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The oxidation behaviour of a low-alloy steel T22 was investigated by exposure to ordinary pressure steam (0.1 MPa), high-pressure superheated steam (8 MPa), and supercritical water (SCW) (25 MPa) at 600 °C for 1000 h. The results show the exposure pressure has a significant influence on weight gains and oxide scale morphologies. All the samples approximately obey near-parabolic oxidation kinetics. Some pores are found on the samples exposed to steam while severe cracks are formed in SCW. Further, the influence of steam pressure on the oxidation process is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A comparative study of the flow field and heat transfer characteristics between swirl and impingement of mist/air cooling on blade leading edge is carried out to find a better cooling configuration for phase transition cooling. The Eulerian–Lagrangian particle tracking technique is used to investigate mist/air cooling. Comparisons are made between these two cooling forms in such aspects as vortex structure, heat transfer enhancement, pressure loss, and thermal uniformity with and without mist injection. The influences of mist ratio and Reynolds numbers on these parameters are studied in this paper. Results show that heat transfer is enhanced while pressure loss and thermal uniformity are improved by the swirl flow created by vortex impingement. The heat transfer performance increases by about 46.2 and 51.9%, respectively, for impingement and swirl cooling with 8% mist injection, and the pressure loss coefficient increases by 19%. The difference of heat transfer coefficient between swirl and impingement cooling with and without mist injection at high Reynolds number is larger than that at low Reynolds number. In addition, the heat transfer nonuniform coefficient of swirl cooling is about 15% lower than for impingement cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Numerical simulation is performed to explore leading film cooling enhancement by the application of injecting water mist into the air. The accuracy of numerical simulation program for conjugate heat transfer methodology is verified with the C3X gas turbine vanes cooled with leading edge films. The effect of various parameters including mist concentration, mist diameter, different particle wall interactions conditions, and different forces on the improvement of cooling performance is investigated in this paper. It indicates that mist film cooling can decrease the temperature of boundary layer without impact on the temperature of the mainstream and the thickness of boundary layer. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Traditional IO techniques have been used and applied in detail to the case of the Chinese economy with a view to describing and analysing the gradual, albeit radical, transformation of the Chinese industrial fabric since the beginning of the economic reforms. Using a Biproportional Filter, our study has a threefold objective: to measure and analyse structural change that has taken place in the Chinese manufacturing sector since 1985; to highlight those industries that have been most responsible for the change; and to explain the reasons for these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]