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The aim of this research is to develop a probability method that can identify the flexure, shear or flexural-shear failure of RC columns. A total of 336 columns of cyclic load test results were collected, and a probabilistic model was constructed using the Bayesian procedure. Then, the model was simplified by Bayesian updating. The boundaries for each failure mode were selected through an internal search optimization. The results show that the Bayesian methodology can accurately predict the seismic failure modes of RC columns and the comparison of the identification with other methods underscore the validity of Bayesian method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A weighted scaling method (WSM) is developed for the selection and modification of structure-specific earthquake records in time-history analysis. The matching errors and scaling factors are calculated by weighted least-squares method to match with target spectrum. The weight factors are determined by the modal-mass participation factors. The 3-, 9-, and 20-story steel moment-resisting frame structures are used as examples. Their mean structural responses were calculated by the WSM and the unweighted scaling method (USM). WSM is as accurate as USM for estimating mean structural responses, but WSM has a better capacity for reducing the variability of structural responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early Palaeozoic granitoids in the South Qilian Belt, central China, record details of the tectonic evolution and crustal growth of the Qilian orogenic belt. Five representative granitoids from the western South Qilian Belt were sampled for zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating, Lu-Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemical analyses. Zircon U-Pb dating of two porphyritic granodiorites and a porphyritic monzogranite yielded ages of 442.7 ± 3.5, 441.8 ± 4.3, and 435.4 ± 3.5 Ma, respectively. These granitoids exhibit a geochemical affinity to I-type granite, are metaluminous with a low aluminium saturation index (A/CNK = 0.75-1.15), have moderate Al2O3 and low MgO contents, high La/Yb and low Sr/Y ratios, and are depleted in Nb, Ta, P, and Ti, which suggests a subduction zone magmatic arc affinity, with mixing between a primary mantle-derived magma with lesser continental crustal material. The syenogranite and monzogranite from the South Qilian Belt, which yield U-Pb zircon ages of 440.4 ± 9.0 and 442.3 ± 1.2 Ma, respectively, have pronounced S-type geochemical affinities, are peraluminous with A/CNK values of 1.07-1.16, have relatively high SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, and Rb contents, low Y and Yb, low Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, positive Th, U, and light Rare Earth Element (REE) anomalies, and depletions in Nb, Ta, Sr, and Ti. Their geochemical signature suggests derivation from partial melting of continental crust in a syn-collisional setting. The Hf isotopic data of zircons from the granitoids show a significant input of Paleoproterozoic crust in the crustal formation of the western South Qilian Belt in Palaeozoic. Compare the εHf(t) value of S-type granite with that of I-type granite, the former may have a comparatively homogeneous source. Together with regional evidence, it is proposed that a collisional event occurred between the South Qilian Belt and the Central Qilian Belt at ca. 442-435 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differences between onshore and offshore ground motions were studied based on the records from the K-net and SEMS. The horizontal response spectrum and vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio for offshore and adjacent onshore ground motions were analyzed. The results indicate that the characteristic period of the response spectra for offshore ground motions is obviously larger. The epicentral distance can influence the horizontal response spectra for offshore ground motions in a moderate earthquake, while the influence of water depth is not noticeable. Moreover, the vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio for offshore ground motions is significantly smaller for periods less than 1 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on zone 2 coagulation between polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and cationic polyelectrolytes was conducted by applying a sensitive monitoring technique coupling with the conventional jar test. The effect of coagulant dosage and mixing were examined. The experimental results show that there exists both difference and similarity of coagulation between PACl and cationic polyelectrolytes. Being molecularly small, coagulation with PACl is achieved typically through adsorption charge-neutralization mechanism. Only PACl25 with presence of large particle size species, Alc, does an electrostatic patch effect appear. However, the mechanism of coagulation with cationic polyelectrolytes is both through charge neutralization and patch coagulation. The effect of electrostatic patch is increased with the increase of molecular size. Mixing exhibits a similar effect both on PACl and cationic polyelectrolytes after dosing, while floc breakage and regrowth is different significantly depending on the coagulant applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ozonation of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin was investigated in both pure and raw water. In a semi-batch reactor, a series of experiments was performed to determine the effect of pH on the ozonation of MIB and geosmin. The results show that pH has a significant effect on the ozonation of both compounds, which supports the theory that OH radical plays an important role on the destruction of MIB and geosmin. Compared with MIB, geosmin is more readily destroyed by ozonation. The ozonation kinetics follow approximately a first-order equation with respect to MIB and geosmin at the pH of 5, 7 and 9, and their rate orders of CO3 at pH 7 are 0.44 and 0.61, respectively. Ozonation of organic matters in the water decreases the ozone concentration leading to a lower removal of MIB and geosmin; at the same time, the formation of OH radical initiated by the organic matters accelerates the ozonation of MIB and geosmin. The ozonation of MIB and geosmin spiked in raw water, settled water and pure water shows that background organics have no significant effect on the removal of MIB and geosmin; hence, the simplified rate equations acquired in pure water may have potential application in real water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of four earthy-musty compounds, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy-pyrazine (IPMP), and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy-pyrazine (IBMP), by powdered activated carbon (PAC) were investigated under the simulative condition of Xicun water plant, Guangzhou. The adsorption kinetics of odor compounds by two PACs show that main removal of odor compounds occurs within contact time of 1 h. Compared with the wood-based PAC, the coat-based PAC evidently improves the removal efficiency of poorly adsorbed compounds like MIB. The effects on removal efficiency such as optimum PAC dosage, initial concentration of the organics, chlorine residual, background organics, and changes of water quality were investigated. The percent removal of trace odorants at any given time for a particular carbon dosage is irrelative to the initial concentration of the odor compounds. Adsorptive capacity of PAC for target compounds is reduced by chlorine residual and background organics. Characteristics of raw water have vast influence on the removal of target compounds by PAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoswitches are attractive for various applications due to the fast, efficient, and reversible isomerization under controlling of light and heat. However, it's difficult to achieve reliable photoisomerization in the solid state because of the strong intermolecular aggregation, which is originated from the planar molecular structure and conjugated nature of photoswitches. Improving molecular distribution is a general and important method for promoting the isomerization properties in the solid state. This review presents recent progress for fabricating solid state photoresponsive materials based on the periodically distributed nanoporous structure of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Photoswitches including azobenzene, spiropyran, diarylethene, and donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct have been reported to be integrated into the nanopores of MOFs as part of a backbone, linker, and guest. The potential to control photoisomerization by varying the physicochemical environment in the nanopores of MOFs was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) was reported to exert anti-cancer function in many cancers, but its actions in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. In the present study, we tried to elaborate the underlying mechanism by which AS-IV regulated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis of GC cells. The expressions of hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-195-5p, hsa-miR-424-5p and hsa-miR-497-5p in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were predicted by TCGA database. SGC7901 or MGC803 cells were treated with AS-IV, or transfected with miR-195-5p inhibitor/mimic or pcDNA3.1-PD-L1 followed by detection of cell proliferation, EMT and angiogenesis. The target relation between miR-195-5p and PD-L1 was confirmed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Elevated hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-15a-5p and hsa-miR-424-5p expressions were found in GC tissues, while decreased hsa-miR-195-5p and hsa-miR-497-5p expressions were observed in GC tissues. AS-IV inhibits EMT and angiogenesis in GC. PD-L1 was a potential target of miR-195-5p. Down-regulation of miR-195-5p or elevated PD-L1 expression reverses the inhibitory effect of AS-IV on EMT and angiogenesis of GC cells. The present study demonstrated that AS-IV inhibited EMT and angiogenesis in GC through upregulation of miR-195-5p, highlighting the potential therapeutic effect of AS-IV on GC via miR-195-5p-regulated PD-L1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discrete element method (DEM) is one of the most popular methods used to study the performance of pavement materials. However, few studies use the DEM to evaluation the damage performance of asphalt overlays on cement pavements. This paper focuses on the establishment of discrete element models to simulate the reflective crack development of asphalt overlays on cement pavement. Three contact models are selected to realise the pavement structure layer. The results show that under flexural tensile loading and shear loading, the development of reflective cracks can be inhibited with increasing asphalt overlay thickness, while the influence of the interlayer bond strength on the crack development is not obvious. In addition, the flexural tensile load can promote the development of cracks more than shear load. Under the action of thermal fatigue stress, the opening degree of crack displacement increases with the fatigue stress ratio, while the increase in interlayer bond strength can slow down the development and expansion of cracks. Moreover, thermal fatigue stress causes reflective cracks in the overlay to develop earlier and faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is one of the most potent biotoxins ever known. Its entry into neurons could block vesicle exocytosis to abolish the release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals, thus leading to muscle paralysis. Although there are so many peptides, antibodies and chemical compounds claimed to have anti-toxin activity, no drug is available in the clinical application except equine antitoxin serum. In the present work, a short peptide inhibitor RRGW of BoNT/A was firstly identified by computer-aided ligand-receptor binding simulation, then an RRGW derived peptide was rational designed based on the fragment of SNAP-25 (141–206 aa). Proteolytic assay showed that the anti-toxin activity of the RRGW derived peptide was much higher than that of RRGW. Digit abduction score assay demonstrated that the derived peptide delayed BoNT/A-induced muscle paralysis at a lower concentration by 20-fold than RRGW. The results supported that RRGW derived peptide can be a potential BoNT/A inhibitor candidate for further treating botulism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the predictive value of various inflammatory-nutritional indicators for postoperative quality of life (QoL) in gastric cancer (GC) patients undergoing laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (LDG) and developed a novel inflammatory-nutritional score (INS). In this study, 156 GC patients who underwent LDG were included. We used multiple linear regression to analyze the correlation between postoperative QoL and inflammatory-nutritional indicators. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was performed to construct INS. Hemoglobin was positively correlated with physical functioning (β =8.5; p = 0.003) and cognitive functioning (β = 3.5; p = 0.038) 3 mo, after surgery. Prognostic nutritional index (PNI) was positively associated with global health status (β =5.8; p = 0.043). Albumin-alkaline phosphatase ratio (AAPR) was negatively correlated with emotional functioning 12 mo, after surgery (β = −5.7; p = 0.024). Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Lymphocyte- monocyte ratio (LMR), AAPR, hemoglobin and PNI were selected using LASSO regression analysis to construct INS. The C-index values of the model in the training group and the validation group were 0.806 (95% CI, 0.719-0.893) and 0.758 (95% CI: 0.591-0.925), respectively. INS had particular predictive value for postoperative QoL in patients undergoing LDG and provided a reference for risk stratification and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) have been widely reported to have promising application potential; nonetheless, platelet isolation from peripheral blood is an important but neglected step in TEPs research for platelet-based liquid biopsy. In this article, we discussed some common influence factors for platelet isolation. To investigate the factors involved in platelet isolation, a prospective multicenter study was conducted on healthy Han Chinese adults (18 to 79 years of age). A total of 208 individuals were included in the final statistical analysis out of the 226 healthy volunteers who were prospectively enrolled from four hospitals. The primary study metric was the platelet recovery rate (PRR). The similar pattern was observed in the four hospitals, The PRR at room temperature (23°C±2°C) was slightly higher than the PRR at cold temperature (4°C±2°C). Moreover, the PRR gradually decreased as the storage time increased. The PRR for samples within 2 hours of storage is significantly higher than for samples beyond 2 hours (p <.05). Additionally, PRR was also affected by the equipment used in different centers. This study confirmed several factors that influence platelet isolation. In our study, we indicated that platelet isolation should be performed within two hours of peripheral blood draw and held at room temperature until isolation, and that centrifuge models should be fixed during the extraction process, which will further improve the research progress of platelet-based liquid biopsy in cancer. What is the context? Globally, cancer is one of the leading cause of premature death. Early screening is important for cancer diagnosis and treatment and can even significantly lower cancer mortality Globally, cancer is one of the leading cause of premature death. Early screening is important for cancer diagnosis and treatment and can even significantly lower cancer mortality For the liquid biopsy, isolation is an important step. Early studies have explored the influencing factors of exosome, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and other components extraction in liquid biopsy. Despite platelet also being an excellent source of liquid biopsy, few studies have explored the factors that influence platelet isolation.Considering the importance of platelet isolation in tumor-based platelet liquid biopsy, our aim is to optimize platelet isolation conditions as much as possible to obtain a high platelet recovery rate. What is new? In this study, we conducted a prospective multicenter study ofhealthy adults from four centers, combining whole blood with platelet-richplasma to investigate factors influencing platelet recovery rate (PRR) during platelet isolation. In our study, we indicated that platelet isolation should be performed within two hours at room temperature, and that centrifuge models should be fixed during the extraction process, which will further improve the research progress of platelet-based liquid biopsy in cancer. What is the impact? In future platelet-related studies, we should fix the sample storage temperature, storage time and centrifuge model in the process of platelet extraction, so as to reduce the variables affecting platelet extraction as much as possible and ensure the stable recovery rate of platelet extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few effective medications to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been suggested that several ginsenosides possess mild or moderate anti-AD activity. In our present work, a preferred combined ginsenosides was shown to have a more significant benefit effect on AD-like symptoms of worm paralysis and hypersensitivity to exogenous 5-HT in C. elegans. The combined ginsenosides can suppress Aβ deposits and Aβ oligomers, alleviating the toxicity induced by Aβ overexpression more effectively than used alone. Its anti-AD effect was partially abolished by hsf-1 RNAi knocked down or hsf-1 inactivation by point mutation, but not by daf-16 or skn-1 RNAi knocked down. Furthermore, it markedly activated hsp-16.2 gene expression downstream of HSF-1. Our results demonstrated that HSF-1 signaling pathway exerts an important role in mediating the therapeutic effect of combined ginsenosides on AD worms. These results provided powerful evidences and theoretical foundation for reshaping medicinal products of ginsenosides and ginseng on prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in an attempt to evaluate the impact of Broussonetia papyrifera as a roughage substitute at different levels on carcase traits, growth performance, meat quality and immune performance in Hu ram lambs. Sixty Hu rams (5 months of age, 26.70 ± 2.14 kg body weight) were randomly divided into four groups. The treatments comprised B. papyrifera supplementation at levels of 0% (G0), 30% (G30), 60% (G60) and 100% (G100) of roughage feed. The results suggested that diet supplemented with B. papyrifera (G100 group) caused a higher average weight gain (AWG) and average daily gain (ADG) than those of G0 group. The highest carcase weight was observed in the G60 group. The chemical and physical properties of the longissimus dorsi muscle of Hu rams showed no significant differences (p>.05). For fatty acid, the G60 group had significantly lower content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), higher contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and higher PUFA/SFA ratio than other groups (p<.05). In terms of the immune response, G60 and G100 groups significantly showed a significant rise in the immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) (p<.05). This study indicated multiple beneficial effects of the inclusion of B. papyrifera (60% of the roughage feed) on the growth performance, carcase traits, meat quality and immune response in Hu rams. It could be used as a high-quality unconventional feedstuff for rams. The addition of Broussonetia papyrifera to the diet resulted in a significant improvement in the average weight gain (AWG) and average daily gain (ADG) of Hu rams. Adding appropriate proportion of B. papyrifera in diets positively modulates fatty acid percentage in the longissimus dorsi muscle, and also increases immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) in blood. Broussonetia papyrifera could be used as a high-quality unconventional feedstuff for rams and has a positive effect on their growth performance, meat quality and immune performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malodor is becoming the main secondary pollution in the municipal sewage sludge-composting process. Ammonia and volatile sulfide compounds (VSCs) are the representative odorants that generated and emitted during the composting process. The emission characteristics of ammonia and VSCs were studied at different workshops in a full-scale municipal sludge-composting plant in North People's Republic of China. Results show that ammonia was the most dominant odorant of all the workshops and relative high concentrations of VSCs were detected at sludge stacking yard and composting workshop. The odor pattern of VSCs at the composting workshop and stacking yard were different. The odor pollution occurred mainly in the first 15 days of the composting process, in which the odor contribution of ammonia increased with time and the VSCs contributed largely in the first 5 days. The cumulative release concentration of VSCs from compost materials was in the order of DMDS (dimethyl disulfide) > DMS (dimethyl sulfide) > CS2 > MT (methyl mercaptan), and the total VSCs release concentration was in the range of 50–3200 μg·m−3. The production of ammonia correlated to the temperature and nitrogen content and state changes, however, the production of VSCs was more complicated due to the reaction and transformation of VSCs. Optimization of aerobic composting conditions and process parameters should be further studied to reduce the emission of odor gas from compost. Implications: Along with the widespread use of sludge aerobic composting in People's Republic of China, the malodor pollution during the composting treatment is becoming a serious environmental issue. The odor pollution occurred mainly in the first 15 days, and ammonia was the main odorant of all the workshops and need to be controlled. Relative high concentrations of VSCs were detected at sludge stacking yard and composting workshop, however, the odor impact of VSCs were different. The generation of VSCs is more complicated than ammonia due to the reaction and transformation of VSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the increasing depth of coal mining around the world, traditional shallow geology mechanics are no longer suitable for the research on deep geological problems. In terms of deep mining, soft rock roadways in inclined rock formations show different deformation types compared with soft rock roadways in shallow horizontal strata. Based on the -1000 m track contact roadway in Qishan Mine of Xuzhou, physical model tests on the failure process of 45° and 60° inclined layered soft rock formations are carried out using physical models. The real-time monitoring of strain inside the model during the failure of soft rock formation is conducted to explore the failure mechanisms of 45° and 60° inclined layered soft rock formations in terms of in-depth high self-weight stress and horizontal tectonic stress. FLAC3D is also used for numerical simulation and comparative analysis. The roof and floor of the tunnels through 45° and 60° inclined formations fail on the left, and left and right walls fail near the bottom. The maximum displacement of the roof and floor of the 60° inclined formation is larger than that of the 45° inclined formation, and the maximum amount of deformation of left and right walls of the 45° inclined formation is larger than that of the 60° inclined formation, indicating failure features of different steeply inclined layered soft rocks roadways under high lithostatic stress and horizontal tectonic stress can provide a theoretical basis for mining and support of deep roadways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background.Reporting of surgical complications is common, but few provide information about the severity and estimate risk factors of complications. If have, but lack of specificity.Methods.We retrospectively analyzed data on 2795 gastric cancer patients underwent surgical procedure at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between June 2007 and June 2012, established multivariate logistic regression model to predictive risk factors related to the postoperative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification system.Results.Twenty-four out of 86 variables were identified statistically significant in univariate logistic regression analysis, 11 significant variables entered multivariate analysis were employed to produce the risk model. Liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, Child classification, invasion of neighboring organs, combined resection, introperative transfusion, Billroth II anastomosis of reconstruction, malnutrition, surgical volume of surgeons, operating time and age were independent risk factors for postoperative complications after gastrectomy. Based on logistic regression equation,p=Exp∑BiXi / (1+Exp∑BiXi), multivariate logistic regression predictive model that calculated the risk of postoperative morbidity was developed,p= 1/(1 + e(4.810–1.287X1–0.504X2–0.500X3–0.474X4–0.405X5–0.318X6–0.316X7–0.305X8–0.278X9–0.255X10–0.138X11)). The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the model to predict the postoperative complications were 86.7%, 76.2% and 88.6%, respectively.Conclusions.This risk model based on Clavien-Dindo grading severity of complications system and logistic regression analysis can predict severe morbidity specific to an individual patient’s risk factors, estimate patients’ risks and benefits of gastric surgery as an accurate decision-making tool and may serve as a template for the development of risk models for other surgical groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolomics is a useful approach to explore systemic metabolic variation and to elucidate disease mechanisms. In this study, human plasma metabolic profiles of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and healthy controls were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A relatively new pattern recognition method, the Monte Carlo tree (MCTree) approach, was used to explore metabolic differences between CHD patients and healthy controls. In this way, CHD patients with different severity of coronary atherosclerosis were classified by the corresponding metabolic profiles. Furthermore, important metabolites contributing to the classification were screened and identified by their mass spectra. Several potential biomarkers were discussed in some detail. The results demonstrated that the proposed method might be a useful tool for discovering metabolic abnormalities and potential biomarkers for diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of a newly-developed scaffold, nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/poly(L-lactide) (nHAC/PLA), on the attachment, proliferation and osteogenic capability of dog periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP), a commonly used bone substitute, was used as a positive control. PDLSCs isolated from dog molar were incubated in an osteogenic medium to evaluate their osteogenic differentiation in vitro, and then seeded onto nHAC/PLA and HA/TCP scaffolds. In vitro cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cell counting, 3-[4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl]-5-[3-carboxy-phenyl]-2-[4-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium and alkaline phosphate activity, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Finally, the constructs were implanted subcutaneously into dogs to investigate their osteogenic capacity. After osteogenic induction for 21 days, PDLSCs differentiated into osteogenic lineage, as indicated by the expressions of osteoblastic differentiation genes CoL-I, OCN and OPN mRNA, and the formation of mineral deposits. When seeded onto scaffolds, the cells attached and spread well, and retained their osteogenic phenotypes on both scaffolds. Comparatively, cell number and proliferative viability on nHAC/PLA constructs were greater than those on HA/TCP constructs (P < 0.05). Histological results showed that new bone and osteoid was formed in both groups, and histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that the amount of newly formed bone in the nHAC/PLA group was higher than that in the HA/TCP group (P < 0.05). This study suggests that nHAC/PLA can be used as a potent scaffold for alveolar bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ofSaccharina latissimaye-C14 (37,659 bp) was determined using Illumina sequencing data. The genome contains 38 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 3 ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 25 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes that are typical ofSaccharinamtDNA. A phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial genome of brown algae andcoxIgene indicated thatS. latissimaandS. coriaceaare closely related a sister taxon, which strongly supports their close phylogenetic affinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete sequence (37,673 bp) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of theSaccharinasp. ye-G was determined using Illumina sequencing data. The genome contains 38 protein-coding genes (PCG), 3 ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 25 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes that are typical ofSaccharinamtDNA. A phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial genomes of brown algae indicated thatSaccharinasp. ye-G andSaccharina longissima, Saccharina japonicaare the most closely related species, which strongly supports their close phylogenetic affinity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]