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"nBackground: Diabetes is a chronic non-communicable disease with increasing prevalence. Retinopathy is one of the main complications of diabetes. Early diagnosis and treatment of retinopathy can reduce the risk of low vision and blindness. The aim of this study was to apply regression analysis of current status data to determine risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes being referred to the Ophthalmology Clinic of Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Iran."n "nMethods: In this analytical-observational study, 459 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the study and the ophthalmic examinations done by an ophthalmologist included visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement and slit-lamp examination. After pupil dilatation, funduscopy was done and the patients were classified according to ETDRS criteria. A proportional hazard model for current status data was used to identify the risk factors for retinopathy."n "nResults: The hazard rate of having retinopathy increased by 5% for an increase of one year in the duration of diabetes (p

"n Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background: Although the short-term results of kidney transplantation have improved greatly during the past decades, the long-term results have not improved according. Graft loss due to chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) is a major concern in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). There is little data about disease progression in this patient population. In this paper, we investigated history of kidney function as the pattern, waiting time and rate of pass from intermediate stages in RTR with CAD."n"nMethods: In a single-center retrospective study, 214 RTRs with CAD investigated at the Urmia University Hospital urmia, Iran from 1997 to 2005. Kidney function at each visit assessed with GFR. We apply NKF and K/DOQI classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) staging system to determine pattern of disease progression per stage in this group of patients. "n"nResults: The pure death-censored graft loss was 26% with mean waiting time 81.7 months. 100% of RTRs passed from stage I to II in mean waiting time 26.3 months. The probability of prognostic factors transition from stage II to III was 88.9% with mean waiting time 25.5 months, transition from III to IV was 55.7% with mean waiting time of 24.9 months and transition for stage 4 to IV was 53.5% with mean waiting time of 18.2 months. In overall rate of transition from stage i to j in patients with stage III at the beginning of the study (time of start CAD's process) was faster than others."n"nConclusions: This study revealed, that kidney function in first years after transplantation is one of the most important II to III of survival probability per stage and death-censored graft loss. Therefore care of RTRs in first year could potentially increase long-term kidney survival.

"n Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background: Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer and known as the second cause of death due to cancers worldwide. Adenocarcinoma is the most fatal cancer in Iran and a patient with this kind of cancer, has a lower lifetime than others. In this research, the survival of patients with gastric carcinoma who were registered at Taleghani Hospital, were studied."n"nMethods: 291 patients with Gastric carcinoma who had received care, chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, at Taleghani Hospital in Tehran from 2002 to 2007 were studied as a historical cohort. Their survival rates and its relationship with 12 risk factors were assessed."n"nResults: Of the 291 patients with Gastric carcinoma, 70.1 percent were men and others (29.9%) were women. The mean age of men was 62.26 years and of women was 59.32 years at the time of diagnosis. Most of patients (93.91%) were advanced stage and metastasis. The Cox proportional hazards model showed that age at diagnosis, tumor stage and histology type with survival time had significant relationships (p=0.039, p=0.042 and p=0.032 respectively)."n"n Conclusion: The five-year survival rate and median lifetime of gastric cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy are very low and seems that one of the important reasons for this situation is delayed diagnosis. The scheme of public education about the early warning signs of the disease and diagnosis and administration of periodic examinations is unavoidable.

Background: Stomatitis, the inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the oral structures, is a frequent side-effect of anticancer drugs due to excess uric acid production. Strict oral hygiene and the application of an appropriate mouthwash has been reported to relieve pain and improve patient quality of life. Allopurinol is a drug used to treat conditions caused by excess uric acid. The aim of this study to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic use of allopurinol mouthwash for stomatitis in patients undergoing chemotherapy."nMethods: In this quasi-experimental study, 42 patients were randomly assigned to either a study group or a control group. In the study group (28 patients), patients used 5 mg/ml allopurinol mouthwash in hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose. The control group (14 patients) used water instead of the mouthwash. Treatment was administered for 16 days."nResults: Data collected during the daily follow-up of the patients' oral mucosa showed that allopurinol mouthwash decreased the severity, pain and duration of stomatitis."nConclusion: Preventing stomatitis in patients receiving chemotherapy improves the health of the patient and compliance with treatment. Based on our findings, allopurinol mouthwash should be used for all chemotherapy patients for the prevention of stomatitis. This nursing intervention can also improve the patient's nutritional state and level of satisfaction.

Background and Aim: Many studies show that the only way to control diabetes and prevent its debilitating complications is continuous self-care. This study aimed to determine factors affecting self-care behavior of diabetic women in Khoy City, Iran based the extended theory of reasoned action (ETRA). Materials and Methods: A sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes referring to a Diabetes Clinic in Khoy City in West Azarbaijan Province, Iran participated in the study. Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the relevant variables (diabetes knowledge, personal beliefs, subjective norm, self-efficacy and behavioral intention, and self-care behavior) based on ETRA. Reliability and validity of the instruments were determined prior to the study. Statistical analysis of the data was done using the SPSS-version 16 software. Results: Based on the data obtained, the proposed model could predict and explain 41% and 26.2% of the variance of behavioral intention and self-care, respectively, in women with type- 2 diabetes. The data also indicated that among the constructs of the model perceived self-efficacy was the strongest predictor for intention for self-care behavior. This construct affected both directly and indirectly self-care behavior. The next strongest predictors were attitudes, social pressures, social norms, and intervals between visiting patients by the treating team. Conclusion: The proposed model can predict self-care behavior very well. Thus, it may form the basis for educational interventions aiming at promoting self-care and, ultimately, controlling diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]