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Garlic sprouts can provide data on functional and food processing materials. This study compared the leaves, bulbs, and roots of garlic sprouts grown on smart farms during two growth periods (20 and 25 days). In addition, data for garlic bulbs grown in open fields were presented as reference materials. All garlic sprouts’ total free sugar content decreased as the growth period increased. All plant parts’ total organic acid content decreased as the growth period progressed, except for the root section. Potassium, phosphorus, and sulfur content increased during growth in all parts of the garlic sprouts. Alliin content decreased in all parts of the plant over time, whereas thiosulfinate content increased in the roots but decreased in the leaves and bulbs. Total polyphenol content increased in all parts of the plant during the growth period, except for the bulb, whereas the flavonoid content did not change significantly over time. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylben-zothiazoline 6-sulfonate) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activities, as well as the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of garlic sprouts were 37.45-65.47%, 59.12-89.81%, and 89.52-98.59%, respectively. These activities tend to decrease during the growth period. Here, we showed that garlic sprouts have higher levels of functional substances and physiological activities than general garlic sprouts. It was also determined that a growth period of 20 days was suitable for garlic sprouts. Data for research on functional and food-processing materials can be obtained by analyzing garlic sprouts produced by smart farms.

The aim of this study was to improve the quality and functionality of Korean soy sauce made with onion juice. At the end of fermentation, the titratable acidity of the soy sauce containing 100% onion juice was the highest at 2.90%. The salt (NaCl) content was highest and lowest in the samples without and with onion juice supplementation, respectively. The protein content ranged from 11.09-12.50%. The sensory evaluation revealed that the soy sauce sample containing 70% onion juice had the highest scove at 5.0-5.8 levels in terms of sweetness, salty taste, delicate flavor, and overall preference. Quercetin content was 1.73 mg/100 g and 1.68 mg/100 g in soy sauce containing 70% and 100% onion juice, respectively. However, quercetin was not detected in the soy sauce without onion juice supplementation. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant activity, increased proportionally to the amount of onion juice added. Overall, it was confirmed that the addition of onion juice improved the quality and functionality of Korean soy sauce.

This study aimed to select natural materials with antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) KCCM 40105 and determine their most efficient extraction conditions. The antibacterial activity was stable under various treatment conditions. Of the 17 material groups, extracts of Sophora flavescens (SF) and Schisandra chinensis (SC) showed antibacterial activity against the S. mutans strain. Measuring the antibacterial activity based on ethanol concentration revealed that the 30% ethanol extracts of SF and SC showed the highest antibacterial activity as observed by the inhibition zones of 10.69 and 14.49 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the 30% ethanol extracts of SF and SC against the S. mutans strain were 2.0 and 5.0 mg/mL, respectively. Heat stability was confirmed; however, the 30% ethanol extract of SC was inactive at pH values ≥6.0. The antibacterial activity of the 30% ethanol extract of SF and SC treated with nine enzymes was the same at 10 ppm and 100 ppm. However, the activity tended to decrease marginally in the 1,000 ppm concentration treatment group.

This study aimed to improve the physiological activity and processing properties of ginseng sprouts. We first determined the effect of extraction and fermentation conditions on the antioxidant activity of ginseng sprouts. The optimal extraction conditions were 2 h at 80°C, with water as a solvent. The fermentation strains used were Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus KCTC 3635 and Enterococcus faecalis KCTC 3206. We then analyzed the changes in the reducing sugar and alcohol content. In fermented samples, the reducing sugar content was lower and the alcohol content was higher than those in control sample. The cell counts of lactic acid bacteria were higher in the fermented samples than those in the control sample. Fermented samples contained more ginsenoside than the extract samples, and ginsenoside was not detected in the control sample. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were relatively high in the fermented samples, particularly in the sample fermented by E. faecalis. Finally, sensory evaluation revealed that the Yakju prepared using ginseng sprouts fermented by lactic acid bacteria was preferable to other drinks control and ginseng sprouts extracted sample. Overall, it was confirme that the addition of fermented ginseng improved the physiological activity and palatability of yakju, there by improving the quality of yakju.

In this study, the quality characteristics of kombucha according to the mixing ratio of green tea extract and yuzu juice during fermentation were compared. The pH of the kombucha decreased as the amount of yuzu juice increased. The titratable acidity increased in a juice-concentration dependent manner during fermentation. The reducing sugar content was 1.68% in kombucha made with a mixture of 70% green tea extract and 30% yuzu juice on the 20th day of fermentation, showing the lowest reducing sugar content. The alcohol content did not change until the 10th day of fermentation and increased slightly thereafter. The number of lactic acid bacteria and the quantity of yeast were the highest in the samples of kombucha made with a mixture of 70% green tea extract and 30% yuzu juice. The total polyphenol content was 40.79 mg TAE/mL in the kombucha made with this combination and this also showed the highest total flavonoid content of 37.15 mg QE/mL. In addition, the sensory evaluation results showed the highest preference in all the measured parameters for kombucha made with a mixture of 70% green tea extract and 30% yuzu juice.

In this study, natural materials with antibacterial activity against the Streptococcus mutans KCCM 40105 strain were selected, and the most efficient extraction conditions were observed. The active substance was stable under various treatment conditions. Of the 10 food materials groups, only Prunus mume fruit showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans strains. The antimicrobial activity by the various extraction solvents was 18.66 mm (clear zone diameter) in the ethanol extract and 20.18 mm in the water extract. Measurements of the antibacterial activity according to the mixing ratio of the two solvents revealed the 30% ethanol extract to have the highest activity (20.49 mm). Measurements of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed activity at a concentration of 3.0 mg/mL. The stability to heat was observed, but the extract was not active at pH 6.0 or higher. The antimicrobial activity of the 30% ethanol extract of P. mume treated with enzymes was the same with both 10 ppm and 100 ppm of the nine enzymes. On the other hand, the activity tended to decrease slightly at 1,000 ppm. The activity of the catazyme enzyme and hydrogen peroxide treatment decreased at the treatment concentration of 100 ppm.

A simple technology to manufacture ‘Nuruk’ with pigmented rice and ‘Yakju’ with improved quality and functionality was developed. Yakju (designated WY and PY, respectively) was prepared with white rice flour Nuruk (WN) and pigmented rice flour Nuruk (PN), and their qualities were compared. The enzyme activities of Nuruk revealed that PN had higher β-amylase activity (1,186.67 Saccharogenic acitivty, SP/g) and higher protease activity (378.90 tyrosine mg/min) than WN. During 11 days of fermentation, the pH of PY was steady in the range of 4.77-4.58, whereas the pH (4.82) of WY decreased to 3.90 on day 3 of fermentation and then increased to similar pH of PY until the fermentation was completed. The titratable acidities of PY and WY increased to 0.40-0.48%. The ethanol content of PY and WY increased to 13.43% ad 13.23%, respectively, on day 5, after then PY showed higher ethanol content than WY until day 11 of fermentation. The organic acid content of PY (1,225.87 mg%) was higher than that of WY (1,021.69 mg%). The antioxidant activities of PY were twice as high as those of WY, and the total polyphenolics and total flavonoid contents of PY were also higher (35.96 mg% and 19.01 mg%, respectively) than those of WY (16.29 mg% and 6.36 mg%, respectively). Sensory scores on color, flavor and taste, and overall preference were higher in PY than in WY.

In this study, pigmented rice flour ‘Nuruk’ was prepared using various fungal strains to improve the quality of Korean traditional ‘Kochujang’, and the quality characteristics during the aging of ‘Kochujang’ made with the ‘Nuruk’ were confirmed. The pH of ‘Nuruk’ was highest using Aspergillus oryzae pigmented rice flour ‘Nuruk’ (N2) at 5.83, and the highest acidity was Aspergillus niger pigmented rice flour ‘Nuruk’ (N3) at 2.69. The crude ash content was 1.10-1.14% from the ‘Nuruk’ made with pigmented rice flour, which was higher than the 0.42% from ‘Nuruk’ made with white rice flour. The pH of ‘Kochujang’ decreased gradually from 0 to 90 days as aging progressed. The titratable acidity was 2.76-3.71%, which increased with increasing aging period. During the aging of ‘Kochujang’, the water content increased by 2-3%. The reducing sugar content decreased from 0.33 to 3.25% after 60 days of aging and increased to 3.85 to 4.94% at the end of aging. Regarding the color values, the ‘Kochujang’ made with white rice flour ‘Nuruk’ showed higher overall L, a, and b values than the ‘Kochujang’ made with pigmented rice flour ‘Nuruk’. A sensory evaluation of six kinds of ‘Kochujang’ revealed the ‘Kochujang’ made with N2 ‘Nuruk’ to have the highest preference in all evaluation items.

In this study, we examined the quality of Tenebrio molitor L. that ingested yuzu supplemented feed at four feed compositions: C120 (120 g Chinese cabbage), C80+Y40 (80 g Chinese cabbage+40 g yuzu peel), C40+Y80 (40 g Chinese cabbage+80 g yuzu peel) and Y120 (120 g yuzu peel). Tenebrio molitor L. was fed for 90 d at a rate according to age, after which the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash contents of the samples were determined to be 0.49-0.50%, 52.58-53.90%, 30.76-32.34%, and 3.32-3.45%, respectively. Color values, namely yellowness (b) and redness (a), were observed to decrease with increasing yuzu ingestion, and the C80+Y40 sample exhibited the highest lightness (L=36.28). The K and Mg contents were observed to increase with increasing yuzu content, and Pb and As were not detected in any Tenebrio molitor L. sample that ingested the yuzu supplemented feed. The free amino acid (serine and alanine) contents also increased with increasing yuzu content, while the histidine and arginine contents were observed to decrease with increasing yuzu ingestion. Naringin and hesperidin were detected at 1.77 mg% and 1.63 mg% in sample Y120, respectively, while trace amounts were detected in samples C80+Y40 and C40+Y80, but none were detected in the control. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents increased with increasing level of yuzu ingestion, and were highest in sample Y120 (123.11 mg% and 5.69 mg%, respectively).

An easy and simple method of producing Nuruk using rice was developed. In addition, the quality characteristics of the prepared Nuruk were evaluated for Makgeolli production. A comparison of the enzyme activities between A. kawachii rice Koji (RK) and non-steamed rice flour Nuruk according to the fungal strain revealed the β-amylase activity of A. oryzae rice flour Nuruk (AON) to be the highest at 3697.85 SP/g. The α-amylase activity and protease activity were highest at 111.67 A.U and 33.23 tyrosine mg/min of P. candidum rice flour Nuruk (PCN), respectively. The ethanol contents of the four samples were similar at 16.1-16.4%. The sensory evaluation result showed that Makgeolli made with PCN had the highest preference score of 5.78 and showed a significant difference in overall preference. Moreover, Makgeolli made with PCN showed a higher preference than of Makgeolli made with RK. The titratable acidity and reducing sugar content of Makgeolli made with PCN were 0.48% and 4.14%, respectively, which were higher than those of Makgeolli made with RK. The ethanol content of Makgeolli made with PCN was 15.10%, which showed a 12.80% higher ethanol production yield than that of Makgeolli made with RK. Therefore the PCN produced in this study will be effective for Makgeolli production.

In this study, milk samples were fermented following the addition of Ligularia fischeri extracts. The aqueous extracts were obtained from L. fischer grown in the open field (OL) or in a greenhouse (GL). The quality related properties, and antioxidant activity of the fermented milk were evaluated, and the effects of storage on the fermented samples were assessed. The time required for the fermented milk to reach pH 4.6 was approximately four hours in all samples. The titratable acidity of the samples was in the range of 0.5-1%. The number of lactic acid bacteria in the fermented milks made with L. fischeri GL extract was slightly higher than it was in milks samples fermented with L. fischeri OL extract. The Hunter Lab color (L) and redness (a) values of the samples were lower after fermentation, but their yellowness (b) increased with increasing amounts of L. fischeri extracts. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity in milk fermented with 0.5%, 1%, 3%, and 8% L. fischeri OL extracts was higher than that in milk fermented with corresponding amounts of L. fischeri GL extract. However, the difference was not significant. DPPH activity in milk fermented with 5% L. fischeri GL extract was higher than it was in milk fermented with 5% L. fischeri OL extract. The pattern of 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS˙+) scavenging activity in the samples was similar to that observed during the DPPH assay. The pH and, titratable acidity, of the fermented samples were not significantly affected by storage, and the number of lactic acid bacteria in the stored and freshly fermented samples was similar.

This study was conducted to enhance the utilization of Ligularia fischeri as a food ingredient. The effects of the location of cultivation and the harvest time on the components were examined. The crude fats and proteins in greenhouse samples (GL) were 2% higher than those in open field samples (OL). The fat content was found to increase from 4.31% to 5.27% as the harvest time was delayed. The Na contents were more than two times higher in GL than in OL. Moreover, the amount of free sugars in leaves differed slightly according to the harvest time but decreased overall as the harvest time was delayed. The total polyphenols increased from 202.53 to 389.16 mg% in OL and 293.57 to 439.40 mg% in GL as the harvest time was delayed. The levels of total flavonoids in OL and GL ranged from 105.58 to 202.79 mg% and 135.84 to 216.96 mg%, respectively. These increased from 0.3 to 2 times upon delaying the harvest time. The samples were also analyzed for the presence of five catechin compounds, namely, (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (+)-catechin (CE), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), and (-)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG). EGC and CE were detected in both OL and GL, while EGCG, ECG, and GCG were detected only in OL at low concentrations. The 4-Ο-caffeoylquinic acid content in GL was higher than that in OL, except in the early stages of harvesting.

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of fermented milk containing Rhus verniciflua seed (RVS) extracts (0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) and antioxidant activity of RVS extracts. The proximate composition of RVS was moisture (4.76%), crude ash (1.40%), crude fat (5.33%) and crude protein (11.10%). A total polyphenol content of 70% ethanol extract of RVS (554±2.64 mg/g) was higher than that of RVS water extract (145±3.47 mg/g). 70% ethanol extract (1103±6.42 mg/g) of RVS showed higher content in the total flavonoids (37±2.30 mg/g) and activities on DPPH free radical scavenging (73.23%) and ABTS free radical scavenging (83.47%) when compared with water extracted of RVS. The quality characteristics, such as pH, titratable acidity, and the number of lactic acid producing bacteria were not remarkably different between the fermented milk samples subjected to treatments with and without the addition of RVS extracts.

This study was performed to improve the availability of reed and quality of traditional Yakju by using roasted reed. The pH of sprout Yakju was 3.43, whereas the pHs of other Yakjus were 3.57. No remarkable differences were observed in contents of total titratable acids and reducing sugars. Color changes were measured by Hunter’s color value; L value decreased, whereas redness (+a) and yellowness (+b) increased during fermentation. Ethanol content of Yakjus prepared with sprout and root were 15.30% and 15.28%, respectively, which were lower than that of control Yakju (15.31%). However, there were obvious differences of ethanol contents in three types of Yakjus. The major free sugar and organic acid were glucose and lactic acid, respectively. The total polyphenol contents of sprout Yakju (4.26 mg%) and root Yakju (4.21 mg%) were much higher than that of control Yakju (2.56 mg%). The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl- hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activities of sprout Yakju and root Yakju were higher than those of control Yakju. Yakju prepared from 0.3% addition of sprout showed the highest score in overall preference from the sensory test.