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This article illustrates how to research complex infrastructure networks using critical cartography. Maps, infographics, and datascapes are employed to study how contemporary flows of goods, people, and money are redefining a specific location. This topic has been widely investigated in science and technology studies; however, it has seldom been addressed by applying visual methods. Cartography, in particular, is generally regarded as a subject of analysis, rather than an investigative tool. Conversely, this contribution discusses the theory and explores critical cartography as a speculative and artistic practice for problematizing the spatialization of policies, financial interests, and trade flows. It adds another level of understanding to the field of inquiry, and can help in developing counternarratives. This method is adopted to investigate the Port of Trieste, Italy, where radical transformations have been driven by international investment and infrastructural programs. Critical cartography can help to unravel this tangle by unveiling the cross-scalar dimension of contemporary global trade and the complex landscape of infrastructural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The horror of the military coup in Chile motivated a massive international solidarity network. One of them was composed of self-organized citizens, NGOs, and Chilean exiles in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). This movement was a response to affected individuals facing the lack of immediate measures and policies of the FRG's government towards exile and human rights violation victims in Chile. This article offers a cartography that traces key locations of such solidarity network: places where solidarity events took place, where the subjects involved reside, and their transits; with a special but not exclusive focus on the state of Baden-Württemberg, in the federal south. Considering the historical moment when this took place – Cold War scenario: Germany divided between the two ruling blocks – the cartography shows how this movement was a way of subverting that geopolitical order. This work, therefore, is a new contribution to the studies of solidarity and, at the same time, it links those studies with the field of STS, by presenting a cartography as a visual dispositif that documents the imbrications of solidarity, affections, politics, culture, Germans, and Chileans on a given territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the history of discoveries relies heavily upon the written word, this article urges that we take a closer look at how the medium of film depicts the process of geographical exploration and discovery. Using South America as an example, it focuses on one geographical feature, that continent's remarkable river system. From the mid 20th century onward, rivers abounded in films depicting the continent's exploration and discovery. Where relevant, these films are discussed with regard to their cartographic depiction of rivers. This article notes that films often employ rivers as more than simply geographic features. In fact, most of them make imaginative use of rapids and waterfalls for dramatic purposes, especially symbolically and metaphorically as turning points in explorers' fortunes and misfortunes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep mapping is a research method and working practice mainly developed by artists and scholars that promises to blur the boundaries between science and art as well as between experts and local populations. This article presents the methodological thoughts and results of a deep map project carried out in a rural municipality in the Alpine region of Valle d'Aosta, Italy. Following two years of preparation, in 2019 our research team, consisting of scientists and artists, took up residence in a house in the village for a week. Based on these deep mappers' experiences and the results of the residence, it is argued that deep map practices can benefit from being combined with a research residence in the area under investigation, as well as by using a dialogic research design to develop a clear ethical and methodological stance. The research experiences further suggest that the creation of multimedia products for deep map projects can help to animate local populations and initiate continuous dialogues between residents and deep mappers. Finally, critical moments of the investigation design are highlighted, and theoretical gaps are addressed with a view to improving the design of future deep map projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans and rivers have shared an intimate relationship since prehistoric times. This curation uses visual representations to explore some of the many ways that humans interact with these geographical features. Through photographs, a political map, and line art, it invites the reader to consider the myriad and changing demands we impose on fluvial systems through quests for access, natural capital, territory, well-being, and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Battle of Hastings (1066) is one of the most widely studied battles in medieval history. Yet despite the importance that research shows geography to play in the outcome of such conflicts, academic studies on the battle have yet to provide a researched-based cartographic analysis of the battle. This study, consequently, seeks to map the battle to scale to examine the size and impact of geographic factors in understanding the events that shaped the battle. The analysis was undertaken using a geographic information system (GIS) with qualitative and quantitative techniques. Historical and current data were combined in a series of detailed state of the art maps to bring an entirely new perspective to the nearly millennium long literature on the battle. Factors considered in the study included previous interpretations of battlefields, literary GIS, cartographic depictions of units and a cartographic narrative of the battle. Among the findings of this study were a firm demonstration of the importance of cartographic-based analysis in understanding the size of a medieval battlefield and the development of a literary military account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bodies are nuanced, fluid, and political—often combining forms of intersecting and experiential identities. Nevertheless, bodies are frequently missing from maps altogether or, when they are included on maps, they are reduced to points, lines, and polygons. Focusing on iconography, I explore the depiction of bodies in map symbolization through a feminist lens. I apply a feminist semiotic analysis to thirty-eight Maki icons to problematize the ways in which bodies are depicted, abstracted, or erased. I analyze icon symbolization, particularly the presence/absence of bodily forms, the presence/absence of an embodied object, and the icons' iconicity. My feminist analysis reveals the underlying silences, defaults, and power dynamics within the Maki icon set. I call mapmakers to rethink the depictions of bodies in icons—and the role of "universal" icon sets, more broadly—through a feminist lens. I offer design opportunities as a starting point for such an endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies (Routledge) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En las siguientes páginas me propongo estudiar el modo en que el dramaturgo y director Juan Mayorga conceptualiza el espectador y su mirada en el hecho teatral. Para ello, revisaré los textos teóricos que él mismo ha dedicado a la cuestión, cuidadosamente recopilados en el volumen Elipses (2016), así como su obra El cartógrafo. Varsovia, 1–400.000 (2010), un texto dramático en el que encontramos su propia teoría cartográfica de la escena y el espectador. En mi trabajo pondré en relación dichas reflexiones mayorguianas con una de las principales teorías contemporáneas sobre el espectador, la formulada por Jacques Rancière en El espectador emancipado (2008), con quien nuestro dramaturgo tendría íntima afinidad en algunas ideas, aunque también, como veremos, desacuerdos y patentes diferencias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the turn of the sixteenth century, John Cabot and his successors discovered abundant fish stocks in the north west Atlantic waters near Newfoundland. This article accounts for how sixteenth- and seventeenth-century mapping provide another strand of evidence that supplement our knowledge of the subsequent Iberian, French, and British fisheries. Such cartography exhibited significant mutations and innovations in rendering fishing locations, and illustrating fishing practices and fish species. Fishermen's knowledge must have informed such mapping. The innovation of hydrographical indicators in esthetically appealing maps recognized from an early stage the status of the Grand Banks as a globally important feature of submarine topography. More refined and accurate delineations of its submarine plateaus and other adjacent continental shelves closely followed the development of fishing activities, encompassing both Newfoundland's nearshore and the Grand Banks themselves. Furthermore, such cartography reflected transformative and reciprocal relationships with commerce and inter-state politics across the North Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name of Thomas Baines (1820-1875) is well known in the realms of art and exploration, and his nearly 400 extant oil paintings, watercolors, and sketches form one of the most important contributions of all time to South African art. What is less known is that he was also a competent cartographer who left behind an important legacy of route maps of the inner regions of the then unknown nineteenth-century southern Africa. This facet of his oeuvre has received scant attention in his biographies, and the two articles which deal with his cartographic endeavors, are both limited to discussions of his manuscript maps of the Route of the Gold Fields Expedition to Matabeleland of 1869-1872. This paper attempts to give a more complete account of Baines's cartography and discusses his cartographic work as an integral aspect of his life as a resourceful explorer who mapped parts of the South African landscape with the same dedication he bestowed on his artworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo analiza la formación de regímenes de percepción visual en las misiones jesuíticas de América del sur. La primera parte analiza características generales del proceso de incorporación de imágenes cristianas a los contextos misionales fronterizos en su etapa formativa, asociándolas a una transformación radical de los conceptos nativos de subjetividad. La segunda parte se detiene en la identificación de tres formas visuales emergentes del complejo visual misionero, grabados, cartografía y esgrafiados, los cuales han sido poco estudiados por la literatura especializada hasta el presente. Mi argumento es que dichas formas visuales codifican concepciones negociadas de espacialidad elaboradas en el contexto misionero durante el siglo XVIII. A su vez, constituyen elementos sui generis del proceso más amplio de formación de regímenes de memoria que acompañan y sustentan la nueva administración política y territorial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this article is on the Venetian essays of Henry James's travelogue Italian Hours. Although critics of James, as well as the writer himself, have relegated his travel writings to the margins of his canon, this article reconsiders James's travel writing as a literary cartography, a primary site in which the author is actively theorizing his concept of the "direct, artistic impression." A central argument is that the Jamesian impression is structurally and functionally similar to a hologram, a three-dimensional, extrarepresentational form that affords James's map of Venice its unique ability to capture fleeting moments, point-of-contact experience, and the immediacy of wonder. A rhizomatic organizing pattern allows James's literary cartography to function as a true hologram and enables the text to chart impressionist potentialities of Venice rather than geographic certainties, favoring obscurity over cartographic clarity. Subverting traditional cartographic practice of the nineteenth century, James's map of Venice defamiliarizes landmarks, disorients the reader, and converts known space back into an ill-defined state. A geocritical approach allows the Jamesian impression to be read as both an observed state of wonder and a self-expressive textual subject, a performance of a new space rather than a representation of one known. Thus, James's impressions are not static representations of place but rather emergent processes, allowing the travelogues to be read as a type of critical human geography where the boundaries between material space and acts of representation are blurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key cartographic challenge associated with the rise of big data is to show when spatial data observations are missing or to communicate variables that indicate absence. For example, showing where people are tweeting during a disaster might be interesting, but visually identifying where normal signals are missing could in fact highlight the most affected places. Parcel data might be fully present, but attributes of their observations could convey qualities of absence (e.g., abandoned structures). Current geovisualization approaches normally do not show anything at all when data are missing or contain qualities of absence and only in rare cases might use a specific hue to highlight the presence of absence on maps. This work argues that people perceive missingness and absence in a way that is distinct from other spatial data qualities, and we propose a typology of static and dynamic means by which we can draw user attention to the presence of absence. To explore the application of these techniques, I use urban parcel data to visualize patterns of property blight in a Detroit neighborhood. Based on conceptual development and case study application, I propose research challenges to evaluate visual representations of missing and absent information on maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I investigate online sound mapping practices, taking cartophony - the coming together of cartographic and sonic activities - as an important contribution to emerging ways of thinking and practicing mapping. I first develop a typology of approaches to cartophony, before moving on to reveal the normative tendencies of online combinations of sound and mapping through an analysis of three platforms: Freesound; audioBoom; and Radio Aporee. Showing how in different ways each of these platforms supports an approach to sound mapping that favours pinning high fidelity, indexical audiorecordings to a seemingly neutral base layer, I question what is glossed over through this approach, while also considering how visual and sound-based strategies for communicating about places illuminate and resonate with one another. Discussing some more experimental online sound maps, I highlight the value of such projects in their current form, and argue for the continued expansion of cartophonic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I explore a range of actually existing cosmopolitanisms performed by young people studying at a private higher educational institute in Singapore. Based on fieldwork over a period of eleven months conducted with these educated but non-elite youths between 2013 and 2014, I discuss how private degree students (a vernacular term) draw on various resources across different sites and domains of their everyday life to construct themselves, as well as their campus experiences, as 'cosmopolitan'. Adopting an understanding of cosmopolitanism as a social practice, I argue that these young people perform three criss-crossing pathways to become cosmopolitan that unsettle dominant conceptions of cosmopolitanism as an elite cultural capital, disposition, and subjecthood within extant scholarship on international/transnational education. In particular, I explore these pathways through the framing themes of 'rooted cosmopolitanism', 'cosmopolitan learning', and 'unanticipated cosmopolitan'. In doing so, the article adds texture and complexity to existing discussion about young people's subjective views as well as practices of cosmopolitan citizenship in and through international/transnational higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer users of maps on mobile devices are producing noteworthy geographic knowledges in the contexts of their own lives that are distinct from those of professional data scientists. By leveraging the streaming nature of big data in mobile maps and zooming multiscalar views, consumer users' mobile map practices produce a popular, multiscalar form of visual geographic knowledge that is both enabled and limited by its big data assemblage and associated technologies. The first half of this article outlines the role of consumer user practices amidst spatial big data assemblages, not for volunteered geographic information or aggregate analysis but for contextual, everyday use. Consumer users and their knowledges are coconstituted through mobile map viewing and as materially limited technological practices. This article focuses specifically on the consumer users' concept of scale in this context, for Web-based maps' multiscalar views differentiate them from older maps. The second half analyzes mobile map consumer users' concepts of scale in a series of focus groups that involved both questions and observing participants' actions with maps on their own phones. Instead of passively accepting maps at predetermined optimized scales from the map application, consumer users actively viewed the map across scales while searching but not while navigating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing Syrian civil war raises new cartographic challenges, including the ethical question of how the self-proclaimed Islamic State should be represented. Based on a comparative study, this article investigates the visual languages of IS sanctuary maps as published by news agencies, intelligence agencies, or circulated by the insurgents themselves. I argue that the statehood of territory held by the IS is symbolically contested through cartographic choices that reflect the diverging interests of the map makers. Beyond official representations, the article also considers the maps created by amateur conflict mappers and visual forensics experts, who extract and cross-reference information from social media including posted cell phone and drone footage, georeferenced tweets, and satellite images. I argue that the novel visual strategies developed by these practitioners for presenting visual evidence emphasize nonrepresentational aspects of cartography and represent a countermodel to established cartographic languages that follows an indexical rather than iconic or symbolic paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on color usage in quantitative thematic mapping, drawing from an evaluation of maps published in eight geographical journals over the ten-year period from 2004 to 2013. During this period we found that color has become the preferred method to represent quantitative data sets, with the percentage of quantitative color maps relative to all quantitative maps rising from 18.4 percent in 2004 to 69.9 percent in 2013. We reviewed a sample of 440 maps from this period to assess the nature and appropriateness of their respective color schemes. We found the following frequencies of color scheme usage: spectral (30 percent), sequential (25.9 percent), diverging (25.7 percent), traffic (7.7 percent), and uncategorized (10.7 percent). Each scheme exhibited a distinct set of significant associations with particular map and data attributes, including subject matter, symbolization method, data polarity, and map size. Diverging and sequential schemes were the most effective, having strong associations with five key questions that we used to evaluate map effectiveness; for example, both schemes tended to be completely effective in terms of communicating spatial patterns and representing quantitative data values. Despite their popularity, spectral schemes were demonstrably unreliable and ineffective. Both spectral and traffic schemes were problematic for those with color vision deficiencies. Given the problems that we found with the use of various colors schemes, we make several suggestions for improving the design of maps appearing in refereed journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The first volume of José Antonio Cevallos's Recuerdos salvadoreños was published in 1891, and coincides with the publication of a large number of works concerned with the topography, history, and culture of El Salvador. Cevallos's work presents a shift from these works, by filtering history through two fictional characters who traverse the country, and in its emphasis on space as a means of understanding history. For Cevallos, Recuerdos salvadoreños was to serve as a foundational text in restoring the República Federal de Centro America, which had dissolved within two decades of Central American independence from Spain. This article argues that Cevallos uses these diverse modes of representation as a means of placing El Salvador on an equal footing with its neighbours, and to provide for civic instruction within the nation. The spatial abstraction of the nation, which is observed by understanding how the text is presented for Salvadoran citizens, emerges as a largely historical text, in contrast with its spatial function for citizens of surrounding nations, as the foundation of territorial and cultural validity in the restoration of the República Federal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that map projections make it difficult for a map reader to correctly interpret angles, distances, and areas from a world map. A single map projection cannot ensure that all of the intuitive features of Euclidean geometry, such as angles, relative distances, and relative areas, are the same on the map and in reality. This article adds an additional difficulty by demonstrating a clear pattern of naïveté regarding the site at which a route that crosses the edge of a world map reappears. The argument is that this naïve understanding of the peripheral continuation is linear, meaning that the proposed continuation is along the straight line that continues tangentially to the original route when it crosses the edge. In general, this understanding leads to an incorrect interpretation concerning the continuation of world maps. It is only in special cases—such as radial routes on a planar projection and peripherally latitudinal routes on a cylindrical or pseudocylindrical projection with a normal aspect—that the actual peripheral continuation of the world map is linear. The data used in this article are based on questionnaires administered to 670 children aged nine to fifteen and eighty-two adults. This naïve understanding of the peripheral continuation, which leads to errors, was found to be entirely dominant among the children, regardless of the projection, and was clearly observed among the adults when the projection was cylindrical with a normal aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While linguistic diversity is an integral component of cultural landscapes, the spatial depiction of languages fails to represent all community members. Language is difficult to map and established guidelines are lacking. The perception of power conveyed is arguably the most meaningful design issue in language mapping, as most language maps inaccurately show one language per place. This research examines the cartographic visualization of linguistic diversity, contributing to our understanding of the perception of power through cartographic decisions, with the application of a linguistic diversity index. The resulting maps serve as new figures for linguistic diversity lessons in educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Este artículo plantea la existencia de un proyecto de promoción identitaria de Galicia llevada a cabo por la nobleza gallega a principios del siglo XVII, en el marco de la defensa de diversos intereses locales. Para ello se analizan los discursos historiográficos, cartográficos y literarios que crean una imagen idealizada del espacio gallego y que, a pesar de su carácter aristocratizante, comienzan a formular un sentimiento de identificación colectiva que busca que los límites territoriales del grupo cultural y lingüístico coincidan con los del ejercicio del poder político dentro del marco institucional de la monarquía española. Es dentro de este contexto intelectual y político en el que resultan inteligibles textos literarios comoTragedias de amor(1607) de Juan de Arce Solorzeno, ya que el análisis de sus referentes historiográficos y de representación espacial indica que se inserta dentro de los discursos identitarios gallegos. La importancia del contexto de producción y consumo para la interpretación de la obra se hace evidente al comparar la circulación de la primera edición con la reedición deTragedias de amoren Zaragoza en 1647, que neutraliza el contenido identitario de la obra al descontextualizar la alabanza del territorio y enfatizar en cambio la alabanza de la casa de Castro, en un intento de la élite aragonesa por relacionarse con los círculos de poder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2004 to 2007, a nonprofit organization in Seattle conducted over twenty-five street surveys in ten neighborhoods. Participants in these surveys collected geographic data about community 'deficits' and 'assets' using handheld devices, while walking around their local neighborhoods. These residents marked graffiti, litter, vacant buildings, and abandoned automobiles, as well as, 'friendly' business districts, appropriate building facades, and peopled sidewalks-all among their categories of interest, initially borrowed from a New York City foundation responsible for developing the handheld devices. Here, I analyze the geocoding protocol, 'Training the Eye', that was created by the New York City foundation and was adapted by the Seattle nonprofit. This technology of citizen engagement in governmental practice enacts an embodied cartographic vision that is productive of liminal subjectivities. These practices of geocoding, of assessing place in space, are intensely bodily, both in their messy enactment of digitally-extended vision and in their data-based imaginings of bodies at the margins. I draw upon theories of the cartographic gaze to discuss how technologies of vision constitute particular urban imaginations and discuss how subjects are formed through the discourses and practices of geocoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choropleth maps are commonly used to show statistical variation among map enumeration units. Mapmakers take into account numerous considerations and make many decisions to produce a product that will effectively communicate spatially complex information to the map user. One design consideration is the choice between classed or unclassed choropleth maps. Unclassed maps assign a unique color, shade, or pattern based on each unit's value. These maps are rich in information but might not be optimal for visual discrimination of regions or identifying values from a legend. Classed maps classify enumeration units based on unit values and in some cases consider geographic area per class or contiguity. These classed maps better delineate regions and interclass variation but are designed to eliminate visibility of intraclass variations. We present a method designed to use colors for choropleth classes and soft shadows to show intraclass variations associated with adjacent or nearby polygons. We conceptualize the choropleth data as a three-dimensional prism model under simulated illumination, with the height of each enumeration unit a function of its mapped value. Our user studies have demonstrated that participants were able to use soft shadows to better identify which of two adjacent units was of greater population density, regardless of whether units were in the same or different classes. Additionally, the resulting soft shadows rarely interfere with the map reader's ability to match color classes to a legend or to compare estimated differences in mean and variance of population density between two regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing with the cartography of capitalism, undermining its power to fix resources as open to capitalist appropriation and space as enclosed, will require a cartography of the commons that makes visible community and commons processes; it will require a shift in strategy from explicating and defending existing commons to mapping spaces into which a commons future might be projected. The “Buffalo Commons” and a map-based project in New England fisheries link new spatial imaginaries with desires for and enactments of alternative economic initiatives. Each project rereads economic and environmental processes relative to the potential of the commons rather than the potential of capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data that are detailed both spatially and demographically are increasingly available for disease incidence and background population at risk. Rapidly growing computer capability makes computational approaches that rely less on statistical assumptions and models increasingly feasible. Many previous methods for characterizing spatial variation of disease incidence and detecting clusters were designed for highly aggregate data and relied on modeling rather than computation. This article presents a geocomputational methodology designed to (1) take advantage of the detailed data, (2) quantify uncertainties in the analysis, and (3) reduce reliance on statistical assumptions. This methodology is an assemblage of several special methods for dealing with some critical issues in disease mapping with detailed data. These include (1) a kernel density calculation using a case-side adaptive bandwidth to address an uneven distribution of background population; (2) a restricted Monte Carlo process to maximize the utilization of imprecise location information and quantify the uncertainty in this utilization; and (3) an integration of the direct and indirect standardizations in epidemiology to maximize the utilization of the available demographic information and ease the bandwidth selection in the kernel density estimation. Using the New Hampshire State Cancer Registry data of individual lung cancer incidence cases, the LandScanTM data that detail the spatial distribution of the population, and demographic information from Census data, the methodology was able to create high-resolution maps presenting the spatial variation of lung cancer risk in New Hampshire and the associated uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]