The final aquifer model, which was validated with field pressure data, was used to predict long-term pressure drop in the aquifer for subsidence predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of four food chemicals, namely butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), curcumin (CC), propyl gallate (PG) and thiabendazole (TB), on cytochrome P450 (CYP) forms in cultured human hepatocytes. 2. Treatment of human hepatocytes for 72 h with 2-200 µM TB produced concentration-dependent increases in CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 mRNA levels, whereas treatment with BHT increased CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 mRNA levels. CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 mRNA levels were induced around 48-, 21- and 9-fold, respectively, by 200 µM TB, with CYP2B6 and CYP 3A4 mRNA levels being induced around 12- and 7-fold, respectively, by 200 µM BHT. 3. In contrast, the treatment of human hepatocytes for 72 h with PG and CC had little or no effect on CYP mRNA levels. 4. The treatment of human hepatocytes with TB also induced CYP1A-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity, whereas BHT induced CYP3A-dependent testosterone 6β-hydroxylase activity. 5. In summary, the results demonstrate that TB is a mixed inducer of CYP forms in human hepatocytes inducing CYP1A, CYP2B and CYP3A forms, whereas BHT is an inducer of CYP2B and CYP3A forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to better understand the reasons behind high failure rates in collaborative enterprises. This research follows a constructive research methodology. The explanation phase reviews the literature to develop an understanding of the reasons behind the high failure rates in collaborative enterprises. The construction phase develops the synergy model to assess readiness for collaboration. The testing phase validates the synergy model, through workshops with 11 companies. The description phase analyses the results and develops conclusions. It seems entirely possible to develop assessment frameworks to establish an organisation's readiness to collaborate. The results show the four perspectives of the synergy model to be valid, thus providing an initial step towards developing a better understanding of the factors we need to consider to create sustainable collaborative enterprises. The results are limited to data from 11 companies who were already engaged in a network. Further research is required with larger sample sizes, and with independent companies, to substantiate the conclusions. The synergy model provides an original and practical way of assessing an organisation's maturity towards collaboration as well as providing mechanism for facilitating a discussion between enterprises considering collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights changes in the content of the Middle School Journal (MSJ) over 30 years. MSJ is an official publication of the National Middle School Association. Addressed primarily to practitioners in the field, MSJ seeks to further the understanding of intermediate education and the implementation of effective practices at the middle level. In addition to organization and instruction, MSJ has devoted considerable space to curriculum, adolescent development, and teacher characteristics and preparation. To help focus the study on the content of the Journal, the authors began with preliminary categories. These categories were organization, curriculum, instruction, assessment, students, teachers, administrators, and parents. The category of organization encompassed articles on how schools arrange themselves programmatically to align with the middle school concept. Middle school transformation refers to educators' attempts to change junior high schools into middle schools or reform existing structures and practices to more closely align with the middle school philosophy.

1. The effect of cimetidine on the metabolism of zaleplon (ZAL) in human liver subcellular fractions and precision-cut liver slices was investigated. 2. ZAL was metabolized to a number of products including 5-oxo-ZAL (M2), which is known to be formed by aldehyde oxidase, N-desethyl-ZAL (DZAL), which is known to be formed by CYP3A forms, and N-desethyl-5-oxo-ZAL (M1). 3. Human liver microsomes catalysed the NADPH-dependent metabolism of ZAL to DZAL. Kinetic analysis of three microsomal preparations revealed mean (±SEM) S[sub 50] and V[sub max] of 310 ± 24 µM and 920 ± 274 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. 4. Human liver cytosol preparations catalysed the metabolism of ZAL to M2. Kinetic analysis of three cytosol preparations revealed mean (±SEM), K[sub m] and V[sub max] of 124 ± 14 µM and 564 ± 143 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. 5. Cimetidine inhibited ZAL metabolism to DZAL in liver microsomes and to M2 in the liver cytosol. With a ZAL substrate concentration of 62 µM, the calculated mean (±SEM, n = 3) IC50 were 596 ± 103 and 231 ± 23 µM for DZAL and M2 formation, respectively. Kinetic analysis revealed that cimetidine was a competitive inhibitor of M2 formation in liver cytosol with a mean (±SEM, n = 3) K[sub i] of 155 ± 16 µM. 6. Freshly cut human liver slices metabolized ZAL to a number of products including 1, M2 and DZAL. 7. Cimetidine inhibited ZAL metabolism in liver slices to M1 and M2, but not to DZAL. Kinetic analysis revealed that cimetidine was a competitive inhibitor of M2 formation in liver slices with an average (n = 2 preparations) K[sub i] of 506 µM. 8. The results demonstrate that cimetidine can inhibit both the CYP3A and aldehyde oxidase pathways of ZAL metabolism in the human liver. Cimetidine appears to be a more potent inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase than of CYP3A forms and hence in vivo is likely to have a more marked effect on ZAL metabolism to M2 than on DZAL formation. 9. The results also demonstrate that precision-cut liver slices may be a useful model system for in vitro drug-interaction studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The metabolism of a novel phosphodiesterase-IV inhibitor (V11294) was studied in human liver microsomal and cytosol preparations and in cDNA-expressed human hepatic CYP forms. 2. Human liver microsomes, but not cytosol, catalysed the NADPH-dependent metabolism of V11294 to V10331 (formed by hydroxylation of the cyclopentyl ring), V10332 (N-desethyl V11294) and V11689 (formed by hydroxylation of the isopropyl side chain). In addition, smaller amounts of a secondary metabolite V11690 (which can be formed from either V10332 or V11689) were also produced. 3. Kinetic analysis of V11294 metabolism to V10331, V10332 and V11689 in two preparations of pooled human liver microsomes revealed average K[sub m] = 2.5, 8.1 and 3.9 µM, respectively. 4. The metabolism of V11294 was determined with a characterized bank of 16 individual human liver microsomal preparations employing a V11294 substrate concentration of 8µM (i.e. approximately the K[sub m] for V10332 formation and around twice the K[sub m] for V10331 and V11689 formation). Good correlations (r[sup 2] = 0.570-0.903) were observed between V10331, V10332 and V11689 formation and markers of CYP3A forms. In contrast, poorer correlations (r[sup 2] = 0.0002-0.428) were observed with markers of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP4A9/11. 5. Using human B-lymphoblastoid cell microsomes containing cDNA-expressed CYP forms, V11294 (8 µM) was metabolized by cDNA-expressed CYP3A4 to V10331, V10332 and V11689, with lower amounts of V11690 also being formed. Lower rates of V11294 metabolism to some V11294 metabolites were also observed with cDNA-expressed CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, whereas only very low or undetectable rates of V11294 metabolism were observed with cDNA-expressed CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8 and CYP2E1. 6. The metabolism of V11294 (8 µM) to V10331, V10332 and V11689 was markedly inhibited by the CYP3A mechanism-based inhibitor troleandomycin. In contrast, V11294 metabolism was not significantly affected by inhibitors of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 or by the CYP2C19 substrate S-mephenytoin. 7. In summary, by correlation analysis, chemical inhibition studies and the use of cDNA-expressed CYPs, V11294 metabolism in human liver to V10331, V10332 and V11689 appears to be primarily catalysed by CYP3A forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the influence of Francoism on the novels of Montserrat Roig and the poems of Salvador Espriu. Metaphorical and literal expressions of loss of identity in Roig's characters; Repetitive accommodation of the 'I' in a bleak world in Espriu's poems; Propensity to euphemism characterizing the Castillian language during the Franco years; Relationship between Espriu and Roig.

The spermidine synthase inhibitor cyclohexylamine (CHA) and the spermidine analogue norspermidine were evaluated against powdery mildew infection of spring barley in field trials over a 2-year period. Both compounds reduced mildew infection as effectively as a commercial fungicide, a mixture of flutriafol and carbendazim. Percentage disease reduction afforded by CHA and norspermidine in year 1 ranged from 32% to 67% at the final assessment and from 52% to 77% in year 2 of the study, when compared with plants from untreated plots. No difference was observed in the disease control conferred by 1.0 mM concentrations of the compounds and 5.0 mM applications, the optimum dose being less than 5.0 mM. No significant differences in final yield were obtained, comparing the treated crop with the untreated control. Although reductions in disease were apparent, additional environmental factors may have prevented a subsequent crop yield response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the fixed and independent categories of translation and interpretation in the sonnet 'Miré los muros de la patria mía.' Translation processes in the sonnet; Diagrammatic scheme of the interrelationship between translation and critical interpretation; Five modes of translation.

Discusses the value of the reader-oriented approach in locating and defining the difficulties and obscurities in the verse of Catalan poet Ausias March. Emergence of creative processes that involve expectation, ambiguity and deception; Role of a reductive and selective text-obsessed approach in simplifying or sanitizing the poems.

This paper discusses two reasons for invalidity of analysis of variance, namely heterogeneous variance and heterogeneous correlation. Textbook examples of data in two classifications are presented in which these failures of validating assumptions were not recognised and which led to analyses which were seriously in error. Both forms of heterogeneity result in a residual mean square in the usual analysis of variance being made up of heterogeneous components; the difficulty is overcome by partitioning the mean square and using the component appropriate to the hypothesis to be tested and the contrast to be estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The radiant emission from gas and particulate mixtures is of interest in many combustion processes. This work presents total hemispherical emittance values for media representative of combustion applications in terms of measurable or known parameters. The charted solutions apply to gas mixtures of carbon dioxide and water vapor, and particulate which scatters radiant energy. The values of total hemispherical emittance are presented in terms of the particulate absorption coefficient, system length, tcmperaturc, and particulate scattering coefficient. Methods to evaluate these parameters as well as the emittance arc presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

1. The metabolism of Zaleplon (CL-284,846; ZAL) has been studied in human liver microsomal preparations and in cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. 2. Human liver microsomes catalysed the NADPH-dependent N -deethylation of ZAL to DZAL (CL-284,859), but not to two other known in vivo metabolites, namely M1 (CL345,644) and M2 (CL-345,905). Sigmoidal kinetic plots were observed for ZAL deethylation indicating positive cooperativity. 3. The metabolism of ZAL to DZAL was determined in a characterized bank of 24 human liver microsomalpreparations.Good correlations ( r 0 734-0 937) were observed with caffeine 8-hydroxylase, diazepam 3-hydroxylase, dextromethorphan N -demethylase and testosterone 2 beta-, 6 beta- and 15 beta-hydroxylase activities, which are allcatalysed by CYP3A isoforms. In contrast, poor correlations ( r 0 152-0 428) were observed for enzymaticmarkers for CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9 10, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP4A9 11. 4. The metabolism of ZAL to DZAL in human liver microsomes was inhibited to 6-15% of control by 5-50mu M of the mechanism-based CYP3A inhibitor troleandomycin. Whereas some inhibition of DZAL formation was observed in the presence of 200mu M diethyldithiocarbamate, 5-50mu M furafylline, 2-20mu M sulphaphenazole, 50-500mu M S-mephenytoin and 1-10mu M quinidine had little effect. 5. Using human B-lymphoblastoid cell microsomes containing cDNA-expressed CYP isoforms, ZAL was metabolized to DZAL by CYP3A4, but not to any great extent by CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1. 6. In contrast with ZAL, the NADPH-dependent N -deethylation of M2 to M1 proceeded at only a very low rate with both human liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed CYP3A4. 7. In summary, by correlation analysis, chemical inhibition studies and the use of cDNA-expressed CYPs, ZAL N -deethylation to DZAL in human liver appears to be catalysed by CYP3A isoforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]