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AbstractBackground/Aim:People of south Asian origin have an excessive risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. We examined the effect of ethnicity on known risk factors and analysed the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in UK south Asian and white Europeans patients with type 2 diabetes over a 2 year period.Methods:A total of 1486 south Asian (SA) and 492 white European (WE) subjects with type 2 diabetes were recruited from 25 general practices in Coventry and Birmingham, UK. Baseline data included clinical history, anthropometry and measurements of traditional risk factors – blood pressure, total cholesterol, HbA1c. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine ethnicity differences in individual risk factors. Ten-year cardiovascular risk was estimated using the Framingham and UKPDS equations. All subjects were followed up for 2 years. Cardiovascular events (CVD) and mortality between the two groups were compared.Trial registration number:ISRCTN 38297969.Findings:Significant differences were noted in risk profiles between both groups. After adjustment for clustering and confounding a significant ethnicity effect remained only for higher HbA1c (0.50 [0.22 to 0.77]; P  0.0004) and lower HDL (−0.09 [−0.17 to −0.01]; P  0.0266). Baseline CVD history was predictive of CVD events during follow-up for SA (P < 0.0001) but not WE (P  0.189). Mean age at death was 66.8 (11.8) for SA vs. 74.2 (12.1) for WE, a difference of 7.4 years (95 CI 1.0 to 13.7 years), P  0.023. The adjusted odds ratio of CVD event or death from CVD was greater but not significantly so in SA than in WE (OR 1.4 [0.9 to 2.2]).Limitations:Fewer events in both groups and short period of follow-up are key limitations. Longer follow-up is required to see if the observed differences between the ethnic groups persist.Conclusion:South Asian patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK have a higher cardiovascular risk and present with cardiovascular events at a significantly younger age than white Europeans. Enhanced and ethnicity specific targets and effective treatments are needed if these inequalities are to be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: People of south Asian origin have an excessive risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. We examined the effect of ethnicity on known risk factors and analysed the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in UK south Asian and white Europeans patients with type 2 diabetes over a 2 year period. Methods: A total of 1486 south Asian (SA) and 492 white European (WE) subjects with type 2 diabetes were recruited from 25 general practices in Coventry and Birmingham, UK. Baseline data included clinical history, anthropometry and measurements of traditional risk factors - blood pressure, total cholesterol, HbA1c. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine ethnicity differences in individual risk factors. Ten-year cardiovascular risk was estimated using the Framingham and UKPDS equations. All subjects were followed up for 2 years. Cardiovascular events (CVD) and mortality between the two groups were compared. Trial Registration Number: ISRCTN 38297969. Findings: Significant differences were noted in risk profiles between both groups. After adjustment for clustering and confounding a significant ethnicity effect remained only for higher HbA1c (0.50 [0.22 to 0.77]; P = 0.0004) and lower HDL (-0.09 [-0.17 to -0.01]; P = 0.0266). Baseline CVD history was predictive of CVD events during follow-up for SA (P < 0.0001) but not WE (P = 0.189). Mean age at death was 66.8 (11.8) for SA vs. 74.2 (12.1) for WE, a difference of 7.4 years (95% CI 1.0 to 13.7 years), P = 0.023. The adjusted odds ratio of CVD event or death from CVD was greater but not significantly so in SA than in WE (OR 1.4 [0.9 to 2.2]). Limitations: Fewer events in both groups and short period of follow-up are key limitations. Longer follow-up is required to see if the observed differences between the ethnic groups persist. Conclusion: South Asian patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK have a higher cardiovascular risk and present with cardiovascular events at a significantly younger age than white Europeans. Enhanced and ethnicity specific targets and effective treatments are needed if these inequalities are to be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic ideology involved behind this experimental scheme was to investigate the observed re-corrosion of the repaired reinforced concrete patches in actual field concrete works. From the experiment results it was found that the specimens having no chloride content at the middle portion showed high corrosion potential, and chloride-contaminated both sides of the specimen showed even more corrosion than before being repaired due to the separation of anode and cathode and development of a macro-cell. The research indicates that much of the needed research should focus on identification of corrosion mechanisms to effectuate the successful patch repair in reinforced concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the development of a Riccati equation approach for mixed H(sub 2)/L(sub 1) controller synthesis via fixed-order dynamic compensation. Treatment of the problem by forming a convex combination of both the H(sub 2) and L(sub 1) bound performance measures; Approach of fixed-structure controller design.