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Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) aims to automatically identify the sentiment polarity of specific aspect words in a given sentence or document. Existing studies have recognised the value of interactive learning in ABSA and have developed various methods to precisely model aspect words and their contexts through interactive learning. However, these methods mostly take a shallow interactive way to model aspect words and their contexts, which may lead to the lack of complex sentiment information. To solve this issue, we propose a Lightweight Multilayer Interactive Attention Network (LMIAN) for ABSA. Specifically, we first employ a pre-trained language model to initialise word embedding vectors. Second, an interactive computational layer is designed to build correlations between aspect words and their contexts. Such correlation degree is calculated by multiple computational layers with neural attention models. Third, we use a parameter-sharing strategy among the computational layers. This allows the model to learn complex sentiment features with lower memory costs. Finally, LMIAN conducts instance validation on six publicly available sentiment analysis datasets. Extensive experiments show that LMIAN performs better than other advanced methods with relatively low memory consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic is a non-parametric statistic based on the empirical distribution function. For the one-sample case, it uses the supremum distance between an empirical distribution function (EDF) and a pre-specified cumulative distribution function (CDF). For two-sample case, it measures the maximum of the distance between two EDFs. KS test, as well as other EDF-based tests such as the Anderson-Darling (AD) test and Cramer-von Mises (CvM) test, has been widely used in statistical analysis. To address and compare the performance of these test statistics, we have conducted a simulation study comparing the type I error and power of the KS test, the CvM test, the AD test, and the Chi-squared test. Our study includes both one sample and two sample tests and for both independent and correlated samples. Our study showed that if we do not have prior information about the tested distributions, EDF-based tests are better. However, so long as we have prior information about the tested distribution and the density of two distributions is bell-shaped and we are expecting differences in variance/sparseness, then the Chi-squared test may be more preferable. When correlation exists between tested samples, adjustment on the informative sample size is important and required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) aims to automatically identify the sentiment polarity of specific aspect words in a given sentence or document. Existing studies have recognised the value of interactive learning in ABSA and have developed various methods to precisely model aspect words and their contexts through interactive learning. However, these methods mostly take a shallow interactive way to model aspect words and their contexts, which may lead to the lack of complex sentiment information. To solve this issue, we propose a Lightweight Multilayer Interactive Attention Network (LMIAN) for ABSA. Specifically, we first employ a pre-trained language model to initialise word embedding vectors. Second, an interactive computational layer is designed to build correlations between aspect words and their contexts. Such correlation degree is calculated by multiple computational layers with neural attention models. Third, we use a parameter-sharing strategy among the computational layers. This allows the model to learn complex sentiment features with lower memory costs. Finally, LMIAN conducts instance validation on six publicly available sentiment analysis datasets. Extensive experiments show that LMIAN performs better than other advanced methods with relatively low memory consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels superfamily, the TRPV1 channel undergoes a closed-to-open gating transition in response to various physical and chemical stimuli including heat. Thanks to recent progress in cryo-electron microscopy, high-resolution structures are becoming available for various TRP channels including TRPV1. This has enabled us to study the molecular mechanism of TRPV1 channel gating by using molecular simulation. Here we review recent progress in molecular simulations of TRPV1 channel by us and others, with focus on our molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of TRPV1 at different temperatures. While no consensus has been reached on the heat activation mechanism of TRPV1, the simulations have offered specific predictions and models for future experimental studies to test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-precision and high-resolution topography is the basis of the quantitative study of active faults. Light detection and ranging (lidar) is currently the most popular method for obtaining such data, but its relatively high cost greatly limits its use in many geoscience applications. Recently, with the rapid development of computer vision science and the growing application of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry shows great potential for providing topographic information of comparable resolution and precision to lidar surveys, but at significantly lower cost. In this study, we examined the applicability of SfM photogrammetry in modelling the topography of the fault zone using images acquired with a low-cost digital camera mounted on a UAV over the Haiyuan fault. The resolution and accuracy of the SfM-derived topography were evaluated in detail using existing airborne lidar data as a benchmark. The results show that the density of the point cloud generated by SfM photogrammetry is nearly 70 times higher than that from the airborne lidar. Furthermore, considering the errors in the lidar data itself, the precision of the SfM point cloud is comparable to that of the lidar point cloud. Overall, our results demonstrate that the UAV-based SfM photogrammetry method can provide an inexpensive, effective, and flexible alternative to airborne lidar for the topography mapping of the fault zone. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The alignment of a discotic liquid crystal confined in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channels with a rectangular cross-section is studied. The microchannels were produced in PDMS using the mold-replica technique. In the PDMS channels, the disc-like molecules of the disogen were found to adopt an edge-on anchoring at the PDMS surface, and macroscopically, the discogen layer is planarly aligned. Using Newton colour scale technique it was revealed that discotic columns were aligned parallel to the channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orientation of liquid crystal (LC) molecules confined in polydimethylsiloxane micro-channels, which are produced using mould-replica technique, with a rectangular cross section, is studied. The rod-like molecules of the LC adopt the vertical anchoring at every surface of the channels. The macroscopic alignment of the confined LC can be changed by altering the aspect ratio of the channels. The change in the macroscopic alignment of the LC is attributed directly to the restructuring of the proportion of the number of molecules anchored to the respective surfaces due to the changes in specific area of the bounding surface of the channels. Solutions for the elastic energy function obtained using conformal mapping method were used to predict director profile of the LC in the confinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alignment of liquid crystal confined in polydimethylsiloxane channels with a rectangular cross-section is studied. The aspect ratio (depth to the width) of the channel is shown to be a critical parameter. In a channel of aspect ratio less than a critical value the liquid crystal adopts a homeotropic alignment, whereas in a channel with aspect ratio greater than the critical value, the molecules align parallel to the substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crosslinking of a diacrylate mesogen was initiated in a holographic field created by 488 nm wavelength laser beam. The holographic irradiation provided both energy for crosslinking of acrylate groups and the driving force to align mesogenic groups in the diacrylate mesogen. A template with localized molecular ordering in the diacrylate mesogen layer in a mesophase can be created by the holographic field, and is frozen up by in situ polymerization of the mesogen. The resultant polymer networks possess localized orientational order which was patterned by the holographic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substrates were processed using hydrogen peroxide and coated with silane self-assembly monolayers to obtain different surface free energies. The face-on anchoring and edge-on anchoring of discogen 11,12-bisdodecyloxy-2,3,6,7-tetrakisoctyloxydibenzo[a,c]phenazine molecules were obtained on the peroxidized ITO surface and the surface covered by octadecyltrichlorosilane, respectively. It is demonstrated that substrates with patterned surface free energy template can be produced by stamp printing the silane onto and followed by a silanization process in situ on the substrates. Discogen domains with different types of columnar orientation are formed in a cell constructed using the substrates with patterned energetic template. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer network-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals with homogeneous alignment have been produced in cells without a surface alignment layer. In this technique, a crosslinkable monomer is mixed into a ferroelectric liquid crystal and polymerized in a magnetic field to form a polymer network that will stabilize the alignment of the ferroelectric liquid crystal. The concentration of the monomer is an important factor in achieving alignment of the ferroelectric liquid crystal. Both the morphology of the final composite layer and the molecular alignment of the host FLC are affected by the curing temperature at which the UV curing of the sample is started. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a series of Sr0.96Al2Si2O8 phosphors doped with 0.02Eu2+ and 0.02Re3+ (where Re = Tm, Dy, Er, Nd, Sm, La, Ho) were synthesized using the high-temperature solid-phase method at 1350 °C for 4 hours. The samples underwent characterization for structural and phase analysis using XRD-6000. Fluorescence and photostimulated properties were evaluated with F-4600. The pyroluminescence curve indicates a trap depth of 0.6-0.8 eV for Sr0.96Al2Si2O8: 0.02Eu2+, 0.02Re3+ (where Re = Dy, Er, Sm, La, Ho), making it suitable for prolonged afterglow luminescence. In comparison with deep trap material Sr0.96Al2Si2O8: 0.02Eu2+, 0.02Nd3+, the generated traps approach or exceed 1 eV, suggesting its potential for use as a light excitation and optical storage material. Additionally, the correlation between sample TL and PSL was examined, confirming that the augmentation of initial photostimulated luminescence intensity is closely associated with the generation of new traps. Furthermore, considering the effect of different trivalent lanthanide rare earth ion doping on trap depth from a trap regulation perspective offers a potential avenue for elucidating the nuanced processes underlying photostimulated luminescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable palaeoseismological data are crucial for understanding the rupture history and seismic hazard assessment of a specific seismogenic structure. Many large earthquakes occurred around the Ordos Block of northern China. However, due to insufficient age data and event interpretations, the rupture patterns of the block are still poorly known. This study focuses on the central section of the Serteng Shan fault that is situated at the north margin of the Ordos Block. We present palaeoseismic sequence of faults using trenches combined with dating methods, including optically stimulated luminescence and 14C dating. We collected eleven optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and seven radiocarbon samples to constrain the timing of palaeoseismic events in the excavated trench exposures along the fault strand. The results show that the studied samples were deposited since the latest Pleistocene, and the ages are, within uncertainty, in the stratigraphic order. The cause of the most recent surface rupture is still not clear. Four other older events, which occurred in 3.1–3.9 ka, 5.8−6.5 ka, 10.8–13.1 ka, and 14.2–16.5 ka, likely extended at different lengths along the Serteng Shan fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microtrenches have been produced on the surface of a glass substrate using conventional photolithography technique. When subsequently deposited on the micro-patterned substrate, discotic triphenylene molecules are found to assemble into columns with orientational ordering. Homogeneous alignment of the discotic columns has been produced on the substrate with parallel microtrenches. The orientational direction of the discotic columns can be controlled using a set of controlling microtrenches. By properly modifying the topological structures of the controlling microtrenches we are able to tune the discotic columns assembled in the primary trenches to align either parellel or perpendicular to the walls of the trenches. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Atmospheric heterogeneity mainly exposes itself as tropospheric-phase delay in Satellite Interferometric Synthetic Aperture radar (InSAR) observations, which smears or even overshadows the deformation component of InSAR measurements. In this study, we estimated the performance of four Global Atmospheric Models (GAMs), i.e. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5), ERA-Interim (ERA-I), Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications v2 (MERRA2) and Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service for InSAR (GACOS), for tropospheric-phase delay reduction in InSAR applications in the Tibetan plateau, of which ERA5 is the latest GAM released by ECMWF. We demonstrated the effectiveness of Atmospheric Phase Screen (APS) correction using the four GAMs for more than 700 Sentinel-1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans interferograms covering two study areas in the southern (R1) and northwest margins (R2) of the Tibetan plateau. Topography-correlated signals have been widely observed in these interferograms, which are most likely due to the APS effects. We calculated the Standard Deviations (SD) and Pearson's Correlation Coefficients (r) between InSAR Line of Sight measurements and topography before and after applying APS correction. The results show that the SDs of non-deformation areas from the GAMs decrease to approximately 4 mm from around 10 mm and 12 mm originally on average for R1 and R2, respectively, and the r after the APS correction are reduced below 0.4 from around 0.8 for the selected interferometric pairs. In addition, as the newly released GAM, ERA5 has similar performance with GACOS products and outperforms other models generally. This suggests that GAMs, particularly ERA5, have great potential in the APS correction for InSAR applications in the Tibetan plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine and a mixture of two differentN,N-dimethylalkylamides (1a,b), followed by the treatment with dry hydrazine in situ, resulted in seven asymmetrical 3,5-disubstituted 1H-1,2,4-diazaphospholes (3a-g). Compounds3a-gare characterized by single crystal X-ray structural analysis. The present protocol provides a general route to this class of molecules without using phosphaalkynes or phosphaalkenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]