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High alcohol intake leads to an inadequate diet and impaired absorption, transport, and utilization of nutrients in the body, which results in malnutrition. Micronutrient supplementation, such as vitamins A, E, group B vitamins, folic acid zinc, and selenium may have a positive effect on those patients. In this article, the actual supplementation recommendations for vitamins and microelements in ethanol-induced liver disease patients are presented.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of the colon. The most frequent symptoms include bloody diarrhoea with rectal urgency and tenesmus. It is often complicated by the presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis, a chronic, cholestatic liver disease, characterised by the inflammation and fibrosis of bile ducts. The presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis seems to alter the course of ulcerative colitis, changing its natural course.

The therapeutic goal which is currently unfrequent but realistic in HBV infected patients is sustained HBsAg clearance. It is preceded by the loss or significant suppression of HBV replication and leads to inhibition of the progression of liver fibrosis, normalization of biochemical indicators of liver damage, reduction in the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, prolongation of survival, prevention of HBV infection in the transplanted organ in post-transplant patients, enhancement of the quality of life, inhibition or reversal of extrahepatic changes associated with HBV infection, and halting of the spread of HBV infections. Recommendations of Polish Group of Experts for HBV for 2017 provide guidelines to assess treatment eligibility, choice of the first-line drug, monitoring and duration of treatment, management of treatment failure as well as therapy of HBV associated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover it contains advice for treatment of HBV infection in children, females planning pregnancy or pregnant. We also included recommendations for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, prevention of HBV transmission from mother to infant, after liver transplantation, on immunosuppressive therapy and during HCV treatment.

Aim of the study To identify distribution of HBV genotypes in particular regions of Poland. Material and methods The study included 270 treatment-naive, HBV-infected individuals, enrolled in 7 centers of Poland. HBV genotyping was performed in 243 of them with the INNO-LiPA HBV Genotyping assay (Innogenetics). Results Genotype A present in 2/3 patients was demonstrated as the most predominant in Poland. It was followed by D (20%), H (5%) and mixed A + D (5%). Remaining patients were infected with genotype F, mixed D + G, A + C or D + F. Analysis of distribution demonstrated regional differences, with a higher rate of genotype D prevalence (about 30%) in the eastern (Bialystok and Lublin) and south-western (Wroclaw) parts compared to other regions, where the prevalence rate was below 15%. The highest prevalence of genotype A (exceeding 80%) was observed in central Poland (Bydgoszcz, Łodź). Conclusions The presented data reveal the current distribution of HBV genotypes across Poland, which is the first and the largest such epidemiological analysis.