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High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the determination of polyphenols inLycium barbarumleaves. Twenty compounds extracted by methanol–water were tentatively identified that included chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, and isochlorogenic acid C were identified in Chinese cultivatedL. barbarumleaves for the first time. Caffeic acid and isoquercitrin were also present. The concentrations of these compounds inL. barbarumleaves were determined. The results showed that all analytes had linear calibration relationships with limits of detection from 0.318 to 3.35 ng mL−1. The polyphenols and flavonoids inL. barbarumleaves provided strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging capacity (IC50of 23.1 ± 0.4 to 26.0 ± 0.4 µg mL−1). This method is suitable for the determination of polyphenols inL. barbarumleaves, which provide polyphenols with suitable antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mapping for network-on-chip (NoC) is one of the key steps of NoC design. To improve the performance and reliability of NoC architectures, we present a comprehensive optimization algorithm with multiple objectives. We propose to find the Pareto optimal solutions, rather than a single solution usually obtained through scalarization, e.g. weighting the objective functions. In order to meet the NoC mapping requests and strengthen the capability of searching solutions, the standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is improved and a fault-tolerant routing is proposed. These methods help to solve the tradeoff between high performance and system reliability. We present a mathematical analysis of the convergence of the improved algorithms, and prove sufficient conditions of convergence. The improved algorithms are implemented on the Embedded Systems Synthesis Benchmarks Suite (E3S). Experimental results show our algorithms achieve high performance and reliability compared with the standard PSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping IP cores to an on-chip network is an important step in Network-on-Chip (NoC) design and affects the performance of NoC systems. A mapping optimisation algorithm and a fault-tolerant mechanism are proposed in this article. The fault-tolerant mechanism and the corresponding routing algorithm can recover NoC communication from switch failures, while preserving high performance. The mapping optimisation algorithm is based on scatter search (SS), which is an intelligent algorithm with a powerful combinatorial search ability. To meet the requests of the NoC mapping application, the standard SS is improved for multiple objective optimisation. This method helps to obtain high-performance mapping layouts. The proposed algorithm was implemented on the Embedded Systems Synthesis Benchmarks Suite (E3S). Experimental results show that this optimisation algorithm achieves low-power consumption, little communication time, balanced link load and high reliability, compared to particle swarm optimisation and genetic algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A hen's egg is one of the most common causes of food allergy. The allergen quantitation in hot-processed food is always a difficult task, because the protein in these samples will be denatured, insoluble, and degraded. This article presents a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitation of ovalbumin in hot-processed food. Its recovery was improved nearly two times by the assay method as compared with previous sandwich ELISA. The heat and DL-Dithiothreitol treated ovalbumin was used as antigen for monoclonal antibody preparation. A smaller labeled antibody molecule, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled Fab’ fragment, was used to replace IgG in ELISA for improving sensitivity and analytical speed of the method. A binding site protection procedure was developed for Fab’ fragment labeling with HRP, which prevented damage to the Fab’ binding site. The combination and separation steps were efficiently completed in an affinity spin column. Based on the optimized ELISA condition, the IC50was 1.2 µg/mL and the coefficients of variation were less than 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for identification of edible bird's nest. The characteristic sialoglycoproteins were found by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and purified by liquid-phase isoelectric focusing (LIEF). According to the analysis, the molecular weight was 106–128 kDa and the isoelectric point was ≤pH 3.0. Two anti-characteristic sialoglycoprotein monoclonal antibodies were produced. The monoclonal antibodies were examined by western-blot assay. One of the monoclonal antibody was used as coating and the other as the enzyme-labeled antibody after being coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Based on the optimized ELISA condition, the method was established with IC50of 1.5 ng/mL, and low cross-reactivity with various fake materials (<0.01%). ELISA provided a suitable means for screening of a large number of samples. The coefficients of variation were between 2.9% and 5.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interconnect congestion estimation plays an important role in the physical design of integrated circuits. Fast congestion analysis prior to global routing enhances the placement quality and improves the routability for the subsequent routing phases. This article presents a novel congestion estimation method for a wire layout with bounded detours and bends. Experimental results on benchmarks demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interconnect planning is an important issue in VLSI designs. Routing congestion is an important problem during placement. This paper presents a novel approach to estimating the routing congestion on the hexagonal model with bounded-length detours. It is the first probabilistic estimation work on hexagonal topologies. A combinatorial estimation algorithm is presented. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reversible logic plays an important role in quantum computing. This article presents some novel results on synthesis of 3 × 3 reversible Boolean gates. We derive the relationship between reversible 3 × 3 gates and corresponding symmetric groups. By introducing a set of universal libraries, we show how to use group theory to synthesize any 3 × 3 reversible gate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]